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ANATOMY of the SHOULDER and ARM MUSCLES of Cebus Libidinosus Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira1, Jarbas Pereira-De-Paula1, Yandra

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ANATOMY of the SHOULDER and ARM MUSCLES of Cebus Libidinosus Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira1, Jarbas Pereira-De-Paula1, Yandra REGULA R PA P E R ANATOMY OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM MUSCLES OF Cebus libidinosus Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira1, Jarbas Pereira-de-Paula1, Yandra Cássia Lobato do Prado1, Mário Souza Lima-e-Silva1, João Roberto da Mata2 1 Neuroscience and Behavior of Primates Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science and 2 Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. ABSTRACT Cebus are a very cognitive species. They have expansive motor abilities, demonstrate a high level of proficiency in using tools to obtain food; and play, using thoracic members. Our objective in this work is to study the shoulder and arm muscles of Cebus genus, comparing the findings with the literature data on humans, chimpanzees and baboons, and assume these aspects are associated with behavioral characteristics. We conclude that the shoulder and arm muscles of Cebus, in general terms, are more similar to baboons, perhaps due to the quadruped behavior exhibited in these ani- mals. The conventional term “hand abilities” in primates, specifically in Cebus, originate in motor abilities, generally, from thoracic members. They are controlled by a high encephalic index, and not by specific motor abilities from the intrinsic muscles of the hand and forearm which act on the hand. Key words: Capuchin monkey, muscles, primates, thoracic member INTRODUCTION chiation (hand used for locomotion on the trees). There are evolutionary and morphologic simi- Lately, many studies about the Cebus libidino- larities between Cebus and humans [11,15,16], sus [30] have been performed on the encephalic ves- as well as noted similarities in bipedal nature [8]. sels [12,21,32,33,34], the submandibular gland ves- The survival and arborous behavior of the human sels [22], anatomical superior members [3,4,5], the primate indicates morphological similarities between cortical physiology [18], the behavioral and tool use these species and Cebus. The anatomical study pro- [1,2,6,10,14,17,29,41], encephalic index [26] and vides the base for verification of motor abilities of memory [37]. These studies also show that Cebus li- primate species; considering the number of muscles, bidinosus [30] are capable of using tools to obtain food, and the division and individualization of a muscu- and exhibit playfulness. These aspects are observed in lar body that is inserted into the osseous portion [3]. captivity [13,31], as well as in their natural habitat en- vironment. [6,29]. MATERIAL AND METHODS The comparative anatomical studies between Cebus and chimpanzees confirm this data of evolutionary con- vergence [3,4,5] concerning the muscles, nerves and Samples – Eight specimens of the Cebus libidi- vessels of thoracic members. nosus (capuchin monkey) were used for this project. The main evolutionary characteristics acquired Healthy adults, differing in age, were studied in a group by hominids were the erect posture and biped- comprised of seven males and one female. The average al locomotion on the ground, substituting bra- body weighed between one and three kilograms. Phys- ical appearance ranged from black hair, various brown shades to the more common dark brown. The animals Correspondence to: Dr. Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira were donated by the Brazilian Institute of Environ- Rua Egerineu Teixeira, quadra K, lotes 11 e 12, Bairro Jundiaí, Anápolis, GO, Brasil. CEP: 75110-240, Tel: (55) (62) 3521-1232; 3098-2625. E- ment and Natural Resources (IBAMA), from the city mail: [email protected] and [email protected] of Sete Lagoas, in the state of Minas Gerais, in 1970; Braz. J. Morphol. Sci(2007) 24 (2),63-74 64 T. Aversi- Ferreira et al. and were deposited in the anatomical collection of the muscle divides muscular fibers, with the short head of Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) and Federal the biceps brachii. It has a laminar form, and is located University of Goiás (UFG). This work was previously at the proximal and antero-medial portion of the arm. approved by the ethics committee of UFG (Veterinary The pectoralis minor muscle stems from the lateral Medicine). border of the sternum, and is attached in the area be- Preparation of animals for dissection – The dead an- tween the second and fifth rib. It is inserted by a thick imals were rasped with steel. The animals received an tendon at the greater tubercle of the humerus. It has a injection of latex 601-A (Dupot), mixed with red colo- fan shape, and is located under the pectoralis major rant diluted in ammonium hydroxide, in the abdominal muscle. part of the aorta. The bodies were submerged in room The pectoralis major muscle (Fig. 3) originates temperature water for 10-12 hours; and received an in- from all lateral borders of the sternum bone, with the jection by femoral vein, of approximately 10% formal- medial portion attached along two-thirds of the clavi- dehyde mixed with 5% glycerin, for fixation. The ani- cle, and the anterior portion lamina of the aponeurosis mals were preserved in 10% formaldehyde, in a closed of the rectus abdominis muscle. This muscle is inserted opaque box. at the crests of the greater tubercle and intertubercular Dissection and documentation – The dissection lips, in the proximal third part of the humerus. It has a of the arm and shoulder were performed with emphasis triangular shape, and forms the anterior border of the on the muscles, and documented with a digital camera armpit. It is the most superficial muscular layer of the (Sony, 4.1 mega pixels). The muscle denominations anterior thoracic wall. were based on descriptions of humans and other pri- The pectoralis abdominis muscle (Fig. 3) stems mates. The collected data was analyzed and compared from the lateral border of the rectus sheath, and is more with a decrypted human model. caudal than the origin of the pectoralis minor muscle. It The arm and shoulder muscles were dissected and is inserted at the greater turbercle of the humerus bone, analyzed with the origin and insertion criteria, because in the medial portion, as a common aponeurosis with the enervation of muscles was related [3], and the stud- the pectoralis minor. It is located caudally to the pecto- ies of the vessels of the arm and shoulder were also ralis major, and is flat and thin. carried out (in print). The muscle origin was considered The brachialis muscle (Fig. 1) originates immedi- according to the aspects of (1) fixed point of movement ately distal to the deltoid muscle’s insertion, at the del- and (2) near to median axis. In these particulars, the toid tuberosity of the humerus; in the distal two-thirds insertion was also considered by two aspects: (1) the part of the antero-lateral surface of this bone. Some move point of locomotion and (2) the distal region from muscular fibers of the deltoid are inserted in the proxi- the median axis of capuchin monkey. The results are mal portion of the brachialis muscle. The distal portion synthesized in Table 1. of the brachialis muscle crosses the radius bone, from The biceps braquial muscle (Figs 3,4) has two origins. the lateral portion to the medial portion, and is inserted The short head of the biceps muscle and coracobraquial in the proximal and medial surface at the ulnar tuberos- muscle have the same origin, in the coracoid process of ity. The brachialis is located deeply in the arm, below the scapula, by the common tendon. The lateral portion the biceps brachii muscle, in the distal half portion. It arises from the supraglenoid tuberosity and its tendon has a pyramidal form. descends in the intertubercular groove, enclosed by the The anconious muscle stems from the posterior part articular capsule of the shoulder. The insertion of the of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and is inserted brachialis muscle is doubled: one occurs on the pos- in the lateral portion of the olecranon. It has a triangular tero-medial surface of tuberosity of the radio, and the shape. other gives off an aponeurosis for the superficial fascia The triceps brachii muscle (Figs. 1,2) originates on the proximal antero-lateral portion of the forearm. as three heads: (1) the long head originates through the This muscle is fusiform and is located in an anterior aponeurosis, like a fan, that extends from aponeurosis, area of the arm. with the teres major muscle, to the supraspinatus and The coracobrachialis muscle (Fig. 1) comes to- supraglenoid tuberosity of the scapula; (2) the lateral gether with the short head of the biceps brachii muscle. head stems from the proximal third part of the humerus It is inserted in the middle third part of the humerus, on on its postero-lateral surface. (3) Finally, the medial the antero-medial surface of this bone. In this way, this head derives from the entire postero-medial surface Braz. J. Morphol. Sci(2007) 24 (2),63-74 Shoulder and Arm Muscles of Cebus 65 Figure 1. Antero-medial view of the Cebus’ arm. 1. Medial head of the biceps brachii muscle; 2. lateral head of the biceps brachii muscle; 3. dorso-olecranon muscle[3]; 4. insertion’s tendon of the latissimus dorsi muscle; 5. medial head of the triceps brachii muscle; 6. brachialis muscle; 7. deltoid muscle; 8. coracobrachialis muscle; 9. subscapularis muscle; 10. long head of the triceps brachii muscle. Bar = 1 cm. Figure 2. Dorsal view of the shoulder’s muscle of the Cebus. 1. teres major muscle; 2. long head of the triceps brachii; 3. teres minor muscle; 4. infraespinatus muscle; 5. deltoid muscle; 6. lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle. Bar = 1 cm. Braz. J. Morphol. Sci(2007) 24 (2),63-74 66 T. Aversi- Ferreira et al.
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