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3-Dimentional Visualization of Cancer Metastasis on the Liver

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3-Dimentional Visualization of Cancer Metastasis on the Liver Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 5-12-2006 3-dimentional visualization of cancer metastasis on the liver Thomas Nowacki Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Nowacki, Thomas, "3-dimentional visualization of cancer metastasis on the liver" (2006). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The College of Imaging Arts and Sciences In Candidacy for the Degree of MASTER OF FINE ARTS 3-Dimensional Visualization of Cancer Metastasis on the Liver By Thomas Mark Nowacki 5/12/2006 Approvals Chief Advisor Dr. Richard Doolittle Date: 5 lcr Ct Io I 0 Associate Advisor Glen Hintz ~~~~~----------------- Date: t).6/ ~ '2--/ ()(p I I Associate Advisor James Perkins ~~~~~~----------------- Date: Department Chairperson -=D:....:o:....:..n.:...:Ac....:..:....::rd::.:a:.Ly____________ _ Date: Thesis Reproduction Permission Statement: I understand that I must submit a print copy of my thesis to the RIT Archives, per current RIT guidelines for the completion of my degree. I hereby grant the Rochester Institute of Technology and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my thesis in whole or in part in all forms of media in perpetuity. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis. Print Reproduction Permission Granted: I, , hereby grant permission to the Rochester Institute of Technology to reproduce my print thesis in whole or in part. Any reproduction will not be for commercial use or profit. Signature of Author: Date: s: Z 2 ~ZJj(j(, Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Visualizing the Sinusoid 3 III. Modeling the Components 4 A. The Gross Liver 4 B. The Liver Lobules 5 C. Modeling the Sinusoid 6 1 . Hepatocyte 7 2. Endothelial Cell 8 3. KupfferCell 9 4. The Sinusoid 10 IV. Animation 11 V. Website 12 VI. Conclusion 13 the liver's dual blood supply, the hepatic artery and portal vein, and certain humoral factors present that I. Introduction promote cell growth. These cancer cells traveling the portal venous system to the liver have a propensity for embedding themselves in the Metastasis is the migration of space of Disse, a small area between cancer cells from one site in the body the endothelium and hepatocytes of to other places in the body. Cancer the liver. Generally, kupffer cells cells have a unique ability to break block most tumor cells, but spaces away from surrounding cells and to in the endothelium allow cancer bypass the extracellular matrix that cells a refuge from the kupffer cells separates them from other cell types. and provide an anchor due to the The cancer cells are then free to travel collagen fibers present in the space to other places in the body, through of Disse. Most liver metastases are either lymphatic vessels or blood multiple, involving both lobes. This is vessels. Cancerous cells, usually from metastasis on the liver. the colon, have penetrated the wall The primary purpose of this lining the and entered the tissue of thesis is to demonstrate how 3- the portal venous system. All blood Dimensional artwork and animation from the portal venous system flows can illustrate a disease and the complex through the liver for filtration and then process such as cancer metastasis, to the heart. The liver is the second on a gross, as well as cellular level. most commonly involved organ in Previously, a project was completed metastatic cancer, second only to the depicting a gross visual and cellular lymph nodes. Certain conditions make landscape of the pancreas. Continuing the liver so susceptible, including with this prior project on the pancreas, method of educating those already I will primarily use Maya 7.0 to model familiar with histology, others lacking another organ, the liver, focusing on a science education or background the histological pathways and events might find it difficult to understand occurring during metastasis. Taking what they are viewing, especially for the project a step further, I will those not trained in visualizing such incorporate the material. Other methods, such as 3-D models in an interactive website electron microscopy is more beneficial developed using Macromedia Suite and but most often the cellular structures illustrations made using Adobe Suite. are not of those in a live animal or even The primary intent for this thesis human for that matter. and the supplementary website is to My goal entails showcasing a develop such animations or websites journey through a liver sinusoid using for a pharmaceutical company to the Maya software. Later I will take use as educational supplement or for the footage from Maya and incorporate marketing purposes. it in a website made using Flash, While I am continuing with Fireworks, and Dreamweaver. The a previous project, my goals and website (www.rit.edu/~tmn0646/thesis) methods remain my own. My primary also contains other supplemental goal is to display the inner lining lessons that explain metastasis in the of a liver sinusoid and its various liver through illustrations made in cellular structures. Displaying such Photoshop and Illustrator. In essence, a cellular landscape is not without its this thesis encompasses almost own difficulties though. Commonly, every aspect of my education during most histological sections are viewed my Master of Fine Arts in Medical in cross-section under a microscope. Illustration at Rochester Institute of While these sections are a viable Technology. II. Visualizing the Sinusoid blurred. Even with these limitations, a trained eye can still discern what the The most important component general shape and size of many of the of this thesis is the 3-D model of cells are and their relative position. the liver sinusoid and visualizing On the other hand, images created by the migration of a cancer cell to the a scanning electron microscope are of space of Disse in the liver. It was much greater magnification and even very important to accurately display reveal surface details in addition to the sinusoid utilizing contemporary general size and shape. thoughts as to how a living, human Once enough images of what a sinusoid would appear. To determine sinusoid should look were compiled how the sinusoid should look I and compared, I began creating compiled images of actual liver cells in sketches of possible approaches to histological cross-section and electron modeling and animating the images in microscopy in addition to images Maya. from text sources. Typically cross- section images are taken with a light microscope and cells are stained to create contrast. As stated earlier, this is the most familiar form of viewing liver cells and most other cells for that matter. The cross-section is a valuable tool, but much is left to interpretation and assumption. It is almost never one layer of cells, but multiple layers stacked like pancakes. As a result, sometimes cell boundaries can be HI. Modeling the Components ligament with the liver in addition to notable vessels in order to give a Maya 7.0 gives the user three realistic feel of the organ and provide basic methods of modeling including anatomical reference. The surface polygons, NURBs, and subdivisions. texture and color was created using a In my experience, I have come to fractal map. rely on subdivisions more than any other of the methods due to the fact Figure 1 : Subdivision Liver Model that they combine aspects from both polygons and NURBs and can be readily converted to either. Although, beginning my models, I use whatever method seems the most direct. As a result, many of my models initially created used one method but eventually became subdivisions as will be explained later. A. The Gross Liver This was the simplest component to model given that it was on a gross level and many reference photos were readily available. The liver was completely modeled using subdivisions (Figure 1.) I decided to include the gallbladder and falciform B. The Liver Lobules mainly due to the fact that human liver lobules have borders that are The lobule was one of the more impossible to differentiate. Monkey difficult models to sculpt not because livers, on the other hand, have readily of its shape, but how to portray it in identifiable borders much more suited a realistic manner. Initially, one of to classroom. The liver specimen the my main concerns dealt with the fact lobules were shaped after was from a that this would not be an accurate monkey's but I increased their widths portrayal of the liver lobule. In reality, so they would overlap one another and the view most commonly seen view of the borders would disappear. Since I a liver lobule is in the cross-section, was using subdivisions, I was able to which is not how the liver is actually create a unique bump map (Figure 2a) viewed. Also, the other portions the in Photoshop giving the lobules some thesis depict a realistic or interpreted texture and creating the illusion of realistic view of the liver. After much sinusoids on the surface. Taking some consideration I finally rationalized that artistic license, I decided to give each this model would benefit the viewer lobule its own color map (Figure 2b), by paying homage to the liver cross- also made in Photoshop, making each section many are so familiar with and lobule somewhat distinguishable from help lead into the sinusoid view.
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