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Modulhubunganetnikedisikedua.Pdf Ketua Editor Shamsul Amri Baharuddin Institut Kajian Etnik Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi • 2012 http://www.kita.ukm.my Edisi Kedua / Second Edition, 2012 Hak Cipta / Copyright Institut Kajian Etnik UKM, 2012 Hak Cipta Terpelihara. Sebarang bahagian dalam buku ini tidak boleh diterbitkan semula, disimpan untuk pengeluaran ataupun dipindahkan, dalam sebarang bentuk atau dengan sebarang cara, sama ada secara elektronik, penggambaran semula, perakaman dan sebagainya tanpa kebenaran bertulis daripada Institut Kajian Etnik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia terlebih dahulu. All rights reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Institute of Ethnic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by Institut Kajian Etnik Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E Malaysia Tel: 03-8921 4641 Faks: 03-8921 5641 e-Mel: [email protected] Dicetak di Malaysia oleh / Printed in Malaysia by Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data Pengkatalogan-dalam-Penerbitan Shamsul Amri Baharuddin, 1951- Modul hubungan etnik / Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. ISBN 978-967-10914-0-1 1. Cultural pluralism--Malaysia. 2. Multiculturalism---Malaysia. 3. Malaysia--Ethnic relations. I. Judul. 305.8 KANDUNGAN Senarai Jadual dan Rajah ix Singkatan xi Prakata xv BAB 1 Malaysia: Kesepaduan dalam Kepelbagaian Pengenalan 1 Sebuah Negara, Dua Imaginasi Sosiologikal: Antara 2 ‘Perpaduan’ atau ‘Kesepaduan’ Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia 4 Masyarakat Pelbagai Etnik di Malaysia 13 Kesepaduan Sosial: Pandangan Alternatif untuk 16 Memahami Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia Kesepaduan Sosial Melalui Akomodasi, Akulturasi, 24 Amalgamasi dan Asimilasi Kesimpulan 26 BAB 2 Potret Hubungan Etnik Pengenalan 29 Kesultanan Melayu Melaka – Lambang Pertemuan 30 Masyarakat Pelbagai Etnik Pembentukan Masyarakat Majmuk Era Kolonialisme 32 British Fokus Hubungan Etnik 36 Kerangka Teori 46 Kerangka Konseptual 46 Meneliti Konsep Ras dan Etnik di Malaysia 49 Budaya 52 Konsep Prejudis, Stereotaip dan Diskriminasi 53 Kerangka Teoretis 55 Konsep-konsep Tahap Hubungan Etnik 58 Kesimpulan 63 BAB 3 Limpahan Kemakmuran Merentasi Etnik Pengenalan 65 Isu Sosioekonomi Pada Awal Kemerdekaan 66 Ekonomi Menjadi Isu Etnik 69 Dasar Ekonomi Baru 70 Kejayaan Ekonomi Malaysia 79 Isu dan Cabaran 82 Kesimpulan 88 BAB 4 Perlembagaan Persekutuan : Tiang Seri Hubungan Etnik Pengenalan 91 Definisi dan Konsep Perlembagaan 92 Sejarah Penggubalan Perlembagaan Persekutuan 94 Malayan Union 95 Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948 96 Kerjasama Antara Etnik dalam Menuju Kemerdekaan 96 Suruhanjaya Reid 98 Jawatankuasa Kerja dan Perisytiharan Perlembagaan 100 Unsur-Unsur Tradisi dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan 100 Kesultanan atau Pemerintahan Beraja 101 Isu-Isu Islam dan Orang Melayu dalam Perlembagaan 111 Kesimpulan 120 BAB 5 Permuafakatan Politik dalam Konteks Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia Pengenalan 121 Pembangunan Politik 124 Pemupukan Hubungan Etnik Secara Formal dalam Politik 125 Demografi dan Politik 127 Pakatan Politik di Sabah dan Sarawak 129 Tsunami Politik: Politik Perkauman Semakin Mengendur 138 Perubahan Trend dan Corak Pengundian 139 Kesimpulan 142 BAB 6 Kepelbagaian Agama : Mencari Titik Pertemuan Pengenalan 145 Takrif Agama 145 Mengapakah Manusia Beragama? 146 Peranan Agama 147 Penggolongan Agama 150 Agama-agama di Malaysia 152 Konflik Agama 166 Mencari Titik Pertemuan 166 Kesimpulan 168 BAB 7 Dari Segregasi ke Integrasi Pengenalan 169 Dari Pengasingan ke Penyatuan 170 Cabaran dalam Memupuk Integrasi di Malaysia 171 Peranan Kerajaan 172 Penubuhan Jabatan Perpaduan Negara dan Integrasi 172 Nasional (JPNIN) Dasar-dasar Kerajaan 173 Peranan Masyarakat dalam Konteks Hubungan Etnik 185 Penerimaan Budaya 187 Program di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) 187 Peranan NGO dalam Konteks Hubungan Etnik 188 Kesimpulan 190 BAB 8 Pemerkasaan Pendidikan ke Arah Kesepaduan Sosial Pengenalan 193 Sejarah Pendidikan di Malaysia dan Hubungan Etnik 194 Latar Belakang Pendidikan Komuniti Etnik di Tanah 195 Melayu Sekolah Vernakular Inggeris 195 Sekolah Kebangsaan dan Sekolah Vernakular 203 Cabaran dalam Pendidikan dan Bahasa 211 Kesimpulan 216 BAB 9 Pengalaman Harian : Menjalin Kesepaduan dan Melahirkan Keharmonian Pengenalan 217 Kepelbagaian Makanan Etnik Pemangkin Perpaduan 218 Makanan dan Ruang Sosial dalam Konteks Hubungan 219 Etnik Kesenian Pelbagai Etnik dan Kesepaduan Sosial 222 Media dan Kesepaduan Sosial 226 Kesimpulan 233 BAB 10 Kesimpulan 235 Glosari 241 Rujukan 245 Indeks 249 SENARAI JADUAL DAN RAJAH Senarai Jadual Jadual 1.1 Senarai Kumpulan Etnik, Subetnik, Suku, Bahasa dan 13 Dialek di Malaysia Jadual 1.2 Global Peace Index (2011) 15 Jadual 3.1 Pemilikan Modal Saham oleh Syarikat Berhad di 67 Semenanjung Malaysia (1969- 1990) Jadual 3.2 Malaysia-Peratus Guna Tenaga Mengikut Sektor dan 68 Kumpulan Etnik (1970 -1985) Jadual 3.3 Pemilikan Modal Saham oleh Syarikat Berhad 72 di Semenanjung Malaysia (1969) Jadual 3.4 Objektif dan Sasaran Dasar Ekonomi Baru 76 Jadual 3.5 Kadar Pertumbuhan Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK) 80 Jadual 3.6 Indeks Kualiti Hidup Terpilih 82 JADUAL 3.7 Koefisyen Gini Mengikut Etnik (1957-2004) 84 Jadual 3.8 Nisbah Ketaksamaan Pendapatan Isi Rumah Bandar 85 dengan Isi Rumah luar Bandar, 1957-2004 Jadual 4.1 Kedudukan Calon Parti Perikatan dalam Pilihan Raya 1955 97 Jadual 4.2 Peratusan Hak Milik Modal Saham Mengikut Sektor dan 118 Etnik 2004 Senarai Rajah Rajah 1.1 Pola Perbandingan Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia dan Sri 5 lanka, 1940-2011 Rajah 2.1 Teori Sistem Ekologikal Bronfenbrenner 46 Rajah 9.1 Ruang Sosial Makanan 220 SINGKATAN ASWARA Akademi Seni Budaya dan Warisan Kebangsaan CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DAP Democratic Action Party DEB Dasar Ekonomi Baru DUN Dewan Undangan Negeri FAMA Lembaga Pemasaran Pertanian Persekutuan FELDA Lembaga Kemajuan Tanah Persekutuan FINAS Perbadanan Kemajuan Filem Nasional Malaysia ICA Industrial Coordination Act ICT Information Communication Technology IKHM Indeks Kualiti Hidup Malaysia IMP Independence Malayan Party IPT Institut Pengajian Tinggi IPTA Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam IPTS Institut Pengajian Tinggi Swasta JPN Jabatan Perpaduan Negara JKPPN Jawatankuasa Penasihat Perpaduan Negara JPNIN Jabatan Perpaduan Negara dan Integrasi Nasional KDNK Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar NNNB Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu xii Hubungan Etnik NNMTB Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu MACINDA Parti Melayu-Cina-India-Dayak MAGERAN Majlis Gerakan Negara MARA Majlis Amanah Rakyat MARDI Institut Pembangunan dan Penyelidikan Pertanian Malaysia MRSM Maktab Rendah Sains MARA MAS Malaysian Airline System MCA Malayan Chinese Association MEB Model Ekonomi Baharu MIC Malaysian Indian Congress MNC Multinational Corporation MPP Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar MPPB Masyarakat Perdagangan dan Perindustrian Bumiputera MSC Koridor Raya Multimedia NCP National Convention Party NGO Pertubuhan Bukan Kerajaan PANAS Parti Negara Sarawak PAS Parti Islam Se-Malaysia PBB Parti Bumiputera Bersatu Sarawak PBRS Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah PBS Parti Bersatu Sabah PDS Parti Demokratik Sabah PERNAS Perbadanan Nasional Berhad PKM Parti Komunis Malaya PKR Parti Keadilan Rakyat xii Hubungan Etnik Singkatan xiii PLKN Program Latihan Khidmat Negara PTE Pelan Transformasi Ekonomi PRS Parti Rakyat Sarawak SANAP Sabah National Party SAPP Sabah Progressive Party SBP Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SCA Sabah Chinese Association SJK Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan SJKC Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina SJKT Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil SNAP Sarawak National Party SPM Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia STPM Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia SPDP Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party SUPP Sarawak United People’s Party UDA Urban Development Authority USIM Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia UIA Universiti Islam Antarabangsa UUM Universiti Utara Malaysia UMNO United Malay National Organisation UNKO United National Kadazan Organization USNO United Sabah National Organisation PRAKATA ursus Hubungan Etnik telah diperkenalkan di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam (IPTA) di negara ini sejak tahun 2005. Bagi menampung keperluan para pelajar terbabit, satu modul telah Kditerbitkan dengan tujuan untuk mendedahkan mereka kepada tajuk- tajuk asas meliputi pelbagai bidang seperti perlembagaan, politik, ekonomi, agama dan pendidikan. Selari dengan janji kami untuk terus membaiki modul bagi kursus ini secara berterusan dan berkala, berdasarkan perkembangan semasa dan juga maklum balas daripada pelbagai pihak, terutama pensyarah dan pelajar, maka kami pun mengambil keputusan untuk menerbitkan buku baharu ini. Buku ini berbeza daripada modul terdahulu dari segi konsep, orientasi dan kandungan. Jika dalam modul sebelumnya, kerangka konseptual adalah berteraskan paradagima konflik, tetapi dalam buku ini kerangka konseptual adalah berdasarkan paradigma kesepaduan sosial sebagai suatu pendekatan alternatif untuk melihat hubungan etnik di Malaysia dan kompleksiti yang wujud di dalamnya. Buku ini memberikan tumpuan bukan sahaja kepada konsep takrifan autoriti, tetapi juga takrifan harian. Dengan itu, perbincangan bukan sahaja tertumpu kepada himpunan dasar dan langkah yang digagaskan oleh kerajaan dalam usaha mencapai kesepaduan dan perpaduan, tetapi memaparkan juga bagaimana rakyat di peringkat akar umbi berinteraksi dalam pelbagai aktiviti harian. Ini bermakna, pola hubungan etnik di negara ini dibincangkan dari perspektif bottom-up dan top-down
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