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AGRICULTURE AS NICHE CONSTRUCTION: ECO-CULTURAL NICHE EVOLUTION DURING the NEOLITHIC (C. 6200 - 4900 BC) of the STRUMA RIVER VALLEY

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AGRICULTURE AS NICHE CONSTRUCTION: ECO-CULTURAL NICHE EVOLUTION DURING the NEOLITHIC (C. 6200 - 4900 BC) of the STRUMA RIVER VALLEY AGRICULTURE AS NICHE CONSTRUCTION: ECO-CULTURAL NICHE EVOLUTION DURING THE NEOLITHIC (c. 6200 - 4900 BC) OF THE STRUMA RIVER VALLEY A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada (c) Copyright by Brent Robbie Whitford 2017 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program September 2017 Abstract Agriculture as Niche Construction: Eco-Cultural Niche Evolution During the Neolithic (c. 6200 – 4900 BC) of the Struma River Valley Brent Robbie Whitford The Neolithic Period (c. 6200 – 4900 BC) in the Struma River Valley led to numerous episodes of cultural diversification. When compared with the neighbouring regions, the ecological characteristics of the Struma River Valley are particularly heterogeneous and the Neolithic populations must have adapted to this distinctive and localized ecological setting. It then becomes reasonable to ask if the evolution of cultural variability in the Struma River Valley was at least partially driven by the ecological setting and differentiation in the evolution of the early agricultural niche. In this thesis, I apply an approach based on niche construction theory and Maxent species distribution modeling in order to characterize the relationship between culture and ecology during each stage of the Neolithic Period and to assess diachronic change. An interpretation of the results demonstrates that the continuous reconstruction of the early agricultural niche allowed for settlement expansion into new eco-cultural niches presenting different natural selection pressures and that cultural change followed. I also found that cultural and historical contingencies played an equally important role on the evolution of populations and that ecological factors alone cannot account for the numerous episodes of cultural diversification that occurred throughout the region. Keywords: Neolithic, agriculture, niche construction, ecological niche, eco-cultural niche modeling, Bulgaria, Greece. ii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Małgorzata Grębska-Kulova for having introduced me to the Struma River Valley and its many fascinating archaeological complexities. I truly do appreciate your constant help and support and this work could not possibly have been accomplished without you. I would also like to extend my sincerest gratitude to Dr. James Conolly for agreeing to supervise this research and in providing extremely helpful guidance and feedback all throughout the process. To my committee members Dr. Laure Dubreuil and Dr. Rodney Fitzsimons, and to my external examiner Dr. André Costopoulos for their very useful revisions. To Joanne and Dwaine Whitford (mom and dad) for your everlasting moral and emotional support. And a special thank you also goes to my best friend and esteemed colleague Annapaola Passerini. Your example and our many fruitful discussions have in no small measure helped me to persevere. Also, thank you to Drs. Bakamska, Genadieva, and Malamidou for your help in obtaining the necessary data and to Drs. Y. Boyadzhiev, K. Boyadzhiev, and I. Vajsov for your occasional commentary. This research was funded in part by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and the Michael Smith Foreign Study supplement as well as by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship and the Sandi Carr Award. iii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................. ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 – Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research problem ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Theoretical overview .................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Archaeological context .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Methodological framework ........................................................................................... 5 1.5 Expected outcomes ....................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 – Theory ..................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Niche construction and the eco-cultural niche ............................................................... 9 2.2 Niche construction and eco-cultural niche applications to archaeology ........................ 11 2.2.1 Applications of Niche Construction Theory ................................................................................. 13 Smith on the application of NCT to the domestication of plants and animals ................................. 13 Rowley-Conwy and Layton on foraging and farming as niche construction .................................... 15 2.2.2 Eco-cultural niche applications .................................................................................................... 19 Galletti et al. on the eco-cultural distribution of ancient and modern agricultural terraces ........... 19 iv Banks et al. on considerations to the eco-cultural niches of Europe’s first farmers ........................ 21 2.3 Niche construction and the eco-cultural niche as an inheritance system ....................... 23 Chapter 3 – Framing the Question.............................................................................. 26 3.1 Archaeological Context ............................................................................................... 26 3.2 Landscape and climate ................................................................................................ 28 3.2.1 Geography of the Struma River Valley ......................................................................................... 28 3.2.2 Climate characteristics ................................................................................................................. 31 3.3 The Neolithic chrono-cultural periodization system ..................................................... 33 3.3.1 The Early Neolithic (6200 - 5450 cal BC) ...................................................................................... 35 3.3.2 The Middle Neolithic (5450 - 5200 cal BC)................................................................................... 38 3.3.3 The Late Neolithic (5200 – 4900 cal BC) ...................................................................................... 41 3.4 Subsistence Practices .................................................................................................. 44 3.4.1 The faunal record ......................................................................................................................... 44 Early Neolithic .................................................................................................................................. 44 Middle Neolithic ............................................................................................................................... 45 Late Neolithic ................................................................................................................................... 47 3.4.2 Paleobotanical investigations ...................................................................................................... 48 Early Neolithic .................................................................................................................................. 48 Middle Neolithic ............................................................................................................................... 50 Late Neolithic ................................................................................................................................... 51 3.5 Was the spread of Neolithic settlement across the Struma River Valley an adaptive expansion? ....................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 4 – Data and Methods .................................................................................. 54 v 4.1 Considerations in eco-cultural niche modeling ............................................................. 54 4.1.1 Developing the modeling framework .......................................................................................... 54 4.1.2 Setting the diachronic schema..................................................................................................... 55 4.2 Data: archaeological settlements ................................................................................ 56 4.2.1 Defining the archaeological population ....................................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Neolithic settlements in the Struma River Valley .......................................................................
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