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NATION, NATIONALISM and the PARTITION of INDIA: PARTITION the NATION, and NATIONALISM , De Manzoor Ehtesham
NATION, NATIONALISM AND THE PARTITION OF INDIA: TWO MOMENTS FROM HINDI FICTION* Bodh Prakash Ambedkar University, Delhi Abstract This paper traces the trajectory of Muslims in India over roughly four decades after Independ- ence through a study of two Hindi novels, Rahi Masoom Reza’s Adha Gaon and Manzoor Ehtesham’s Sookha Bargad. It explores the centrality of Partition to issues of Muslim identity, their commitment to the Indian nation, and how a resurgent Hindu communal discourse particularly from the 1980s onwards “otherizes” a community that not only rejected the idea of Pakistan as the homeland for Muslims, but was also critical to the construction of a secular Indian nation. Keywords: Manzoor Ehtesham, Partition in Hindi literature, Rahi Masoom. Resumen Este artículo estudia la presencia del Islam en India en las cuatro décadas siguientes a la Independencia, según dos novelas en hindi, Adha Gaon, de Rahi Masoom Reza y Sookha Bargad, de Manzoor Ehtesham. En ambas la Partición es el eje central de la identidad mu- sulmana, que en todo caso mantiene su fidelidad a la nación india. Sin embargo, el discurso del fundamentalismo hindú desde la década de 1980 ha ido alienando a esta comunidad, 77 que no solo rechazó la idea de Paquistán como patria de los musulmanes, sino que fue fundamental para mantener la neutralidad religiosa del estado en India. Palabras clave: Manzoor Ehtesham, Partición en literatura hindi, Rahi Masoom. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2018.76.06 Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, 76; April 2018, pp. 77-89; ISSN: e-2530-8335 REVISTA CANARIA 77-89 DE ESTUDIOS PP. -
Memoirs on the History, Folk-Lore, and Distribution of The
' *. 'fftOPE!. , / . PEIHCETGIT \ rstC, juiv 1 THEOLOGICAL iilttTlKV'ki ' • ** ~V ' • Dive , I) S 4-30 Sect; £46 — .v-..2 SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/memoirsonhistory02elli ; MEMOIRS ON THE HISTORY, FOLK-LORE, AND DISTRIBUTION RACESOF THE OF THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES OF INDIA BEING AN AMPLIFIED EDITION OF THE ORIGINAL SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS, BY THE J.ATE SIR HENRY M. ELLIOT, OF THE HON. EAST INDIA COMPANY’S BENGAL CIVIL SEBVICB. EDITED REVISED, AND RE-ARRANGED , BY JOHN BEAMES, M.R.A.S., BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE ; MEMBER OP THE GERMAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY, OP THE ASIATIC SOCIETIES OP PARIS AND BENGAL, AND OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIBTY OP LONDON. IN TWO VOLUMES. YOL. II. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., 8 and 60, PATERNOSTER ROWV MDCCCLXIX. [.All rights reserved STEPHEN AUSTIN, PRINTER, HERTFORD. ; *> »vv . SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES. PART III. REVENUE AND OFFICIAL TERMS. [Under this head are included—1. All words in use in the revenue offices both of the past and present governments 2. Words descriptive of tenures, divisions of crops, fiscal accounts, like 3. and the ; Some articles relating to ancient territorial divisions, whether obsolete or still existing, with one or two geographical notices, which fall more appro- priately under this head than any other. —B.] Abkar, jlLT A distiller, a vendor of spirituous liquors. Abkari, or the tax on spirituous liquors, is noticed in the Glossary. With the initial a unaccented, Abkar means agriculture. Adabandi, The fixing a period for the performance of a contract or pay- ment of instalments. -
SOCIAL DYNAMIC STATUS and ITS REFLECTION on USE of FAMILY PLANNING METHODS in an INDIAN VILLAGE: the CASE of ‘GAURA’ VILLAGE (UP), INDIA Vimalesh Kumar Singh &
52/TheThe Third Third Pole, Pole Vol. 5-7, PP 52-61:2007 SOCIAL DYNAMIC STATUS AND ITS REFLECTION ON USE OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODS IN AN INDIAN VILLAGE: THE CASE OF ‘GAURA’ VILLAGE (UP), INDIA Vimalesh Kumar Singh &. M. B. Singh Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, U P India [email protected] Abstract Present paper aims at examining the recent transformation of the village society, which is caste ridden, conservative and sluggish to adopt new innovations. The paper is mainly based on primary data collected through interview schedules from 80 families and 123 married women respondents on stratified random basis from Gaura village of Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh. On the basis of social dynamic status in a rural population of Gaura village the study pinpoints that Yadav, Gupta, Lohar, and Harijan (Scheduled caste) castes are static communities while Kurmi has been found single progressive caste. Brahmin and Kumhar are categorized as retrogressive castes. The paper also highlights the position of spouse on the practice of family planning methods. This study was undertaken to assess the extent of awareness among married women towards the various aspects of family planning. It was found that majority of the respondents had knowledge and awareness about various aspects of family planning but its adoption is of low magnitude. Women were the major users of permanently contraceptives (tubectomy) as contrary to men. Some women were found with the use of oral pills but the use of loops, condom and copper-T was almost absent in the study village. Key words: Family planning attitude, never users, contraceptives, caste, traditional social hierarchy. -
Diverse Genetic Origin of Indian Muslims: Evidence from Autosomal STR Loci
Journal of Human Genetics (2009) 54, 340–348 & 2009 The Japan Society of Human Genetics All rights reserved 1434-5161/09 $32.00 www.nature.com/jhg ORIGINAL ARTICLE Diverse genetic origin of Indian Muslims: evidence from autosomal STR loci Muthukrishnan Eaaswarkhanth1,2, Bhawna Dubey1, Poorlin Ramakodi Meganathan1, Zeinab Ravesh2, Faizan Ahmed Khan3, Lalji Singh2, Kumarasamy Thangaraj2 and Ikramul Haque1 The origin and relationships of Indian Muslims is still dubious and are not yet genetically well studied. In the light of historically attested movements into Indian subcontinent during the demic expansion of Islam, the present study aims to substantiate whether it had been accompanied by any gene flow or only a cultural transformation phenomenon. An array of 13 autosomal STR markers that are common in the worldwide data sets was used to explore the genetic diversity of Indian Muslims. The austere endogamy being practiced for several generations was confirmed by the genetic demarcation of each of the six Indian Muslim communities in the phylogenetic assessments for the markers examined. The analyses were further refined by comparison with geographically closest neighboring Hindu religious groups (including several caste and tribal populations) and the populations from Middle East, East Asia and Europe. We found that some of the Muslim populations displayed high level of regional genetic affinity rather than religious affinity. Interestingly, in Dawoodi Bohras (TN and GUJ) and Iranian Shia significant genetic contribution from West Asia, especially Iran (49, 47 and 46%, respectively) was observed. This divulges the existence of Middle Eastern genetic signatures in some of the contemporary Indian Muslim populations. -
Internal Classification of Scheduled Castes: the Punjab Story
COMMENTARY “in direct recruitments only and not in Internal Classification of promotion cases”.2 Learning from the Punjab experience, the state government Scheduled Castes: of Haryana too decided in 1994 to divide its scheduled caste population in two blocks, The Punjab Story A and B, limiting 50 per cent of all the seats for the chamars (block B) and offer- ing 50 per cent of the seats to non-chamars Surinder S Jodhka, Avinash Kumar (block A) on preferential basis. This arrangement worked well until Much before the question of n the recommendations of the 2005 when the Punjab and Haryana High quotas within quotas in jobs Ramachandra Rao Commission, Court directed the two state governments reserved for the scheduled castes Othe government of Andhra about the “illegality” of the provision in Pradesh decided in June 1997 to classify response to a writ petition by Gaje Singh, acquired prominence in Andhra its scheduled caste (SC) population into A, a chamar from the region. The petitioner Pradesh, Punjab had introduced a B, C and D categories and fixed a specific cited the Supreme Court judgments twofold classification of its SC quota of seats against each of the caste against the sub-classification of scheduled population. When the Andhra categories roughly matching the propor- castes in the case of Andhra Pradesh. tion of their numbers in the total popula- Though, the Punjab state government case went to court, Punjab had to tion. This was done in response to the pow- quickly worked a way out of it and turned rework its policy. -
Perspectives of Caste Census: Why It Is Needed Today?
Perspectives of Caste Census: Why it is needed today? By Premendra Priyadarshi1 Up to 1931, the Census of India included caste too. This practice was abandoned in 1941 because of protests by the nationalists, and also because it was considered worthless, misleading and a waste of time and energy. Column for religion was continued till 2001 census. Thereafter it was felt to be divisive and abandoned from 2011 census. Yet recently, there have been demands in political establishment for and against the caste census and the Union Government seems to be succumbing to pressures. It is desirable that we examine the perspectives of caste census. Why caste abandoned from census in 1941 The most important reason for abandonment of caste census was the ‗worthlessness‘ of the whole exercise because of inconsistency in caste names, which were not fixed and varied between districts, and with time, high incidence of unreliability of individuals‘ statement about caste etc. The Census Commissioner of India for 1931, J.H. Hutton noted, ―Sorting for caste is really worthless unless nomenclature is sufficiently fixed to render the resulting totals close and reliable approximations. Had caste terminology the stability of religious returns, caste sorting might be worthwhile. With the fluidity of current appellations it is certainly not… 227,000 Ambattans have become 10,000, Navithan, Nai, Nai Brahman, Navutiyan, Pariyari claim about 140,000—all terms unrecorded or untabulated in 1921.‖1 Only explanation for this could be that most of the Ambattans of 1921 changed into some other caste. Similarly, the number of Marathas in Central Provinces and Berar increased from 93,901 in 1911, to 206,144 in 1921.2 This more than 110% increase in number can be explained by the mass mobilization of Kunbis (Kurmi-s) to Marathas during the period. -
CASTE SYSTEM in INDIA Iwaiter of Hibrarp & Information ^Titntt
CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA A SELECT ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of iWaiter of Hibrarp & information ^titntt 1994-95 BY AMEENA KHATOON Roll No. 94 LSM • 09 Enroiament No. V • 6409 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Mr. Shabahat Husaln (Chairman) DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1995 T: 2 8 K:'^ 1996 DS2675 d^ r1^ . 0-^' =^ Uo ulna J/ f —> ^^^^^^^^K CONTENTS^, • • • Acknowledgement 1 -11 • • • • Scope and Methodology III - VI Introduction 1-ls List of Subject Heading . 7i- B$' Annotated Bibliography 87 -^^^ Author Index .zm - 243 Title Index X4^-Z^t L —i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere and earnest thanks to my teacher and supervisor Mr. Shabahat Husain (Chairman), who inspite of his many pre Qoccupat ions spared his precious time to guide and inspire me at each and every step, during the course of this investigation. His deep critical understanding of the problem helped me in compiling this bibliography. I am highly indebted to eminent teacher Mr. Hasan Zamarrud, Reader, Department of Library & Information Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for the encourage Cment that I have always received from hijft* during the period I have ben associated with the department of Library Science. I am also highly grateful to the respect teachers of my department professor, Mohammadd Sabir Husain, Ex-Chairman, S. Mustafa Zaidi, Reader, Mr. M.A.K. Khan, Ex-Reader, Department of Library & Information Science, A.M.U., Aligarh. I also want to acknowledge Messrs. Mohd Aslam, Asif Farid, Jamal Ahmad Siddiqui, who extended their 11 full Co-operation, whenever I needed. -
The People of India
LIBRARY ANNFX 2 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ^% Cornell University Library DS 421.R59 1915 The people of India 3 1924 024 114 773 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024114773 THE PEOPLE OF INDIA =2!^.^ Z'^JiiS- ,SIH HERBERT ll(i 'E MISLEX, K= CoIoB a , ( THE PEOPLE OF INDIA w SIR HERBERT RISLEY, K.C.I.E., C.S.I. DIRECTOR OF ETHNOGRAPHY FOR INDIA, OFFICIER d'aCADEMIE, FRANCE, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF ROME AND BERLIN, AND OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND SECOND EDITION, EDITED BY W. CROOKE, B.A. LATE OF THE INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE "/« ^ood sooth, 7tiy masters, this is Ho door. Yet is it a little window, that looketh upon a great world" WITH 36 ILLUSTRATIONS AND AN ETHNOLOGICAL MAP OF INDIA UN31NDABL? Calcutta & Simla: THACKER, SPINK & CO. London: W, THACKER & CO., 2, Creed Lane, E.C. 191S PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES. e 7/ /a£ gw TO SIR WILLIAM TURNER, K.C.B. CHIEF AMONG ENGLISH CRANIOLOGISTS THIS SLIGHT SKETCH OF A LARGE SUBJECT IS WITH HIS PERMISSION RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In an article on "Magic and Religion" published in the Quarterly Review of last July, Mr. Edward Clodd complains that certain observations of mine on the subject of " the impersonal stage of religion " are hidden away under the " prosaic title " of the Report on the Census of India, 1901. -
Dalit Politics and Its Fragments in Punjab
PERSPECTIVES larger text of Punjab politics, with its Dalit Politics and Its Fragments vote share falling drastically from 16.32% in 1992 to 4.9% in 2012 and 1.55% in 2017 in Punjab (I P Singh 2017). Economic and material- ist explanations notwithstanding, the role Does Religion Hold the Key? of religion as a factor in determining the status of local Dalit politics has not been adequately addressed. Of late, the mush- Santosh K Singh rooming of deras in the region, as a site of Dalit consolidation and propagation of The enigmatic marginality of alit politics in Punjab is an Ambedkar’s ideology and thoughts, has Dalit politics in Punjab, despite enigma. If numbers matter in a once again brought the theme of religion having the highest proportion of Ddemocracy, how does one make into focus (Ram 2004, 2007; Singh 2011, sense of the near total absence of Dalit 2017b; Juergensmeyer 2000). Scheduled Castes, partly exposes politics in a state with the highest popu- the limitation of numbers as lation of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India, Three Local Narratives indicators of social dynamics in a pegged at 32% (Government of Punjab The critical point is that democracy may democracy. The key may lie in the nd)? Moreover, besides the numerical be about numbers, but people and cul- strength and substantial diaspora or tures are not. There is enough work on critical role that multiple religious non-resident Indian (NRI) support base, the census, its politics of numerals, and traditions play within the Dalit the region boasts of a formidable line-up how it has failed to reckon the fuzziness community across regions in of home-grown revolutionary Dalit ideo- of our world, especially its caste-ridden Punjab, inhibiting a larger Dalit logues, such as Babu Mangu Ram, Kan- religious landscape, since its beginning shi Ram and others.1 Dalits in the Doaba as a colonial tool in the mid-19th century consolidation. -
D. D. Kosambi History and Society
D. D. KOSAMBI ON HISTORY AND SOCIETY PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF BOMBAY, BOMBAY PREFACE Man is not an island entire unto himself nor can any discipline of the sciences or social sciences be said to be so - definitely not the discipline of history. Historical studies and works of historians have contributed greatly to the enrichment of scientific knowledge and temper, and the world of history has also grown with and profited from the writings in other branches of the social sciences and developments in scientific research. Though not a professional historian in the traditional sense, D. D. Kosambi cre- ated ripples in the so-called tranquil world of scholarship and left an everlasting impact on the craft of historians, both at the level of ideologi- cal position and that of the methodology of historical reconstruction. This aspect of D. D. Kosambi s contribution to the problems of historical interpretation has been the basis for the selection of these articles and for giving them the present grouping. There have been significant developments in the methodology and approaches to history, resulting in new perspectives and giving new meaning to history in the last four decades in India. Political history continued to dominate historical writings, though few significant works appeared on social history in the forties, such as Social and Rural Economy of North- ern India by A. N. Bose (1942-45); Studies in Indian Social Polity by B. N. Dutt (1944), and India from Primitive Communism to Slavery by S. A. Dange (1949). It was however with Kosambi’s An Introduction to the study of Indian History (1956), that historians focussed their attention more keenly on modes of production at a given level of development to understand the relations of production - economic, social and political. -
CASTE. RITUALS and STRATEGIES by RINA NAYAR
CASTE. RITUALS AND STRATEGIES by RINA NAYAR (nee GHOSHAL) School of Oriental and African Studies Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in The University of London 1976 ProQuest Number: 10731447 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731447 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 IS3 ABSTRACT This th&sis focusses attention on two institutions in a caste oriented society at variance with the established pattern of behaviour between members of different castes* These are Ritual Kinship and Spirit Possession among ritual specialists* The study was carried out in Dharnu, a village in Himachal Pradesh, India* The first chapter outlines the accepted pattern of inter-caste behaviour and draws attention to the flexibility with which it operates in practice. Their appear to exist in all cases, regularized mechanisms for circumventing caste rules, which are ritually legitimised* The second chapter provides a general background into the study and describes the peoples in that area and their customs. The third chapter analyses the caste hierarchy in the village with special emphasis on commensal behaviour as the clearest index of ranking* The fourth chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of ritual kinship and presents data on this institution in Bharnu* The data are analysed In terms of the strategic value for individuals and their integra tive value for the community. -
Possible Decision Rules to Allocate Quotas and Reservations to Ensure Equity for Nepalese Poor*
Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 17 & 18 No. 1-2 (2014) Combined Issue Shishir Shakya Possible Decision Rules to Allocate Quotas and Reservations to Ensure Equity for Nepalese Poor* Shishir Shakya** Nabraj Lama*** Abstract Government of Nepal provides quotas and reservations for women, indigenous nationalities, Madhesi, untouchables, disables and people of backward areas. These statuses are not homogenous in economic sense. We proposed few other decision trees (rules) that can predict household poverty in Nepal based on 14,907 household observations employing classification and regression tree (CART) approach. These decision rules were based on few practically answerable questions (for respondents) and can be cross checked easily by the enumerators. We modeled 5 different scenarios that respondents were likely to answer the asked questions. These decision rules were 94% to in worst-case scenario 70% accurate in out-of-sample dataset. These proposed meaningful decision rules can be helpful on policy making and implementation that relate to positively discriminate (quota and reservation) for those who lie below poverty line. Key words: Caste/Ethnicity, Nepal, poverty and equity, quotas and reservations, decision tree INTRODUCTION Nepal is a beautiful mosaic of various racial and cultural groups. It is one of the most diverse countries in the world, in terms of culture, ethnicity, religion and language. There are more than 125 caste/ethnic groups and more than 100 languages (CBS, 2012). Nepal is rich in diversity but suffers from poverty. According to World Bank (2001), “Poverty is pronounced deprivation in wellbeing”. Wellbeing is more often associated with an access to goods and services and, people are said to be better off if they have an access to resources and vice versa (Haughton & Khandker, 2009).