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FICHA PAÍS Georgia Georgia OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Georgia Georgia La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. ABRIL 2021 Religión: Iglesia ortodoxa georgiana (83,9%). Alrededor de un 2% perte- Georgia necen a la Iglesia ortodoxa rusa; el 3,9% pertenecen a la Iglesia apostólica armenia, siendo en su mayoría étnicamente armenios. Alrededor de un 9,9% de la población es musulmana, principalmente en la República Autónoma de Adjara (Ayaria) con una amplia minoría en Tbilisi. Los católicos son aproxi- madamente el 0,8% de la población y se encuentran en el sur de Georgia y Tbilisi. Existe una comunidad judía en Tbilisi que cuenta con dos sinagogas. Forma de Estado: República (no usado en la denominación oficial). RUSIA División administrativa: 9 regiones: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Sukhumi Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi y Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo y Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli; 1 ciudad: Tbilisi; 2 repúblicas Zugdidi Ambrdauri autónomas: Abjasia (centro administrativo Sujumi) y Adjara (centro admi- Kutaisi nistrativo Batumi). Número de residentes españoles: 42 (2021). Mar Negro Gori Uzurgeti Telavi TBILISI Batumi Akhaltsikhe Rustavi 1.2. Geografía País ribereño del Mar Negro. Situado al sur de la cordillera del Cáucaso es un TURQUÍA ARMENIA país montañoso (macizo caucásico en el norte y sur del país). AZERBAIYÁN © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Georgia cuenta con cerca de 25.000 ríos, muchos de las cuales tienen pe- Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. queñas centrales hidroeléctricas. Los ríos discurren en el oeste del país, ha- cia el mar Negro y en el este, a través de Azerbaiyán para finalizar en el mar Caspio. El río más grande de Georgia es el Mtkvari, que discurre 1.364 km 1. DATOS BÁSICOS por el noreste de Turquía y atraviesa las llanuras de la parte oriental de Geor- gia, donde se encuentran las zonas propicias para el cultivo). A continuación, pasa por Tiflis, la capital, y después desemboca en el Mar Caspio. El río Rioni 1.1. Características generales es el río más grande en el oeste de Georgia y fluye a través del Gran Cáucaso para desembocar en el Mar Negro en el puerto de Poti. Nombre oficial: Georgia. Superficie: 69.700 km2 (que incluyen los 12,560 km2 de los dos territorios El clima de Georgia se ve afectado por masas de aire subtropicales en el autoproclamados independientes, Abjasia y Osetia del Sur). oeste y mediterráneas en el este. La cadena de Gran Cáucaso modera las Límites: situada al suroeste de Asia, en la costa este del Mar Negro y al sur variaciones en el clima, actuando como una barrera contra el aire frío del de la cordillera del Cáucaso. Georgia tiene frontera con Armenia (164 km), norte. El aire cálido y húmedo del Mar Negro se desplaza con facilidad por Azerbaiyán (322 km), Rusia (723 km) y Turquía (252 km). La franja costera las llanuras costeras del oeste. de Georgia (Mar Negro) tiene una extensión de 310 km. Población: 3.716.900 habitantes, de los cuales 2.194.500 viven en las zo- 1.3. Indicadores sociales nas urbanas y 1.522.400 en zonas rurales (censo 2020). Principales grupos étnicos: georgianos 83,8%, azeríes 6,5%, armenios 5,7%, rusos 1,5%, otros Densidad de población (hab. por km2): 65 (2020). 2,5%. Renta per cápita: 4,696,2 USD (2020). Capital: Tbilisi/Tiflis (1.154.300 habitantes). Coeficiente GINI: 37,90 (2017). Otras ciudades: Kutaisi (507.000), Rustavi (432.000), Batumi (346.000) y Esperanza de vida: 73,4 años (2018). Crecimiento de la población: Sujumi (capital de la región de Abjasia de 240.705 habitantes). 0,4/1.000 habitantes (2019; aumento natural). Idioma: georgiano (oficial, 71%; en la autoproclamada independiente Abja- IDH (Valor numérico): 0,812 (2019). sia, el abjasio es la lengua oficial). Otras lenguas: ruso (9%), armenio (7%), Tasa de natalidad: 13 nacimientos por 1000 habitantes (2019). azerí (6%), otros (7%). Tasa de fertilidad: 2,1 hijos por mujer (2019). Moneda: lari (GEL). 1 euro equivale a 4 laris/1 USD equivale a 3,3 laris. Fuentes: PNUD, OMS, INDEXMUNDI, CIA Factbook, National Statistics Office of Georgia 2 FICHA PAÍS GEORGIA 1.4. Estructura del PIB 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA 2016 2017 2018 2019 Agricultura 8,9% 8,2% 7,8% 7,2% 2.1 Política interior Industria 16,4% 16,4% 16,5% 16,5% Construcción 12,1% 13,1% 11,4% 11,2% Situación política reciente Servicios y otros sectores 62,6% 62,3% 64,3% 65,1% Fuente: GeoStat (National Statistics Office of Georgia) Georgia es, tras las reformas constitucionales de 2018, una República semi- presidencialista en transición hacia un sistema parlamentario. 1.5. Coyuntura económica La jefa de Estado es la presidenta Salomé Zourabishvili (desde diciembre de INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2016 2017 2018 2019 2018), el jefe del Gobierno es el primer ministro, Irakli Garibashvili (desde PIB (MUSD a precios corrientes) 15.100 16.200 17.600 17.500 febrero de 2021), y la tercera autoridad del Estado es el presidente del Par- PIB Tasa de variación real (%) n.d. 4,8 4,7 3,9 lamento de Georgia, Archil Talakvadze. Tasa inflación media anual(%) n.d. 6,0 2,6 4,9 Tasa de paro (%) 14,0 13,9 12,7 12,8 El 9 de abril de 1991 Georgia se independizó de la Unión Soviética. A partir Saldo por cuenta corriente (% PIB) n.d. -8,8 -7,8 -5,9 de 2004, el país ha experimentado importantes progresos hacia la democra- Déficit público (% PIB) n.d. 0,5 0,9 2,6 cia y apertura de mercados, si bien el principal escollo de su situación polí- Tipo de cambio lari/dólar (media anual) 2,37 2,51 2,53 2,81 tica continúa siendo el derivado de sus relaciones con Rusia y el tratamiento Fuentes: GEOSTAT, Banco Central, CIA Factbook, MAETD de las regiones separatistas de Abjasia y Osetia del Sur (reconocidas por Rusia, Siria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, y antes Vanuatu). 1.6. Comercio Exterior Entre los hitos de la historia política reciente de Georgia cabe destacar: la ESTRUCTURA DE LA BALANZA COMERCIAL 2016 2017 2018 2019 caída de Eduard Shevardnadze durante la denominada Revolución de las Importación (MUS$) 7.341,0 8.056,6 9.361,6 9.516,9 Rosas en 2003 y la llegada al poder de Mijail Saakashvili en 2004 como líder Exportación (MUS$) 2.113,0 2.736,0 3.354,0 3.798,4 del partido Movimiento Nacional Unido (MNU). Saakashvili gobernó como Saldo (MUS$) -5.2247 -5.310,9 -5.981,8 -5.718,5 presidente entre 2004 y 2013. Durante este período emprendió un proceso Cobertura (%) 30,2 29,0 34,5 39,9% de reformas y modernización del país, al tiempo que cambiaba las priorida- Fuente: GEOSTAT des de la política exterior de Georgia, concediendo más importancia al eje europeísta y atlantista de sus relaciones exteriores. A la vez, las relaciones 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países. 2019 con Rusia se fueron deteriorando paulatinamente hasta desembocar en un conflicto armado en 2008 por las regiones georgianas de Abjasia y Osetia del PRINCIPALES CLIENTES (MILES DE USD) % DEL TOTAL Sur que habían autoproclamado su independencia de Georgia. Como conse- Azerbaiyán 508.000 13,4 cuencia de la guerra, Georgia perdió el 20% de su territorio, y tropas rusas Rusia 497.900 13,1 continúan estacionadas en esas dos regiones. Armenia 432.500 11,4 Bulgaria 284.000 7,5 El cambio pacífico de poder después de las elecciones legislativas de 2012, Ucrania 250.900 6,6 marcaron la caída de Saakashvili y el ascenso del billonario y fundador del partido Sueño Georgiano, Bidzina Ivanishvili. El partido Sueño Georgiano PRINCIPALES PROVEEDORES (MILES DE USD) % DEL TOTAL volvió a ganar en las generales de 2016 y más recientemente en octubre de Turquía 1.616.900 17,0 2020. En diciembre de 2018 tomó posesión la actual presidenta de Georgia, Rusia 977.000 10,3 Salomé Zourabishvili, candidata del partido Sueño Georgiano, cuyo mandato China 858.000 9,0 concluirá en 2024. Estados Unidos 678.700 7,1 Azerbaiyán 558.700 5,9 En junio de 2019 se produjeron grandes protestas en contra de Rusia, en Fuente: GEOSTAT las que un gran número de manifestantes cercaron el Parlamento. Desde entonces las manifestaciones, alentadas por la oposición, han dado un giro 1.8. Distribución del comercio por productos. 2019 más antigubernamental, y persisten tras las elecciones generales de octubre de 2020. PRINCIPALES EXPORTACIONES (MILES DE USD) % DEL TOTAL Turismos, tractores, otros vehículos 793.800 20,9 En febrero de 2021 dimitió el primer ministro, Giorgi Gakharia, para dar paso Minerales metalíferos, escorias 666.800 17,6 al nombramiento del ministro de Defensa como nuevo jefe de Gobierno, Irakli Bebidas, alcohol, vinagre 516,800 13,6 Garibashvili. Para poner fin al boicot al Parlamento por parte de la mayoría Fundición, hierro, acero 354,300 9,3 de los diputados de la oposición, fue nombrado por parte del presidente del Productos farmacéuticos 181,900 4,8 Consejo Europeo un mediador entre Gobierno y oposición. PRINCIPALES IMPORTACIONES (MILES DE USD) % DEL TOTAL A pesar de una política algo más pragmática hacia Rusia bajo el Sueño Geor- Turismos, tractores, otros vehículos 1.374,280 14,4 giano, las autoridades georgianas no han abandonado sus legítimas aspira- Combustibles y aceites minerales 1.293,070 13,6 ciones de recuperación de la integridad territorial de Georgia y reivindican Reactores nucleares, calderas, máquinas 862,610 9,1 constantemente su posición en todos los foros internacionales y ante la co- Minerales metalíferos, escorias 630,200 6,6 munidad internacional.
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