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ESIA Greece Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Measures Page 2 of 477 Integrated ESIA Greece Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Measures Page 2 of 477 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP Integrated ESIA Greece GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0056 Document Title: Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Rev.: 00 Measures TABLE OF CONTENTS 8 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 14 8.1 Introduction 14 8.2 Climate and Ambient Air Quality 17 8.2.1 Overview 17 8.2.2 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 19 8.2.2.1 Potential Impacts 19 8.2.2.2 Dust Emissions 19 8.2.2.2.1 Emissions from Vehicles 21 8.2.2.3 Mitigation Measures 21 8.2.2.4 Residual Impacts 22 8.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 23 8.2.3.1 Potential Impacts 23 8.2.3.2 Mitigation Measures 29 8.2.3.3 Residual Impacts 29 8.2.4 Decommissioning Phase 31 8.2.5 Project Climatic Emissions 32 8.2.5.1 Local Micro- and Regional Meso Climate 32 8.2.5.2 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 32 8.2.6 Summary of Impacts on Ambient Air Quality 34 8.3 Acoustic Environment 35 8.3.1 Overview 35 8.3.2 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 37 8.3.2.1 Potential Impacts 37 8.3.2.2 Mitigation Measures 41 8.3.2.3 Residual Impacts 43 8.3.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 44 8.3.3.1 Potential Impacts 44 8.3.3.2 Mitigation Measures 49 8.3.3.3 Residual Impacts 49 8.3.4 Decommissioning Phase 50 8.3.4.1 Potential Impacts 50 8.3.4.2 Mitigation Measures 50 8.3.4.3 Residual Impacts 51 8.3.5 Summary of Impacts on Acoustic Environment 51 8.4 Water Resources (Groundwater and Surface Water) 52 8.4.1 Overview 52 8.4.2 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 54 8.4.2.1 Potential Impacts 54 8.4.2.1.1 Watercourse crossings 54 8.4.2.1.2 Trenching 56 8.4.2.1.3 Hydrotesting 58 8.4.2.1.4 Construction Sites and Temporary Facilities 59 8.4.2.1.5 Consumption of Freshwater Resources 60 8.4.2.1.6 Accidental Pollution of Water Resources by Solid and Liquid Wastes 60 8.4.2.2 Mitigation Measures 61 8.4.2.2.1 Watercourse Crossings 61 Page 3 of 477 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP Integrated ESIA Greece GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0056 Document Title: Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Rev.: 00 Measures 8.4.2.2.2 Trenching 62 8.4.2.2.3 Hydrotesting 63 8.4.2.2.4 Consumption of Freshwater Resources 63 8.4.2.2.5 Accidental pollution of water resources by solid and liquid wastes 63 8.4.2.3 Residual Impacts 64 8.4.2.3.1 Watercourse crossings 64 8.4.2.3.2 Trenching 65 8.4.2.3.3 Hydrotesting 65 8.4.2.3.4 Construction Sites 65 8.4.2.3.5 Consumption of Freshwater Resources 66 8.4.2.3.6 Accidental Pollution of Freshwater Resources by Solid and Liquid Wastes 66 8.4.2.3.7 Summary of Residual Impact Significance 66 8.4.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 68 8.4.3.1 Potential Impacts 68 8.4.3.1.1 Future Irrigation Networks 68 8.4.3.1.2 Disturbance of Drainage Networks 68 8.4.3.1.3 Consumption of Freshwater Resources 68 8.4.3.1.4 Accidental Pollution of Water Resources 68 8.4.3.2 Mitigation Measures 69 8.4.3.3 Residual Impacts 69 8.4.4 Decommissioning Phase 70 8.4.5 Summary of Impacts on Water Resources 70 8.5 Subsurface and Soil 72 8.5.1 Overview 72 8.5.2 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 75 8.5.2.1 Potential Impacts 75 8.5.2.1.1 Geohazards and seismicity assessment 75 8.5.2.1.2 Soil Erosion 78 8.5.2.1.3 Soil Compaction 78 8.5.2.1.4 Soil Pollution 81 8.5.2.1.5 Reduced Soil Productivity 82 8.5.2.2 Mitigation Measures 82 8.5.2.2.1 General measures 82 8.5.2.2.2 Geohazards and Seismicity Mitigation 83 8.5.2.2.3 Soil Erosion Mitigation 84 8.5.2.2.4 Soil Compaction Mitigation 86 8.5.2.2.5 Soil Pollution Mitigation 87 8.5.2.2.6 Reduced Soil Productivity Mitigation 88 8.5.2.3 Residual Impacts 88 8.5.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 90 8.5.3.1 Potential Impacts 90 8.5.3.2 Mitigation Measures 91 8.5.3.3 Residual Impacts 91 8.5.4 Decommissioning Phase 92 8.5.4.1 Potential Impacts 92 8.5.4.2 Mitigation Measures 92 8.5.4.3 Residual Impacts 92 8.5.5 Summary of Impacts on Subsurface and Soil Resources 93 8.6 Landscape and Visual Amenity 95 8.6.1 Overview 95 Page 4 of 477 Area Comp. 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Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP Integrated ESIA Greece GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0056 Document Title: Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Rev.: 00 Measures 8.6.2 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 97 8.6.2.1 Overview 97 8.6.2.2 Potential Impacts 97 8.6.2.2.1 Physical Changes to the Landscape General Unity 97 8.6.2.2.2 Disturbance of the Continuity of Landscape Habitat Features 101 8.6.2.2.3 Interruption of Agricultural Activities and Use of Farmlands 102 8.6.2.2.4 Changes in the Viewshed and Aesthetic Value to Residents 102 8.6.2.3 Mitigation Measures 108 8.6.2.3.1 Physical Changes to the Landscape General Unity (Fragmentation) due to Construction Works, Signs etc. 109 8.6.2.3.2 Disturbance of the Continuity of Landscape Habitat Features 110 8.6.2.3.3 Interruption of Agricultural Activities and Use of Farmlands 110 8.6.2.3.4 Changes in the Viewshed and Aesthetic Value to Residents 110 8.6.2.4 Residual Impacts 111 8.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 112 8.6.3.1 Potential Impacts 112 8.6.3.1.1 Permanent Presence of Project Features 112 8.6.3.2 Mitigation Measures 122 8.6.3.3 Residual Impacts 123 8.6.4 Decommissioning Phase 125 8.6.4.1 Potential Impacts 125 8.6.4.1.1 Permanent Loss of Some Landscape Elements/ Features 125 8.6.4.1.2 Disturbance of the Landscape Unity by Demobilization and Abandonment of Facilities and Infrastructure 125 8.6.4.2 Mitigation Measures 125 8.6.4.3 Residual Impacts 126 8.6.5 Summary of Impacts on Landscape and Visual Amenity 126 8.7 Terrestrial Ecology 129 8.7.1 Overview 129 8.7.2 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 130 8.7.2.1 Potential Impacts 130 8.7.2.1.1 Flora Habitat Loss 130 8.7.2.1.2 Fauna Habitat Fragmentation 136 8.7.2.1.3 Species / Population Loss 141 8.7.2.1.4 Disturbance and Displacement of Fauna – General Construction Activities 146 8.7.2.1.5 Disturbance and Displacement of Fauna - Blasting and Hammering Activities 151 8.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures 153 8.7.2.2.1 Habitat Loss 153 8.7.2.2.2 Habitat Fragmentation 155 8.7.2.2.3 Disturbance and Displacement 156 8.7.2.2.4 Species / Population Loss 160 8.7.2.3 Residual Impacts 162 8.7.3 Operations and Maintenance Phase 168 8.7.3.1 Potential Impacts 168 8.7.3.1.1 Habitat Fragmentation 168 8.7.3.1.2 Disturbance and Displacement of Fauna Species 169 8.7.3.2 Mitigation Measures 171 8.7.3.3 Residual Impacts 171 8.7.4 Decommissioning Phase 172 8.7.4.1 Potential Impacts 172 Page 5 of 477 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP Integrated ESIA Greece GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0056 Document Title: Section 8 - Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Rev.: 00 Measures 8.7.4.2 Mitigation Measures 172 8.7.4.3 Residual Impacts 173 8.7.5 Summary of Impacts on Terrestrial Ecology 173 8.8 Freshwater Ecology 176 8.8.1 Overview 176 8.8.2 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 183 8.8.2.1 Potential Impacts 183 8.8.2.1.1 Sediment Entrainment during Open-Cut River Crossings 183 8.8.2.1.2 Impacts to Water Quality from Accidental Release of Drilling Mud during Trenchless River Crossing 187 8.8.2.1.3 Impacts to Water Quality, Fish Eggs and Macroinvertebrates during Hydrotesting 188 8.8.2.2 Mitigation Measures 190 8.8.2.2.1 Sediment Entrainment during Open-Cut River Crossings & Trenchless 190 8.8.2.2.2 Impacts to Water Quality, Fish Eggs and Macroinvertebrates during Hydrotesting 194 8.8.2.3 Residual Impacts 195 8.8.3 Operations and Maintenance Phase 199 8.8.4 Decommissioning Phase 199 8.8.5 Summary of Impacts on Freshwater Ecology 199 8.9 Protected Areas / Sites of Conservation Interest 200 8.9.1 Overview 200 8.9.2 Natura 2000 sites 212 8.9.3 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 221 8.9.3.1 Potential Impacts 221 8.9.3.1.1 Habitat Loss 221 8.9.3.1.2 Species Loss (Injury / Mortality of Animals) 227 8.9.3.1.3 Disturbance – Displacement of Species 228 8.9.3.2 Mitigation Measures 230 8.9.3.2.1 Habitat Loss Mitigation 231 8.9.3.2.2 Species Loss Mitigation 232 8.9.3.2.3 Disturbance / Displacement of Species Mitigation 233 8.9.3.3 Residual Impacts 234 8.9.4 Operations and Maintenance Phase 236 8.9.4.1 Potential Impacts 236 8.9.4.2 Mitigation Measures 237 8.9.4.3 Residual Impacts 238 8.9.5 Decommissioning Phase 238 8.9.5.1 Potential Impacts 238 8.9.5.2 Mitigation Measures 238 8.9.5.3 Residual Impacts 239 8.9.6 Summary of Impacts on Protected Areas 239 8.10 Economy, Employment and Income 239 8.10.1 Overview 239 8.10.2 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 242 8.10.2.1 Potential Impacts 242 8.10.2.1.1 Temporary Employment Impacts 242 8.10.2.1.2 Economic Impacts during Construction 246 8.10.2.1.3 Skills Enhancement during the Construction Phase 248 8.10.2.2 Mitigation Measures 248 Page 6 of 477 Area Comp.
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