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V. Costa Rica Country Partner: Centro De Derecho Ambiental Y De Los Recursos Naturales

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V. Costa Rica Country Partner: Centro De Derecho Ambiental Y De Los Recursos Naturales LEGAL TOOLS AND INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE LANDS CONSERVATION IN LATIN AMERICA: BUILDING MODELS FOR SUCCESS Cover design by Luis Vargas Vallarino, Factor Clave. Photos by Biol. Jorge A. Rojas Tomé, Pronatura, A.C. LEGAL TOOLS AND INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE LANDS CONSERVATION IN LATIN AMERICA: BUILDING MODELS FOR SUCCESS Environmental Law Institute Centro de Derecho Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales Centro Ecuatoriano de Derecho Ambiental Comité Nacional pro Defensa de la Flora y de la Fauna Fundação O Boticário de Proteção a Natureza Pronatura, A.C. Protección del Medio Ambiente Tarija Sociedad Paruana de Derecho Ambiental September 2003 We dedicate this book to the nongovernmental organizations working tirelessly to conserve private lands in Latin America, and to all the private landowners who have chosen, from their heart, to seek to conserve the natural resources, nature, and beauty of their land. Legal Tools and Incentives for Private Lands in Latin America: Building Models for Success Copyright©2003 Environmental Law Institute® Washington D.C. All rights reserved. ISBN# 1-58576-059-5, ELI project code #0029 An electronic retrievable copy (PDF file) of this report may be obtained for no cost from the Environmental Law Institute website <www.elistore.org>. [Note: ELI Terms of Use will apply and are available on site.] (Environmental Law Institute®, The Environmental Forum®, and ELR® – The Environmental Law Reporter® are registered trademarks of the Environmental Law Institute.) Cover design by Luis Vargas Vallarino, Factor Clave; photos by Biol. Jorge A. Rojas Tomé, Pronatura, A.C. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS his report was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute in part- nership with the non-profit organizations in seven countries listed Tbelow. Byron Swift of ELI was the lead author for this report, togeth- er with Susan Bass of ELI and the country co-authors listed below. Other con- tributors to the report included Marcos Orellana and Kelly Mott, formerly with ELI, and Paula Boland, Juan Jose Dada, Jeff Langholz, Laura Paulson, and Sara Yeatman. In addition, Carlos Chacón of CEDARENA assisted in coordinating the overall study and report, and Sheila Abed and Sylvia Sanchez provided valuable assistance in their roles as coordinators of ARCA, particu- larly in holding joint meetings to explore policy issues. Additional contribu- tions to the country reports and summaries were made by Luis Castelli (Argentina), Anita Akella (Brazil), Elisa Corcuera (Chile), Federico Fahsen and Ximena de la Macorra (Guatemala), and Dan Janzen (Costa Rica). Finally, ELI would like to thank the numerous representatives of government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, and private landowners and individuals who generously provided information for this report. Funding for this study was generously provided by The Tinker Foundation, the W. Alton Jones Foundation, the Overbrook Foundation, John and Ginger Sall, Marshall Field, Ivan Gayler, Sally Davidson, Peter Bross, and Lisa Rarick. Partner Organizations and principal co-authors Bolivia: Protección del Medio Ambiente Tarija, Verónica Sanjinés Brazil: Fundação O Boticário de Proteção a Natureza, Verônica Theulen, Miguel Milano and Maria de Lourdes Nunes Chile: Comité Nacional pro Defensa de la Flora y de la Fauna, Victoria Maldonado and Alberto Cortés Costa Rica: Centro de Derecho Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales, Carlos M. Chacón Ecuador: Centro Ecuatoriano de Derecho Ambiental, Veronica Arias and Monica Tobar Mexico: Pronatura, A.C., Martín Gutierrez Peru: Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental, Pedro Solano TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface……………………………………………………………………ix I. Introduction……………………………………………………………1 II. The Need for Private Lands Conservation in Latin America…...………3 A. Conserving Critical Sites for Biodiversity in Threatened Ecosystems................................................................3 B. Supporting Public-Private Partnerships to Conserve Large Landscapes through Buffer Zones, Conservation Corridors and Assisting the Conservation of Public Protected Areas………………4 C. Promoting Sustainable Use of Natural Resources.................………5 D. Limitations of Private Lands Conservation………...............….......6 III. An Overview of Private Lands Conservation in Latin America…......8 IV. The Legal Context of Private Lands Conservation in Latin America......11 A. Limitations on the extent of Private Property that can be Owned…11 B. Land Invasion and the Requirement to make Socio-Economic Use of land......................................................................................12 C. Implications for Private Lands Conservation.....…......................13 V. Voluntary Methods to Protect Private Lands in Latin America ………14 A. Land Purchase and Ownership by a Conservation NGO……….15 B. Formal Private Reserves………………………………………16 1. Legal Structure………………………………….........…...16 2. Private Reserve Systems in Practice..………………..............17 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Reserves….………20 C. Easements………………………………………………………21 1. Overview…………………….......………………………....…21 2. History and Use of Easements……………...............................22 3. Barriers to the Wider Use of Easements………..………….......24 D. Informal Private Protected Areas………............……………...25 E. Conservation Concessions on Public Lands……………………..25 F. Donation or Transfer of Lands to a Public Park System…………...27 G. Community Accords……………………………………………28 H. Other Private Lands Conservation Mechanisms……………29 1. Usufructo……………………………...........…………………29 2. Comodato……………..........………………………………...29 3. Conditional Donations and Legacies……............…………….30 4. Lease Agreements……………............………………………..30 VI. Involuntary Conservation Restrictions on the Use of Private Land........31 A. General Restrictions on Land Use ………………………………31 1. Restrictions related to soil conservation and erosion control........31 2. Conservation restrictions………………………………………32 B. Mixed Public-private Protected Areas……………………….33 C. Private Lands that are Inholdings within Public Protected Areas.............................................................35 VII. Incentives for Private Lands Conservation……………...........………36 A. Juridical Incentives………….......………………………………36 B Economic Incentives………………………….....................……..37 VIII. The Way Forward: Models for Success……………………………38 A. Strengthen the Legal Framework for Private Lands Conservation...38 B Strengthen Juridical Security of Conservation Lands, Including Reform of Land Tenure Laws and Improved Law Enforcement……39 C. Establish Economic Incentives for Private Lands Conservation…..40 D. Increase Financial Support and Institutional Capacity to Key Institutions Supporting Private Lands Conservation…………….40 E. Enhance Training and Education Opportunities for Private Lands Conservation.................................................................................40 F. Increase Public-Private Collaboration in the Management and Conservation of Protected Lands, and Particularly Public-Private Protected Areas….....................................................................…..41 IX. Conclusion………………………………………………………….42 Part II - Country Reports…………………………………………………43 Argentina……………………………………………………………43 Bolivia………………………………………………………………49 Brazil……………………………………………………………….61 Canada………………………………………………………………79 Chile…………………………………………………………………83 Costa Rica…………………………………………………………103 Ecuador……………………………………………………………121 Guatemala…………………………………………………………137 Mexico…………………………………………………………….143 Paraguay……………………………………………………………161 Peru………………………………………………………………....167 United States………………………………………..………………177 III. Appendix on Model Laws.……………………………………….185 PRIVATE LANDS | IX PREFACE Yolanda Kakabadse President, IUCN-The World Conservation Union his year, thousands of people from around the world will celebrate the V World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa organized by IUCN Tand its Protected Areas Commission. This event marks an important opportunity to evaluate, expand, and consolidate the efforts that are made every day around the world to conserve and sustainably use our rich natural heritage. Our thinking about protected areas has evolved a great deal since the first World Parks Congress in 1962. More and more, protected areas are recog- nized as motors of development, and an important source of the goods and resources needed for the social and economic welfare of nations. The water that we drink and use for our agriculture and industries, the air we breathe, some of the products we consume daily, the natural wonders we eagerly seek for their spiritual and recreational values, and genetic resources with impor- tant uses for medicines or cosmetics, are some examples of the goods and ser- vice that are produced in large measure thanks to the vision of those leaders who create and maintain our protected natural areas. In this process, an element of particular importance in the past decades has been the growing contribution of the private sector. This has manifested itself in diverse forms, one of the principal ones being the growth of private protected areas through figures such as private reserves and conservation ease- ments. It has also manifested itself in the important role the private sector has taken in the management and conservation of public areas. Instead of being seen as rivals, the present publication demonstrates that the private and pub- lic sectors have been working together in Latin America for their mutual ben- efit, generating economic and social benefits to local populations, communi-
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