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La Vallee Du Bas-Strymon a L' Epoque Imperiale

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La Vallee Du Bas-Strymon a L' Epoque Imperiale DIMITRIOS C. SAMSARIS LA VALLEE DU BAS-STRYMON A L’ EPOQUE IMPERIALE Contribution dpigraphique a la topographie, Γ onomastique, Γ histoire et aux cultes de la province romaine de Macddoine Introduction41 La prdsente dtude est divisde en deux parties, dont la premiere, consacrde a la documentation dpigraphique, comporte un catalogue des inscriptions grecques et latines trouvdes dans la vallde du Bas-Strymon. II s’ agit d’ inscriptions dont la plupart ont dtd trouvdes par moi-mdme, apres une longue recherche d’ environ vingtaine d’ anndes (voir plus bas, p. 208) et elles sont conserves aujourd’ hui dans leur grande majoritd au musde archdologique de Senes. Dans la seconde partie on essaie de mettre en valeur les nouvelles donndes dpigraphiques sur la gdographie historique, Γ onomastique, la population, la societd, Γ dconomie, les institutions, les cultes etc. d’ une partie de la province romaine de Macddoine qui s’ dtendait dans la vallde du Bas-Strymon. D faut prdciser ici que le catalogue d’ inscriptions est rdsultat de mon travail pour la prdparation d’ un Corpus, dont Γ ddition dtait dans mes projets, il y a ddja beaucoup d’ amides1. Entre temps Γ Acaddmie de Sciences de Berlin m ’ a confid en 1982 le soin de rddiger un fascicule de Γ IG X, qui comprenerait les inscriptions trouvdes entre les fleuves de Γ Axios et du Nestos, sauf celles- ci d’ Amphipolis et de Philippes2. Pourtant le service archdologique n’ a pas donnd le permis d’ dtudier les inscriptions en question en fermant ses yeux sur mes droits «morals», puisque la majoritd de ces inscriptions ont dtd trouvdes, sauvdes et encore transportdes par moi-mdme, motivd alors exclusivement par mon «patriotisme» local comme originaire de Serres. Apres tout cela, j’ ai pensd a donner ici le matdriel dpigraphique du Bas- * * On peut trouver les abrogations ά la fin de Γ'έηιϋε. 1. Cf. p.ex. Makedonika. 21 (1981) 458 (Actes de Γ ann6e 1980): «... ο κ. Σαμσάρης σιτνέχιοε τη μελέτη των επιγραφών του Μουσείου Σερρών, τις οποίες πρόκειται να δημοσιεύση όλες συ­ γκεντρωμένες σε αυτοτελή έκδοση (Corpus)». 2. Cf. K ilo 65 (1983), fasc. 1, p. 159: Anmerkung der Redaktion. 204 Dimitries C. Samsaris Strymon sous la forme du prdsent catalogue, en excluant bien sQr les inscriptions de la ville d’ Amphipolis1 pour lesquelles je n’ en ai aucune revendication. Cadre gέographΐque La vallde du Bas-Strymon s’ dtend du ddfild de Roupel —c.-a-d. de la frontiere actueUe grdco-bulgare— jusqu’ a Γ embouchure du fleuve au golfe Strymonique et elle est entouree, a titre d’une forteresse naturelle, par les monts Kerkine, Mdndcde, Pangde, Kerdylio et Vertiskos. En termes de division administrative actueUe, elle repond au departement (νομός) de Serres, qui est subdivisd a quatre dparchies (Bisaltie, Sintique, Serres et Phyllis). Dans Γ antiquite la vallee dtait habitde par des diverses tribus thraces, dont les plus importantes etaient celles-ci des Bisaltes, des Sintes, des Odomantes et des Edoniens2 3, qui ont pr€td leurs noms aux quatre rdgions (cantons) tribales (χώραι): Bisaltie, Sintique, Odomantique et E donis1. De la demiere region seulement une petite partie, appelee Phyllis, s’ etendait dans la vallde du Bas- Strymon4, puisque Γ Edonis proprement dite occupait la plaine de Drama actuelle et la plus grande partie du departement de Kavala5. La region tribale de la B isaltie s’ etendait d’ une part entre la rive droite du Strymon et les monts Kerdylio et Vertiskos et d’ autre part entre le lac actuel de Kerkine (Butkovo)et le littoral du golfe Strymonique6. Dans cette region les sources antiques (litt6raires et numismatiques) mentionnent les villes antiques de Tragilos (Tra'dos), de Berge, d’ Euporia, d’ Oreskeia, d’ Ossa et de Kalliterai, ainsi que les bourgades (k6mai) et stations romaines d’ Argilos, d’ Ar61os, d’ Arason et de Graero7. La S in tiq u e s’ etendait au Nord de la Bisaltie, de part et d’ autre du Strymon, entre les monts Krusia et Menecee; mais sa limite septentrionale ddpassait la ligne de la frontiere actuelle greco-bulgare et arrivait jusqu’ a la riviere de 1. De cette ville proviennent environ 90 inscriptions, dont presque la moiti6 datent de I' dpoque helldnistique, voir Papazoglou, V illes, p. 395, note 75. Encore de la m&ne ville proviennent 37 graffites thraces sur des blocs architectural appartenant & ses b&timents, voir G. Bakalakis, «Thraldsche Eigennamen aus den nordagaischen KUsten», T hrada 2 (1974) 261-279; eiusdem, «Graffites thraces provenant du barrage du Strymon pr£s d’ Amphipolis» (en grec), T hrakika 13 (1940) 5-32. K-HVS 410-416, n°* 669-707. St. Grobel-Miller et St. Miller, «Architectural blocks from the Strymon», AD 27 (1972), M ele ta i, p. 140-169. 2. Voir Samsaris, G6ogr. hist., p. 54-64. 3. Samsaris, op. c it., p. 89-97. 4. O p. c it., p. 96. 5. O p. c it., p. 95-96. 6. O p. cit., p. 90-93. 7. O p. c it., p. 103 sqq. La vallie du Bas-Stiymon d Γ dpoque impdriale 205 Stroumnitsa (en Bulgarie actuelle)1. Les sources anciennes (littdraires et numi- smatiques) rdvelent Γ existence de trois villes sintiques: Hdraclde, Parthicopolis (= Paroikopolis) et Tristolos2. L’ Odomantique occupait la region au Sud de la Sintique jusqu’ a la riviere d' Angites; ses frontieres se bornaient a Γ Ouest par le Strymon et a Γ Est par le mont Mdnecde3. D’ apres les sources antiques litteraires, la ville principale de la region dtait Siris (Sirra), identifiee a Serres d’ aujourd’ hui; les autres villes dtaient Skotoussa et Gazoros4. La Phyllis —partie de Γ E donls— occupait la region situde d’une part entre Angites et Pangde et d’ autre part entre le Strymon et la limite actuelle des ddpartements de Serres et de Drama5 6. D’ apres les renseignements foumis par les sources antiques, dans cette rdgion il y avait, a Γ dpoque prdromaine, trois villes: Amphipolis, Myrkinos et Draviskos*, dont les deux demieres ont abaissd, a Γ dpoque romaine, au statut des k6mai dependant de la ville d’ Amphipolis. 'Apres la fondation de la colonie romaine de Philippes (42 av. J.-C.) la rdgion de Phyllis a i l i partagee entre ces deux villes7 8. Bref ape^u historique Dans Γ antiquitd la vallde du Bas-Strymon faisait partie de la Thrace; mais au debut du Vc s. av. J.-C., apres les conquetes d’ Alexandre Ier, la frontiere orientale de la Macedoine fut deplacee a la rive droite du Strymon et la region a Γ Ouest du fleuve a etd annexee a son territoireV En 437/6 av. J.-C. les Ath6niens ont fonde la colonie d’ Amphipolis9, qui fut, pendant toute Γ anti quite grdco-romaine, un vrai foyer d’ hellenisation des Thraces qui habitaient la vallee du Bas-Strymon. Vers le milieu du IVe s. av. J.-C., apres les conquetes de Philippe IIe et le deplacement de la frontiere macedonienne orientale au Nestos10, toute la valine du Bas-Strymon fut definitivement annexde au territoire de Γ 6tat mac6donien. Apres la conquete romaine de la Macddoine et sa division en quatre m drides (regiones) (167 av. J.-C.), la vall6e du Bas-Strymon appartenait a la premiere 1. Samsaris, G6ogr. hist., p. 93-94. 2. Op. cit., p. 120 sqq. 3. Op. cit., p. 94-95. 4. Op. cit., p. 126 sqq. 5. Op. cit., p. 96. 6. Op. cit., p. 136 sqq. 7. Op. cit., p. 81 et 84. 8. Samsaris, L ’ heI16nisation de la Thrace, p. 22. 9. Samsaris. G6ogr. hist., p. 136 et note 1. 10. Samsaris, L ' hell6nisation de la Thrace, p. 32. 206 Dimitrios C. Samsaris reg io dont la ville capitale etait Amphipolis. Vingt ans plus tard (148 av. J.- C.) les Romains ont converti la Macedoine en province romaine, dont la frontiere orientale se bomait par le Nestos; par consequent la vallde en question, faisant partie de cette province, a suivi les chances du reste de la Macddoine et elle a subi les mdmes consequences de F occupation romaine. Malgrd la survivance de leurs noms, les quatre regions tribales n’ avaient aucune importance politique ou ethnique. L’ organisation administrative de la vallde s’ dtait basde sur la p o lls grecque (d v ita s f. Comme on verra plus bas (p. 363-364), ces villes (poleis) avaient les memes institutions avec les autres villes macedoniennes ainsi que le meme statut de rapports avec les Romains;- enfin, elles se distinguaient aussi en dvitates liberae (Amphipolis et Skotoussa) et en dvitates stipendianae (toutes les autres villes). Au sujet de la composition ethnique de la population, c’ dtait F dldment thrace qui dominait dans la rdgion; mais deja des le debut du Ve s. av. J.-C. commencent les premieres installations des Macddoniens avec la fondation de la ville d’ Euporia par Alexandre Ier, tanquis qu’ au milieu du IVe av. J.-C. suit F installation d’ autre vague de colons macddoniens avec la fondation de Philippes et, quelques ans apres, F installation de colons athdniens a Amphipolis. D’ ailleurs, apres F annexion definitive a F dtat macddonien, les installations continuelles des Macddoniens dans les villes du Bas-Strymon dtait un phdnomene demographique naturel. Aprds la conqudte romaine et plus prddsement du I® s. av. J.-C. on remarque F dtablissement —pour des raisons dconomiques— des trafiquants italiens (negotiatores) au moins dans la ville d’ Amphipolis1 2 3. De plus, on remarque F installation des colons romains dans la partie de la vallde qui appartenait au territoire de la colonie romaine de Philippes, puisque les colons n’ ont pas dtd limitd au centre urbain de la colonie5.
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