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Switched-Capacitor Circuits
Switched-Capacitor Circuits David Johns and Ken Martin University of Toronto ([email protected]) ([email protected]) University of Toronto 1 of 60 © D. Johns, K. Martin, 1997 Basic Building Blocks Opamps • Ideal opamps usually assumed. • Important non-idealities — dc gain: sets the accuracy of charge transfer, hence, transfer-function accuracy. — unity-gain freq, phase margin & slew-rate: sets the max clocking frequency. A general rule is that unity-gain freq should be 5 times (or more) higher than the clock-freq. — dc offset: Can create dc offset at output. Circuit techniques to combat this which also reduce 1/f noise. University of Toronto 2 of 60 © D. Johns, K. Martin, 1997 Basic Building Blocks Double-Poly Capacitors metal C1 metal poly1 Cp1 thin oxide bottom plate C1 poly2 Cp2 thick oxide C p1 Cp2 (substrate - ac ground) cross-section view equivalent circuit • Substantial parasitics with large bottom plate capacitance (20 percent of C1) • Also, metal-metal capacitors are used but have even larger parasitic capacitances. University of Toronto 3 of 60 © D. Johns, K. Martin, 1997 Basic Building Blocks Switches I I Symbol n-channel v1 v2 v1 v2 I transmission I I gate v1 v p-channel v 2 1 v2 I • Mosfet switches are good switches. — off-resistance near G: range — on-resistance in 100: to 5k: range (depends on transistor sizing) • However, have non-linear parasitic capacitances. University of Toronto 4 of 60 © D. Johns, K. Martin, 1997 Basic Building Blocks Non-Overlapping Clocks I1 T Von I I1 Voff n – 2 n – 1 n n + 1 tTe delay 1 I fs { --- delay V 2 T on I Voff 2 n – 32e n – 12e n + 12e tTe • Non-overlapping clocks — both clocks are never on at same time • Needed to ensure charge is not inadvertently lost. -
Switched Capacitor Concepts & Circuits
Switched Capacitor Concepts & Circuits Outline • Why Switched Capacitor circuits? – Historical Perspective – Basic Building Blocks • Switched Capacitors as Resistors • Switched Capacitor Integrators – Discrete time & charge transfer concepts – Parasitic insensitive circuits • Signal Flow Graphs • Switched Capacitor Filters – Comparison to Active RC filters – Advantages of Fully Differential filters • Switched Capacitor Gain Circuits • Reducing the Effects of Charge Injection • Tradeoff between Speed and Charge Injection Why Switched Capacitor Circuits? • Historical Perspective – As MOS processes came to the forefront in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the advantages of integrating analog blocks such as active filters on the same chip with digital logic became a driving force for inovation. – Integrating active filters using resistors and capacitors to acturately set time constants has always been difficult, because of large process variations (> +/- 30%) and the fact that resistors and capacitors don’t naturally match each other. – So, analog engineers turned to the building blocks native to MOS processes to build their circuits, switches & capacitors. Since time constants can be set by the ratio of capacitors, very accurate filter responses became possible using switched capacitor techniques Æ Mixed-Signal Design was born! Switched Capacitor Building Blocks • Capacitors: poly-poly, MiM, metal sandwich & finger caps • Switches: NMOS, PMOS, T-gate • Op Amps: at first all NMOS designs, now CMOS Non-Overlapping Clocks • Non-overlapping clocks are used to insure that one set of switches turns off before the next set turns on, so that charge only flows where intended. (“break before make”) • Note the notation used to indicate time based on clock periods: ... (n-1)T, (n-½)T, nT, (n+½)T, (n+1)T .. -
17 Electronics Assembly Basic Expe- Riments with Breadboard
118.381 17 Electronics Assembly Basic Expe- riments with BreadboardTools Required: Stripper Side Cutters Please Note! The Opitec Range of projects is not intended as play toys for young children. They are teaching aids for young people learning the skills of craft, design and technology. These projects should only be undertaken and operated with the guidance of a fully qualified adult. The finished pro- jects are not suitable to give to children under 3 years old. Some parts can be swallowed. Danger of suffocation! Article List Quantity Size (mm) Designation Part-No. Plug-in board/ breadboard 1 83x55 Plug-in board 1 Loudspeaker 1 Loudspeaker 2 Blade receptacle 2 Connection battery 3 Resistor 120 Ohm 2 Resistor 4 Resistor 470 Ohm 1 Resistor 5 Resistor 1 kOhm 1 Resistor 6 Resistor 2,7 kOhm 1 Resistor 7 Resistor 4,7 kOhm 1 Resistor 8 Resistor 22 kOhm 1 Resistor 9 Resistor 39 kOhm 1 Resistor 10 Resistor 56 kOhm 1 Resistor 11 Resistor 1 MOhm 1 Resistor 12 Photoconductive cell 1 Photoconductive cell 13 Transistor BC 517 2 Transistor 14 Transistor BC 548 2 Transistor 15 Transistor BC 557 1 Transistor 16 Capacitor 4,7 µF 1 Capacitor 17 Elko 22µF 2 Elko 18 elko 470µF 1 Elko 19 LED red 1 LED 20 LED green 1 LED 21 Jumper wire, red 1 2000 Jumper Wire 22 1 Instruction 118.381 17 Electronics Assembly Basic Experiments with Breadboard General: How does a breadboard work? The breadboard also called plug-in board - makes experimenting with electronic parts immensely easier. The components can simply be plugged into the breadboard without soldering them. -
Printed Circuit Board Mount Switches Shock Proof • Waterproof • Explosion
shock proof • waterproof • explosion proof Printed Circuit Board Mount Switches These versatile switches are a great choice for many applications due to their small size and variety of connection styles. Although these switches are built to connect to a printed circuit board, they can also be retrotted for nearly any application by connecting wire leads. These switches can sense a pressure ranging from 6 inches of water all the way up to 65 PSI. For a frame of reference, a trumpet player blows 55 inches of water (or 2 PSI) on average, so these switches have a broad range. They can also be used to sense a vacuum ranging between 6 inches of water to 65 inches of water. Therefore, these miniature single pole and double pole switches are used as pressure, vacuum, or dierential pressure switches where moderate accuracy is sucient. Presair switches deliver critical benefits: CSPSSGA - PC Mount Switch SAFE: Presair switches deliver complete electrical isolation with zero voltage at the actuator to shock the user or spark an explosion. 1”x1”x1.5” ECONOMICAL:Presair’s switching system costs are comparable or lower than digital controls meeting the needs of original equipment manufacturers. ACCURATE: All switches are 100% tested to meet 100,000+ cycle life. General Specification: RATING: 1 amp resistive 250 VAC Ratings are dependent on actuation pressure and must be derated at lower pressures. APPROVAL: UL Recognized, CUL Recognized. File #E80254 MATERIAL: Lower body: Rynite w/ pin terminals molded Upper body: Acetal Diaphram material is dependent on application. PRESSURE RANGE: When used as a pressure or vacuum switch the actuation point must be factory set. -
10-12/Electronic Components April 8, 2020 10-12/Digital Electronics Lesson: 4/8/2020
10-12 PLTW Engineering 10-12/Electronic Components April 8, 2020 10-12/Digital Electronics Lesson: 4/8/2020 Objective/Learning Target: Students will be able to read the resistance value in Ohms of a common resistor and identify common electronics components. Resistors •. Resistors are an electronic component that resist the flow of current in an electrical circuit • They are measured in Ohms (Ω) • The different colored bands represent how much current flow that specific resistor can oppose • They are useful for reducing current before indicators like LED lights and buzzers. Resistors To read the resistors we use a Color Code Table 1. Starting at the end with the band closest to the end, we match the color with the number on the chart for the first 2 bands. 2. The 3rd band is designated as the multiplier. This indicates how many zeros to add to the number you got reading the first to bands. 3. The 4th band is designated as the tolerance. This tells us how much the actual resistance value may vary from what is represented on the chart. Resistors Lets do an example using the Color Code Table Starting at the end with the band closest to the end, we see the 1st band is Red, 2nd band is Violet. So, we have 27 so far. Next is the multiplier. In this case Brown, or 1. So we only add 1 zero. This puts the value of the resistor at 270 ohms. Finally, the tolerance is Gold or +-5%. So overall, the value of this resistor is 270Ω +-5% Capacitors • .Another common electronic component are capacitors. -
Switched-Capacitor Integrator
EE247 Lecture 10 • Switched-capacitor filters (continued) – Switched-capacitor integrators • DDI & LDI integrators – Effect of parasitic capacitance – Bottom-plate integrator topology – Switched-capacitor resonators – Bandpass filters – Lowpass filters – Switched-capacitor filter design considerations • Termination implementation • Transmission zero implementation • Limitations imposed by non-idealities EECS 247 Lecture 10 Switched-Capacitor Filters © 2008 H. K. Page 1 Switched-Capacitor Integrator C φ φ I φ 1 2 1 Vin - φ 2 Cs Vo + T=1/fs C C φ I φ I 1 2 Vin Vin - - C C s s Vo Vo + + φ High φ 1 2 High Æ C Charged to Vin s ÆCharge transferred from Cs to CI EECS 247 Lecture 10 Switched-Capacitor Filters © 2008 H. K. Page 2 Switched-Capacitor Integrator Output Sampled on φ1 φ φ 1 2 Vin CI φ - 1 Cs Vo Vo1 + φ φ φ φ φ Clock 1 2 1 2 1 Vin VCs Vo Vo1 EECS 247 Lecture 10 Switched-Capacitor Filters © 2008 H. K. Page 3 Switched-Capacitor Integrator ( (n-1)T n-3/2)Ts s (n-1/2)Ts nTs (n+1/2)Ts (n+1)Ts φ φ φ φ φ Clock 1 2 1 2 1 Vin Vs Vo Vo1 Φ 1 Æ Qs [(n-1)Ts]= Cs Vi [(n-1)Ts] , QI [(n-1)Ts] = QI [(n-3/2)Ts] Φ 2 Æ Qs [(n-1/2) Ts] = 0 , QI [(n-1/2) Ts] = QI [(n-1) Ts] + Qs [(n-1) Ts] Φ 1 _Æ Qs [nTs ] = Cs Vi [nTs ] , QI [nTs ] = QI[(n-1) Ts ] + Qs [(n-1) Ts] Since Vo1= - QI /CI & Vi = Qs / Cs Æ CI Vo1(nTs) = CI Vo1 [(n-1) Ts ] -Cs Vi [(n-1) Ts ] EECS 247 Lecture 10 Switched-Capacitor Filters © 2008 H. -
Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit
Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit ECEN 622 (ESS) Fall 2011 Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Material partially prepared by Sang Wook Park and Shouli Yan ELEN 622 Fall 2011 1 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit MOS switch G G S Cov Cox Cov D S D Ron o Excellent Roff o Non-idea Effect Charge injection, Clock feed-through Finite and nonlinear Ron ELEN 622 Fall 2011 2 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Charge Injection G Qch1 Qch2 C VS o During TR. is turned on, Qch is formed at channel surface Qch = WLC OX (VGS −Vth ) When TR. is off, Qch1 is absorbed by Vs, but Qch2 is injected to C o Charge injected through overlap capacitor o Appeared as an offset voltage error on C ELEN 622 Fall 2011 3 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Charge Injection Effect CLK Ideal sw. Vout MOS sw. 0.1pF 1V CLK o When clock changes from high to low, Qch2 is injected to C o Compared to ideal sw., MOS sw. creates voltage error on Vout ELEN 622 Fall 2011 4 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Decrease Charge Injection Effect (1) CLK Vout W/L = 1/0.4 0.1pF 1V W/L = 10/0.4 o Decrease the effect of Qch o Use either bigger C or small TR. (small ratio of Cox/C) o Increased Ron ELEN 622 Fall 2011 5 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Decrease Charge Injection Effect (2) CLK CLKb 10/0.4 3.1/0.4 Vout With dummy sw. -
Introduction How Circuit Protection Devices Work?
Introduction Adding extra strain to any person or object can be a recipe for disaster. This is especially the case for electrical circuits. When they’re tasked with carrying more current than they were designed to handle, the added burden can lead to detrimental and dangerous circumstances. Not only could overloading your circuits damage or destroy your sensitive electronic equipment, but it could also generate extra heat in wires that weren’t meant to carry the load. If this happens, it can cause a fire in a matter of seconds. This is where an overcurrent protection device, such as a fused disconnect switch or a circuit breaker, comes in. Though they serve a similar purpose, these two components each have a unique design. Today, we’re sharing how they work and how to choose the right one for your project. Ready to learn more? Let’s dive in. How Circuit Protection Devices Work? The field of circuit protection technology is vast, designed to prevent circuits from risks associated with overvoltage, overcurrent, reverse-bias, electrostatic-discharge (ESD) and overtemperature events. Such risks include: • High-voltage transients • Capacitive coupling • Inductive kickback • Ground faults • High inrush currents From your smartphone battery to your steering wheel, these components are necessary to ensure safe and reliable electronics. While they all serve a valuable purpose, we’re delving deeper today into the specific field of overcurrent protection. Overcurrent protection devices are designed to disconnect or open a circuit quickly in the event that an overload or short-circuit occurs. This helps to mitigate any damage to the connected equipment and can also reduce the risk of electrical fires. -
Basic Electronic Components
BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS MODEL ECK-10 Resistors Capacitors Coils Others Transformers Semiconductors Instruction Manual by Arthur F. Seymour MSEE It is the intention of this course to teach the fundamental operation of basic electronic components by comparison to drawings of equivalent mechanical parts. It must be understood that the mechanical circuits would operate much slower than their electronic counterparts and one-to-one correlation can never be achieved. The comparisons will, however, give an insight to each of the fundamental electronic components used in every electronic product. ElencoTM Electronics, Inc. Copyright © 2004, 1994 ElencoTM Electronics, Inc. Revised 2004 REV-G 753254 RESISTORS RESISTORS, What do they do? The electronic component known as the resistor is Electrons flow through materials when a pressure best described as electrical friction. Pretend, for a (called voltage in electronics) is placed on one end moment, that electricity travels through hollow pipes of the material forcing the electrons to “react” with like water. Assume two pipes are filled with water each other until the ones on the other end of the and one pipe has very rough walls. It would be easy material move out. Some materials hold on to their to say that it is more difficult to push the water electrons more than others making it more difficult through the rough-walled pipe than through a pipe for the electrons to move. These materials have a with smooth walls. The pipe with rough walls could higher resistance to the flow of electricity (called be described as having more resistance to current in electronics) than the ones that allow movement than the smooth one. -
Basic Electronic Components
ECK-10_REV-O_091416.qxp_ECK-10 9/14/16 2:49 PM Page 1 BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS MODEL ECK-10 Coils Capacitors Resistors Others Transformers (not included) Semiconductors Instruction Manual by Arthur F. Seymour MSEE It is the intention of this course to teach the fundamental operation of basic electronic components by comparison to drawings of equivalent mechanical parts. It must be understood that the mechanical circuits would operate much slower than their electronic counterparts and one-to-one correlation can never be achieved. The comparisons will, however, give an insight to each of the fundamental electronic components used in every electronic product. ® ELENCO ® Copyright © 2016, 1994 by ELENCO Electronics, Inc. All rights reserved. Revised 2016 REV-O 753254 No part of this book shall be reproduced by any means; electronic, photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher. ECK-10_REV-O_091416.qxp_ECK-10 9/14/16 2:49 PM Page 2 RESISTORS RESISTORS, What do they do? The electronic component known as the resistor is Electrons flow through materials when a pressure best described as electrical friction. Pretend, for a (called voltage in electronics) is placed on one end moment, that electricity travels through hollow pipes of the material forcing the electrons to “react” with like water. Assume two pipes are filled with water each other until the ones on the other end of the and one pipe has very rough walls. It would be easy material move out. Some materials hold on to their to say that it is more difficult to push the water electrons more than others making it more difficult through the rough-walled pipe than through a pipe for the electrons to move. -
Power Sense Switch & Fan Control Thermostat
Speed Controllers & Switches_8_DR_ref.qxd 6/11/2015 10:34 AM Page 17 POWER SENSE SWITCH & FAN CONTROL THERMOSTAT POWER SENSE SWITCH TYPE - VZ-IISNSE TECHNICAL DATA Switched Output Model Number Load Sense Range Max. Amps Enclosure Size, mm On = 2.5 - 15 amp VZ-ISNSE 5 153W x 110H x 60D Off = 0 - 1.5 amps SUGGESTED WIRING ARRANGEMENT The VZ-ISNSE is a 240V AC power sense switch that provides automatic on/off control of a fan or exhaust fan system. The unit detects the current of an appliance such as a clothes dryer, closing and opening the switched output 240V relay when the load sense range Switched Output parameters are met. Can be used with the VZ2-10TS, VZM0-28TS, VZ6-4PL or as a stand alone unit. In LED’s indicate when load is activated. 3-pin Socket Warning Not to be used with fans with EC motors Appliance or inverters. FAN CONTROL THERMOSTAT TECHNICAL DATA Model Temperature Maximum Number range Mounting Amps Dimensions, mm TFC6 5ºC to 30ºC Wall mountable 6.0 86W x 86H x 33D SELECTION TABLE The TFC6 is suitable for most 240-volt fans. The TFC6 can be set in two modes: Cool mode - will start the fan when the room temperature is higher than the set point. The Fantech Fan Control Thermostat has Heat mode - will start the fan when the room temperature is lower than the set point. been developed to control the operation of a 240-volt fan based on the setting made on the thermostat dial. It can be set to turn on a fan when the WIRING DIAGRAM room temperature is either higher or lower than the set point. -
FSW Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors
Motors | Automation | Energy | Transmission & Distribution | Coatings FSW Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors www.weg.net Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors The FSW Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors, developed according to International Standard IEC 60947-3 and bearing CE certification, are applied in electric circuits in general so as to provide the disconnection and protection against short circuits and overloads by means of NH blade contact fuses. In order to ensure a long lifespan, the FSW Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors are manufactured with reinforced thermoplastic materials and flame retardant. Additionaly, they feature contacts with silver coating, providing low power losses. Safety and Simplicity WEG switch-disconnector has several characteristics which aim at increasing security for operation and maintenance of the equipment, simplifying diagnoses and fuse replacement: g The switch-disconnector allows checking the state of the fuses through a transparent cover, besides featuring small openings which allow making electrical measurements without interrupting the operation. g As per IEC 60947-3, the switch-disconnector can perform the non- frequent opening under load. The FSW series has arc chambers for the extinction of the electric arc and disconnects all the phases together, ensuring full insulation between the load circuit and power supply. g In the opening of the switch-disconnector, the fuses remain fixed to the cover, preventing their drop or accidental contact between the energized parts. Furthermore, the cover is totally removable, allowing simple fuse replacement in a simple and safe area out of the electrical panel. g The switch-disconnectors also feature a built-in auxiliary contact in order to indicate when they are open or not properly closed.