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RAFT Memorabilia : Living Radical Polymerization in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Media / by Hans De Brouwer
RAFT memorabilia ❉ living ❉ radical polymerization in homogeneous and heterogeneous media Hans de Brouwer CIP-DATA LIBRARY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN Brouwer, Hans de RAFT memorabilia : living radical polymerization in homogeneous and heterogeneous media / by Hans de Brouwer. - Eindhoven : Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2001. - Proefschrift. - ISBN 90-386-2802-1 NUGI 813 Trefwoorden: polymerisatie ; radikaalreacties / emulsiepolymerisatie / reactiekinetiek / ketenoverdracht ; RAFT Subject headings: polymerization ; radical reactions / emulsion polymerisation / reaction kinetics / chain transfer ; RAFT © 2001, Hans de Brouwer Druk: Universiteitsdrukkerij, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Omslagontwerp: Hans de Brouwer RAFT memorabilia living radical polymerization in homogeneous and heterogeneous media PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof.dr. M. Rem, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 30 mei 2001 om 16.00 uur door Johannes A. M. de Brouwer geboren te Goirle Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: prof.dr.ir. A. L. German en prof.dr. J. F. Schork Copromotor: dr. M. J. Monteiro Het werk in dit proefschrift is financieel ondersteund door de Stichting Emulsiepolymerisatie (SEP) / The work in this thesis was financially supported by the Foundation Emulsion polymerization (SEP) look around, wonder why we can live a life that's never satisfied lonely hearts, troubled minds looking for a way that we can never find many roads are ahead of us with choices to be made but life's just one of the games we play there is no special way from Winter in July on the album Unknown Territory by Bomb the Bass © 1991, Rhythm King Records table of contents Table of Contents Chapter 1. -
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation by Reductive Coupling with Titanium(II) Chloride Bis(Tetrahydrofuran)* John J
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation by Reductive Coupling with Titanium(II) Chloride Bis(tetrahydrofuran)* John J. Eisch**, Xian Shi, Jacek Lasota Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, U.S.A. Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Günther Wilke on the occasion of his 70th birthday Z. Naturforsch. 50b, 342-350 (1995), received September 20, 1994 Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation, Reductive Coupling, Titanium(II) Chloride, Oxidative Addition, Carbonyl and Benzylic Halide Substrates Titanium(II) bis(tetrahydrofuran) 1, generated by the treatment of TiCl4 in THF with two equivalents of n-butyllithium at -78 °C, has been found to form carbon-carbon bonds with a variety of organic substrates by reductive coupling. Diphenylacetylene is dimerized to ex clusively (E,E)-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-l,3-butadiene; benzyl bromide and 9-bromofluorene give their coupled products, bibenzyl and 9,9'-bifluorenyl, as do benzal chloride and benzotrichlo- ride yield the l,2-dichloro-l,2-diphenylethanes and l,l,2,2-tetrachloro-l,2-diphenylethane, respectively. Styrene oxide and and ris-stilbene oxide undergo deoxygenation to styrene and fra/«-stilbene, while benzyl alcohol and benzopinacol are coupled to bibenzyl and to a mix ture of tetraphenylethylene and 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane. Both aliphatic and aromatic ke tones are smoothly reductively coupled to a mixture of pinacols and/or olefins in varying proportions. By a choice of experimental conditions either the pinacol or the olefin could be made the predominant product in certain cases. The reaction has been carried out with heptanal, cyclohexanone, benzonitrile, benzaldehyde, furfural, acetophenone, benzophenone and 9-fluorenone. -
United States Patent O Fice Patented Dec
2,816,144 United States Patent O fice Patented Dec. 10, 1957 2. conventional manner and the hydrolysis mass is heated until completely free of any side chain chlorine deriva 2,816,144 tives. This can be determined by the use of alcoholic silver nitrate, for example, which will form a cloudy pre PROBEDUCTION OF RBENZALDEHYDE cipitate upon contact with compounds containing a side Robert W. Harris, Silsborough Township, Somerset chain chlorine group. County, N. S. The benzaldehyde which is obtained upon hydrolysis Separates from the aqueous layer and upon washing and No Drawing. Application August 4, 1955, fractionating yields a substantially pure compound which Seria No. 526,574. 0 is totally free from chlorine. 8 Claims. (C. 260-599) The chlorination of toluene is essentially a step-wise reaction and thus the chlorination can be terminated be fore more than two or three percent is converted to the The present invention relates to a process for the pro 5 tri-chloro derivative. This will correspond to a benzal duction of benzaldehyde from toluene. More particu chloride content of no more than about 35%, depending larly, it relates to a process wherein toluene is reacted upon the particular conditions of the reaction, the balance with chlorine and hydrolyzed to produce benzaldehyde being benzyl chloride with a minor amount of unreacted free from chlorine. toluene. Consequently, the reaction is terminated far The chlorination of toluene will result in the introduc 20 short of the maximum formation of benzal chloride so tion of one, two or three chlorine atoms in the methyl that substantially none of the toluene is lost through the side chain. -
Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Benzyl Chloride (Casrn 100-44-7)
EPA/690/R-08/005F l Final 7-14-2008 Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Benzyl chloride (CASRN 100-44-7) Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 Acronyms and Abbreviations bw body weight cc cubic centimeters CD Caesarean Delivered CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 CNS central nervous system cu.m cubic meter DWEL Drinking Water Equivalent Level FEL frank-effect level FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act g grams GI gastrointestinal HEC human equivalent concentration Hgb hemoglobin i.m. intramuscular i.p. intraperitoneal IRIS Integrated Risk Information System IUR inhalation unit risk i.v. intravenous kg kilogram L liter LEL lowest-effect level LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect level LOAEL(ADJ) LOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration LOAEL(HEC) LOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human m meter MCL maximum contaminant level MCLG maximum contaminant level goal MF modifying factor mg milligram mg/kg milligrams per kilogram mg/L milligrams per liter MRL minimal risk level MTD maximum tolerated dose MTL median threshold limit NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level NOAEL(ADJ) NOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration NOAEL(HEC) NOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human NOEL no-observed-effect level OSF oral slope -
Suplement 1A. Full Results of GC-MS Analysis of Populus Spp
Suplement 1A. Full results of GC-MS analysis of Populus spp. buds essential oils* Black poplars (Populus nigra L.) Aspens (Populus tremula L.) Component RT KIEXP KIMF KINIST PN1 PN2 PN3 PN4 PN5 PN6 PN7 PT1 PT2 PT3 PT4 PT5 PT6 2-Methylbutanoic acid 4.35 836 ND1 839 tr tr - tr tr - - - - - - - - **o-Xylene 5.39 879 ND1 881 - - - - - tr tr - - - - - - Prenyl acetate 6.00 901 902 902 0.07 tr - - - - - - - - - - - trans-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid (Tiglic acid) 6.15 907 ND1 946 0.07 0.05 tr - - tr - - - - - - - *α-Thujene 6.58 921 932 925 tr tr - - - - - - - - - - - Benzaldehyde 6.76 927 941 933 0.10 0.08 - tr - tr tr tr - 0.13 0.18 0.15 0.07 α-Pinene 6.79 930 936 933 - - 0.18 tr 0.24 - tr - - - - - - **Camphene 7.23 942 950 946 tr tr - - - - - - - - - - - Phenol 7.77 957 ND1 957 - - - - - 0.12 - - - - 0.19 0.20 0.23 *3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclopent-2-enone 7.92 962 ND1 977 0.14 0.06 0.06 - 0.42 - - - - - - - - 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 8.01 965 ND1 964 - - - - - 0.12 - - - - - - - **Sabinene 8.09 967 973 967 - - tr - tr - - - - - - - - **n-Hexanoic acid 8.26 971 ND1 982 - - - - - tr tr tr - - - - - **n-Octanal 8.60 980 981 982 - - - - 0.06 - - - - - - - - *β-Pinene 8.67 982 978 973 - - tr tr tr - - - - - - - - **α-Phellandrene 9.02 992 1002 998 - - tr - - - - - - - - - - Benzyl alcohol 9.49 1001 1006 1012 3.22 4.19 0.07 0.99 0.06 1.03 0.75 1.03 0.29 1.79 4.23 7.04 15.15 **α-Terpinene 9.54 1004 1013 1010 - - tr - - - - - - - - - - Salicylaldehyde 9.57 1005 1012 1029 - - - 0.24 1.06 0.20 0.17 - 0.06 0.64 0.74 0.65 1.08 **m-Cymene 9.66 1007 1013 1010 -
Benzyl Chloride)
Screening Assessment for the Challenge Benzene, (chloromethyl)- (Benzyl chloride) Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 100-44-7 Environment Canada Health Canada November 2009 Screening Assessment CAS RN 100-44-7 Synopsis Pursuant to section 74 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999), the Ministers of the Environment and of Health have conducted a screening assessment of benzene, (chloromethyl)-, also known as benzyl chloride, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 100-44-7. This substance was identified in the categorization of the Domestic Substances List (DSL) as a high priority for action under the Challenge. Benzyl chloride was identified as presenting greatest potential for exposure of individuals in Canada and had been classified by other agencies on the basis of carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. Although the substance met the categorization criteria for persistence, it did not meet the criteria for bioaccumulation potential or inherent toxicity to aquatic organisms; therefore, the focus of this assessment relates primarily to human health aspects. According to data submitted in response to a Notice issued under section 71 of the Act, no persons in Canada reported manufacturing benzyl chloride in a quantity greater than or equal to the reporting threshold of 100 kg for the 2006 calendar year. However, it was reported that 100 000–1 000 000 kg were imported into Canada in that year. The response to the section 71 notice indicated that benzyl chloride is mainly used in Canada as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds, which are used primarily as hard surface sanitizers, corrosion inhibitors, fungicides in industrial cleaners and bactericides in surfactants in household and personal care products. -
THE SYNTHESIS OP Soivie HEW DERIVATIVES of COTAMIG AGID AO O-QXYDIPHEKYL
I CAT no. LEt&i- HM.R*.,..ML i> a ACC. NO. gy-v-s-^ | THE SYNTHESIS OP SOIvIE HEW DERIVATIVES OF COTAMIG AGID AO O-QXYDIPHEKYL by Ralph G. D» Moore A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Iv'IASTER OF ARTS in the Department of CHEMISTRY Table of Contents Page Introduction I A. Preparation of 'benzyl m-io&o cinnamate . 1 B, Preparation of m-io&o benzyl cinnamate . , 7 G. Reaction of sodium on (1) m-io&o benzaldehyde and ethyl acetate (2) benzaldehyde and.benzyl acetate 13 D. Preparation of derivatives of 2-oxydiphenyl . 17 Synopsis of results . 26 r THE SYNTHESIS OF SOME NEW DERIVATIVES 0I\ GEfflAMIC ACID AND O-OXYDIPHSNYL. Introduction. The purpose of this research was to build up derivatives of cinnamic acid (especially of its benzyl ester) and of o-oxydiphenyl for further use in bacteriological and biolo• gical work in connection with the prevention or cure of tuberculosis. Much work has been done on chemiGO-thera• peutic treatment of tuberculosis, and many simple compounds have been used with varying degrees of success (outlined below). It was held by certain physicians of Vancouver that if these various simple substances could be united and yet retain their individual effect on the disease, a more effi• cient method of treatment could be devised. We have worked solely with this end in view, since the synthesis of a new compound for no other reason than that it is new is now generally considered a. waste of time and money, rather than an original contribution to progress. -
Cigarette Additives, Carcinogens and Chemicals Nicotine
Cigarette Additives, Carcinogens and Chemicals Nicotine A Destructive Natural Pesticide Which ... Is extremely addictive when smoked Is extremely addictive when chewed Causes addiction as permanent as Is harder to quit than heroin or cocaine alcoholism Is not medicine and its use not therapy Is ineffective as a stand-alone quitting aid Prevents pre-cancerous cells from dying Accelerates cancer tumor growth rates Contributes to artery hardening Has a metabolite which may cause cancer May kill brain cells and impair memory Is linked to lung cancer Likely causes brain damage and Is also a fetus destroying teratogen depression Kills half of adult smokers 13-14 years Is beat by never taking another puff or early chew! 81 Cancer Causing Chemicals Have So Far Been Identified in Cigarettes Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acrylamide Acrylonitrile 2-Amino-3,4-dimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) 3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) 2-Amino-l-methyl-6-phenyl-1H-imidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhlP) 2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) 3-Amino-l-methyl-5H-pyrido {4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AaC) 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2) 0-Anisidine Arsenic Benz[a]anthracene Benzene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[b]furan Beryllium 1,3-Butadiene Cadmium Catechol (1,2-benzenediol) p-Chloroaniline Chloroform Cobalt p,p'-DDT Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz(a,h)anthracene -
Α-Chlorinated Toluenes and Benzoyl Chloride
α-CHLORINATED TOLUENES AND BENZOYL CHLORIDE Data were last reviewed in IARC (1982) and the compounds were classified in IARC Monographs Supplement 7 (1987a). 1. Exposure Data Benzyl chloride 1.1 Chemical and physical data 1.1.1 Nomenclature Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No.: 100-44-7 Chem. Abstr. Name: (Chloromethyl)benzene IUPAC Systematic Name: α-Chlorotoluene Synonyms: Chloromethyl benzene; chlorophenylmethane; α-tolyl chloride 1.1.2 Structural and molecular formulae and relative molecular mass CH2Cl C7H7Cl Relative molecular mass: 126.6 1.1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the pure substance From Lide (1997), unless otherwise specified (a) Description: Colourless liquid with a pungent odour (Lewis, 1993) (b) Boiling-point: 179°C (c) Melting-point: –45°C 20 (d) Density: d10 1.10 (e) Solubility: Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride; miscible with chloroform, diethyl ether and ethanol (Budavari, 1996) (f) Vapour pressure: 133 Pa at 22°C; relative vapour density (air = 1), 4.36 (Ver- schueren, 1996) (g) Stability: Decomposes in hot water to benzyl alcohol (United States Environ- mental Protection Agency, 1980); decomposes rapidly when heated in the pre- sence of iron (Budavari, 1996); combustible (Lewis, 1993) (h) Reactivity: Undergoes reactions both at the side-chain containing the chlorine and at the aromatic ring (Gelfand, 1979) –453– 454 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 71 (i) Flash-point: 67°C (closed cup); 74°C (open cup) (Lin & Bieron, 1993) (j) Explosive limit: Lower, 1.1% by volume of air (Lin & Bieron, 1993) (k) Octanol/water partition coefficient (P): log P, 2.30 (Verschueren, 1996) (l) Conversion factor: mg/m3 = 5.18 × ppm 1.2 Production and use The chemical processes associated with the manufacture of chlorinated toluenes are summarized in Figure 1. -
Ok the Actiok Op Sodium Methoxide and Its Homologues
OK THE ACTIOK OP SODIUM METHOXIDE AND ITS HOMOLOGUES ON BENZOPHENONE CHLORIDE AND BENZAL CHLORIDE. i-0-fO-rÔ-r0-r-©4-0-rÔ4-0-r---- THESIS presented, by JOHN EDWIN MCKENZIE to the FACULTY of SCIENCE of the UNIVERSITY of EDINBURGH. Dec.1st.1900 1 ON THE ACTION OF SODIUM METHOXIDE AND ITS HOMOLOGUES ON BENZOPHENONE CHLORIDE AND BENZAL CHLORIDE. -~r£-rQ-rQ-f£-r-9-f-Q-7"Q-r-r--- INTRODUCTION. In a paper "On Benzophenone Chloride and the Formation of Anthraquinone in the Preparation of Benzophenone," '^pub lished by Kekule and Franehimont in 1872, they state that "we have among other things, tried the action of sodium ethoxide, silver acetate, and silver benzoaite on benzo phenone chloride, but have not yet arrived at any definite results." On repeating this experiment, the following reaction was found to take place ( C6Hs )gCfil2+ 2NaOC2H5» =( C6H5 )o'(0CgH5 )g+ 2NaCl and by replacing the sodium ethoxide by the sodium compounds of other alcohols, the corresponding derivatives were obtained. As these substances bear the same relation to benzo phenone that acetal bears to acetaldehyde, the study of the corresponding derivatives of benzaldehyde was entered upon. The first method by which these compounds were pre pared was the action of benzal chloride on sodium methoxide and its homologues according to the equation - 1 ) Ber. 1872, 5. 909 2 C6H5 .CHC12+ 2NaOCH3= CgH5CH(OC E3 )g+ 2NaCl. In this way Wicke* ^obtained dimethoxy-, diethoxy-, and diainoxybenzylidenes. Some years later, Limpricht in a research on the 2 ) chlorine substitution products of toluene repeated Wicke's work, but was unable to obtain products free from chlorine. -
CATALYTIC PROCESSES in APPLIED CHEMISTRY a SERIES of MONOGRAPHS on APPLIED CHEMISTRY Under the Editorship of E
Ollass 54 1 .33 y&vok^o. 16971 pkary p CHEMfSTRY LIBRARY RULES This book may be kept... Q/?.£? weeks. A fine of two cents will be charged for each day books or magazines are kept overtime. Two books may be borrowed from the Library at one time. Any book injured or lost shall be paid for by the person to whom it is charged. No member shall transfer his right to use the Library to any other person. CATALYTIC PROCESSES IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS ON APPLIED CHEMISTRY Under the Editorship of E. Howard Tripp, Ph.D. Already Published. THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL SILK. With Special Reference to the Viscose Process. By E. Wheeler, M.B.E., A.C.G.I., A.I.C., with a Foreword by Sir William J. Pope, K.B.E., D.Sc. Demy8vo. 165 pages. 50 illustrations. 12/6 net. CATALYTIC PROCESSES IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY. By T. P. Hilditch, D.Sc, F.I.C. Demy 8vo. 370 pages. 16/- net. In the Press. HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATIONS. Their Determination and Industrial Importance. By H. T. S. Britton, D.Sc, B.Sc, D.I.C., F.I.C. In Preparation. SOLVENTS. T. H. Durrans, D.Sc, F.I.C. MINERAL LUBRICATING OILS. A. E. Dunstan, D.Sc, F.I.C. ARTIFICIAL RESINS AND RELATED COLLOIDS. A. A. Drummond, M.Sc, A.I.C. METHODS OF CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY. C. Doree, M.A., D.Sc, F.I.C. <><> Other volumes are in course of preparation, and detailed particulars will be sent from time to time to anyone sending a request. -
(19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub
US 20070088508A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2007/0088508 A1 Childs (43) Pub. Date: Apr. 19, 2007 (54) COCRYSTALLIZATION METHODS Related US. Application Data (60) Provisional application No. 60/721,115, ?led on Sep. (76) Inventor: Scott Childs, Atlanta, GA (US) 28, 2005. Publication Classi?cation Correspondence Address: (51) Int. Cl. FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT & DUNNER G06F 19/00 (2006.01) (52) US. Cl. .............................................................. .. 702/19 LLP 901 NEW YORK AVENUE, NW (57) ABSTRACT WASHINGTON, DC 20001-4413 (US) Methods for preparing cocrystals Wherein solutions of active agents in suitable liquids are combined With solutions of (21) Appl. No.: 11/527,395 guests, both With and Without suitable liquids, in an interface region are described herein. Methods for analyzing the (22) Filed: Sep. 27, 2006 cocrystals are also described. Patent Application Publication Apr. 19, 2007 Sheet 1 0f 2 US 2007/0088508 A1 Patent Application Publication Apr. 19, 2007 Sheet 2 0f 2 US 2007/0088508 A1 US 2007/0088508 A1 Apr. 19, 2007 COCRYSTALLIZATION METHODS costs, and manufacturing method may be modi?ed by using [0001] This application claims the bene?t of priority to a cocrystal rather than the active agent alone, or as a salt. provisional application No. 60/721,115, ?led on Sep. 28, [0006] An active agent can be screened for possible coc 2005, the contents of Which are incorporated by reference rystals Where polymorphic forms, hydrates, or solvates are herein. especially problematic. For example, a neutral compound that can only be isolated as amorphous material could be [0002] Cocrystals are crystals that contain tWo or more cocrystalliZed.