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Ketua Editor Shamsul Amri Baharuddin Institut Kajian Etnik Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi • 2012 http://www.kita.ukm.my Edisi Kedua / Second Edition, 2012 Hak Cipta / Copyright Institut Kajian Etnik UKM, 2012 Hak Cipta Terpelihara. Sebarang bahagian dalam buku ini tidak boleh diterbitkan semula, disimpan untuk pengeluaran ataupun dipindahkan, dalam sebarang bentuk atau dengan sebarang cara, sama ada secara elektronik, penggambaran semula, perakaman dan sebagainya tanpa kebenaran bertulis daripada Institut Kajian Etnik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia terlebih dahulu. All rights reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Institute of Ethnic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by Institut Kajian Etnik Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E Malaysia Tel: 03-8921 4641 Faks: 03-8921 5641 e-Mel: [email protected] Dicetak di Malaysia oleh / Printed in Malaysia by Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data Pengkatalogan-dalam-Penerbitan Shamsul Amri Baharuddin, 1951- Modul hubungan etnik / Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. ISBN 978-967-10914-0-1 1. Cultural pluralism--Malaysia. 2. Multiculturalism---Malaysia. 3. Malaysia--Ethnic relations. I. Judul. 305.8 KANDUNGAN Senarai Jadual dan Rajah ix Singkatan xi Prakata xv BAB 1 Malaysia: Kesepaduan dalam Kepelbagaian Pengenalan 1 Sebuah Negara, Dua Imaginasi Sosiologikal: Antara 2 ‘Perpaduan’ atau ‘Kesepaduan’ Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia 4 Masyarakat Pelbagai Etnik di Malaysia 13 Kesepaduan Sosial: Pandangan Alternatif untuk 16 Memahami Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia Kesepaduan Sosial Melalui Akomodasi, Akulturasi, 24 Amalgamasi dan Asimilasi Kesimpulan 26 BAB 2 Potret Hubungan Etnik Pengenalan 29 Kesultanan Melayu Melaka – Lambang Pertemuan 30 Masyarakat Pelbagai Etnik Pembentukan Masyarakat Majmuk Era Kolonialisme 32 British Fokus Hubungan Etnik 36 Kerangka Teori 46 Kerangka Konseptual 46 Meneliti Konsep Ras dan Etnik di Malaysia 49 Budaya 52 Konsep Prejudis, Stereotaip dan Diskriminasi 53 Kerangka Teoretis 55 Konsep-konsep Tahap Hubungan Etnik 58 Kesimpulan 63 BAB 3 Limpahan Kemakmuran Merentasi Etnik Pengenalan 65 Isu Sosioekonomi Pada Awal Kemerdekaan 66 Ekonomi Menjadi Isu Etnik 69 Dasar Ekonomi Baru 70 Kejayaan Ekonomi Malaysia 79 Isu dan Cabaran 82 Kesimpulan 88 BAB 4 Perlembagaan Persekutuan : Tiang Seri Hubungan Etnik Pengenalan 91 Definisi dan Konsep Perlembagaan 92 Sejarah Penggubalan Perlembagaan Persekutuan 94 Malayan Union 95 Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948 96 Kerjasama Antara Etnik dalam Menuju Kemerdekaan 96 Suruhanjaya Reid 98 Jawatankuasa Kerja dan Perisytiharan Perlembagaan 100 Unsur-Unsur Tradisi dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan 100 Kesultanan atau Pemerintahan Beraja 101 Isu-Isu Islam dan Orang Melayu dalam Perlembagaan 111 Kesimpulan 120 BAB 5 Permuafakatan Politik dalam Konteks Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia Pengenalan 121 Pembangunan Politik 124 Pemupukan Hubungan Etnik Secara Formal dalam Politik 125 Demografi dan Politik 127 Pakatan Politik di Sabah dan Sarawak 129 Tsunami Politik: Politik Perkauman Semakin Mengendur 138 Perubahan Trend dan Corak Pengundian 139 Kesimpulan 142 BAB 6 Kepelbagaian Agama : Mencari Titik Pertemuan Pengenalan 145 Takrif Agama 145 Mengapakah Manusia Beragama? 146 Peranan Agama 147 Penggolongan Agama 150 Agama-agama di Malaysia 152 Konflik Agama 166 Mencari Titik Pertemuan 166 Kesimpulan 168 BAB 7 Dari Segregasi ke Integrasi Pengenalan 169 Dari Pengasingan ke Penyatuan 170 Cabaran dalam Memupuk Integrasi di Malaysia 171 Peranan Kerajaan 172 Penubuhan Jabatan Perpaduan Negara dan Integrasi 172 Nasional (JPNIN) Dasar-dasar Kerajaan 173 Peranan Masyarakat dalam Konteks Hubungan Etnik 185 Penerimaan Budaya 187 Program di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) 187 Peranan NGO dalam Konteks Hubungan Etnik 188 Kesimpulan 190 BAB 8 Pemerkasaan Pendidikan ke Arah Kesepaduan Sosial Pengenalan 193 Sejarah Pendidikan di Malaysia dan Hubungan Etnik 194 Latar Belakang Pendidikan Komuniti Etnik di Tanah 195 Melayu Sekolah Vernakular Inggeris 195 Sekolah Kebangsaan dan Sekolah Vernakular 203 Cabaran dalam Pendidikan dan Bahasa 211 Kesimpulan 216 BAB 9 Pengalaman Harian : Menjalin Kesepaduan dan Melahirkan Keharmonian Pengenalan 217 Kepelbagaian Makanan Etnik Pemangkin Perpaduan 218 Makanan dan Ruang Sosial dalam Konteks Hubungan 219 Etnik Kesenian Pelbagai Etnik dan Kesepaduan Sosial 222 Media dan Kesepaduan Sosial 226 Kesimpulan 233 BAB 10 Kesimpulan 235 Glosari 241 Rujukan 245 Indeks 249 SENARAI JADUAL DAN RAJAH Senarai Jadual Jadual 1.1 Senarai Kumpulan Etnik, Subetnik, Suku, Bahasa dan 13 Dialek di Malaysia Jadual 1.2 Global Peace Index (2011) 15 Jadual 3.1 Pemilikan Modal Saham oleh Syarikat Berhad di 67 Semenanjung Malaysia (1969- 1990) Jadual 3.2 Malaysia-Peratus Guna Tenaga Mengikut Sektor dan 68 Kumpulan Etnik (1970 -1985) Jadual 3.3 Pemilikan Modal Saham oleh Syarikat Berhad 72 di Semenanjung Malaysia (1969) Jadual 3.4 Objektif dan Sasaran Dasar Ekonomi Baru 76 Jadual 3.5 Kadar Pertumbuhan Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK) 80 Jadual 3.6 Indeks Kualiti Hidup Terpilih 82 JADUAL 3.7 Koefisyen Gini Mengikut Etnik (1957-2004) 84 Jadual 3.8 Nisbah Ketaksamaan Pendapatan Isi Rumah Bandar 85 dengan Isi Rumah luar Bandar, 1957-2004 Jadual 4.1 Kedudukan Calon Parti Perikatan dalam Pilihan Raya 1955 97 Jadual 4.2 Peratusan Hak Milik Modal Saham Mengikut Sektor dan 118 Etnik 2004 Senarai Rajah Rajah 1.1 Pola Perbandingan Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia dan Sri 5 lanka, 1940-2011 Rajah 2.1 Teori Sistem Ekologikal Bronfenbrenner 46 Rajah 9.1 Ruang Sosial Makanan 220 SINGKATAN ASWARA Akademi Seni Budaya dan Warisan Kebangsaan CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DAP Democratic Action Party DEB Dasar Ekonomi Baru DUN Dewan Undangan Negeri FAMA Lembaga Pemasaran Pertanian Persekutuan FELDA Lembaga Kemajuan Tanah Persekutuan FINAS Perbadanan Kemajuan Filem Nasional Malaysia ICA Industrial Coordination Act ICT Information Communication Technology IKHM Indeks Kualiti Hidup Malaysia IMP Independence Malayan Party IPT Institut Pengajian Tinggi IPTA Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam IPTS Institut Pengajian Tinggi Swasta JPN Jabatan Perpaduan Negara JKPPN Jawatankuasa Penasihat Perpaduan Negara JPNIN Jabatan Perpaduan Negara dan Integrasi Nasional KDNK Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar NNNB Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu xii Hubungan Etnik NNMTB Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu MACINDA Parti Melayu-Cina-India-Dayak MAGERAN Majlis Gerakan Negara MARA Majlis Amanah Rakyat MARDI Institut Pembangunan dan Penyelidikan Pertanian Malaysia MRSM Maktab Rendah Sains MARA MAS Malaysian Airline System MCA Malayan Chinese Association MEB Model Ekonomi Baharu MIC Malaysian Indian Congress MNC Multinational Corporation MPP Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar MPPB Masyarakat Perdagangan dan Perindustrian Bumiputera MSC Koridor Raya Multimedia NCP National Convention Party NGO Pertubuhan Bukan Kerajaan PANAS Parti Negara Sarawak PAS Parti Islam Se-Malaysia PBB Parti Bumiputera Bersatu Sarawak PBRS Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah PBS Parti Bersatu Sabah PDS Parti Demokratik Sabah PERNAS Perbadanan Nasional Berhad PKM Parti Komunis Malaya PKR Parti Keadilan Rakyat xii Hubungan Etnik Singkatan xiii PLKN Program Latihan Khidmat Negara PTE Pelan Transformasi Ekonomi PRS Parti Rakyat Sarawak SANAP Sabah National Party SAPP Sabah Progressive Party SBP Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SCA Sabah Chinese Association SJK Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan SJKC Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina SJKT Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil SNAP Sarawak National Party SPM Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia STPM Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia SPDP Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party SUPP Sarawak United People’s Party UDA Urban Development Authority USIM Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia UIA Universiti Islam Antarabangsa UUM Universiti Utara Malaysia UMNO United Malay National Organisation UNKO United National Kadazan Organization USNO United Sabah National Organisation PRAKATA ursus Hubungan Etnik telah diperkenalkan di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam (IPTA) di negara ini sejak tahun 2005. Bagi menampung keperluan para pelajar terbabit, satu modul telah Kditerbitkan dengan tujuan untuk mendedahkan mereka kepada tajuk- tajuk asas meliputi pelbagai bidang seperti perlembagaan, politik, ekonomi, agama dan pendidikan. Selari dengan janji kami untuk terus membaiki modul bagi kursus ini secara berterusan dan berkala, berdasarkan perkembangan semasa dan juga maklum balas daripada pelbagai pihak, terutama pensyarah dan pelajar, maka kami pun mengambil keputusan untuk menerbitkan buku baharu ini. Buku ini berbeza daripada modul terdahulu dari segi konsep, orientasi dan kandungan. Jika dalam modul sebelumnya, kerangka konseptual adalah berteraskan paradagima konflik, tetapi dalam buku ini kerangka konseptual adalah berdasarkan paradigma kesepaduan sosial sebagai suatu pendekatan alternatif untuk melihat hubungan etnik di Malaysia dan kompleksiti yang wujud di dalamnya. Buku ini memberikan tumpuan bukan sahaja kepada konsep takrifan autoriti, tetapi juga takrifan harian. Dengan itu, perbincangan bukan sahaja tertumpu kepada himpunan dasar dan langkah yang digagaskan oleh kerajaan dalam usaha mencapai kesepaduan dan perpaduan, tetapi memaparkan juga bagaimana rakyat di peringkat akar umbi berinteraksi dalam pelbagai aktiviti harian. Ini bermakna, pola hubungan etnik di negara ini dibincangkan dari perspektif bottom-up dan top-down
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    Orangutan, Oil palm and RSPO: Recognising the importance of the threatened forests of the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo Nicola K. Abram & Marc Ancrenaz Orangutan, Oil palm and RSPO First published by Ridge to Reef, Living Landscape Alliance, Borneo Futures, Hutan, and Land Empowerment Animals People (Kota Kinabalu, Sabah) in 2017 Citation: Abram, N.K. and Ancrenaz, M. (2017) Orangutan, Oil palm and RSPO: Recognising the importance of the threatened forests of the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Ridge to Reef, Living Landscape Alliance, Borneo Futures, Hutan, and Land Empowerment Animals People. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Cover: Female orangutan with a baby in the forest canopy of the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary. Cover and all other photos in this report are credited to Hutan/Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Programme (KOCP). 2 | P a g e Orangutan, Oil palm and RSPO ABOUT THIS REPORT This report is part of the International Institute for Environment & Development (IIED) project on Assessing and addressing the impact of large-scale land acquisitions on ape conservation, funded by the Arcus Foundation. This project has two case studies from the Cameroon in Africa and the island of Borneo in South-east Asia. According to the terms of reference, the objectives of the two case studies were to: Build an evidence base on the geographic overlap between areas currently targeted for agribusiness investments and areas of importance for ape conservation; Identify the scale, trends and drivers of agribusiness investments; Identify the impact that agribusiness investments are having on ape conservation and build in-country engagement and awareness on this issue; Assess opportunities and constraints in legal frameworks and political economy; and, Identify key issues generated by the interface between agribusiness investments and ape conservation in order to highlight lessons learned and help the Arcus Foundation develop a global strategy on ape conservation in the context of large-scale land acquisitions.
  • 1 HUTAN – Kinabatangan Orang-Utan Conservation

    1 HUTAN – Kinabatangan Orang-Utan Conservation

    HUTAN – Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme YEARLY ACTIVITIES – 2016 1 CONTENT Hutan, presentation p. 3 Orang-utan conservation activities p. 5 Elephant conservation activities p. 8 Hornbill conservation activities p. 10 Wildlife monitoring activities p. 12 The Pangi Swiflet Recovery Project p. 15 Forest restoration efforts p. 16 Law enforcement activities p. 18 Water quality monitoring p. 20 Education and awareness activities p. 22 Capacity building p. 24 Land acquisition: the Keruak Corridor Project p. 25 Lobbying activities/ policies p. 26 International collaboration p. 28 2 HUTAN HUTAN is a French grassroots non-profit organisation created in 1996, to develop and implement innovative solutions to conserve orang-utan and other wildlife species in Sabah, Malaysia. HUTAN and the Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD) initiated the Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme (KOCP) in 1998 to study orang-utan adaptation to forest disturbance and to design and implement sound conservation strategies for this species and its habitat. Today our team is composed of more than 55 highly skilled staff hailing from the Orang Sungai community. To achieve our vision, we have developed a holistic strategy combining long-term scientific research, wildlife and habitat protection and management, policy work, capacity building, education and awareness, as well as community outreach and development. KOCP’s grassroots approach aims to engage the local communities in the management of their own natural resources by empowering them with the necessary awareness and knowledge and by developing proper mechanisms where their newly acQuired skills can contribute to orang-utan and wildlife conservation and management. It is thus necessary to achieve a trust-based collaboration with not only the villages we are working with, but also with the local industry that is impacting wildlife habitat, and government agencies we depend on to conduct our activities across the state.
  • Analisis Kepercayaan Etnik Kadazandusun Sabah Dalam Antologi Tangon

    Analisis Kepercayaan Etnik Kadazandusun Sabah Dalam Antologi Tangon

    ANALISIS KEPERCAYAAN ETNIK KADAZANDUSUN SABAH DALAM ANTOLOGI TANGON (An Analysis of the Kadzandusun Sabah Ethnic Beliefs in the Anthology Tangon) Norsuhaila Sulaiman [email protected] Asmiaty Amat [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Published online: 1 January 2019 To cite: Norsuhaila Sulaiman and Asmiaty Amat. (2019). Analisis kepercayaan etnik Kadazandusun Sabah dalam antologi Tangon. Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, 12(1), 97 ‒ 108. Abstrak Kehadiran kelompok pelbagai etnik di Sabah tidak menghalang hubungan komunikasi walaupun memiliki perbezaan agama, adat resam, bahasa sukuan, dan kepercayaan. Keunikan corak budaya hidup serta pegangan kepercayaan etnik Kadazandusun membuktikan kekuatan pengaruh peninggalan nenek moyang kepada generasi muda pada hari ini. Artikel bertujuan menyingkap unsur kepercayaan yang menjadi amalan etnik Kadazandusun dalam antologi cerpen Tangon. Cerpen dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan antropologi sastera sebagai salah satu cara meneliti pengekalan jati diri etnik peribumi masyarakat Kadazandusun di Sabah melalui unsur kepercayaan dan pengekalan fungsi bobolian dalam masyarakat tersebut. Hasil kajian mendapati pengarang di Sabah berjaya menerapkan dan mengekalkan unsur kepercayaan sebagai suatu identiti etnik Kadazandusun Sabah sehingga hari ini. Kata kunci: Tangon, Sabah, antropologi sastera, kepercayaan, Kadazandusun, bobolian, makhluk ghaib © Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 2019. This work is licensed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) (http://creative commons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 97 5. Tangon sudah edit 5 Dis.indd 97 1/24/19 3:53 PM MELAYU: JURNAL ANTARABANGSA DUNIA MELAYU JILID 12 BIL. 1 JANUARI 2019 Abstract Recently, the existance of various ethnics in Sabah are not contributed to miscommunication eventhough there are lot differences in term of religion, customs, language and belief.
  • UMNO Factionalism and the Politics of Malaysian National Identity

    UMNO Factionalism and the Politics of Malaysian National Identity

    UMNO Factionalism and The Politics Of Malaysian National Identity JAE HYON LEE This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University 2005 I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. .................................. Abstract This thesis analyses UMNO factionalism from the perspective of the elite’s manipulation of the various modes of nationalisms. This thesis argues that UMNO factionalism, which is seemingly a power struggle between competing UMNO elites, has been significantly shaped by contesting nationalist ideologies that reflect the unresolved questions of national identity in Malaysia. These two issues, that is, nationalism and UMNO factionalism, have shaped Malaysian politics in significant ways. UMNO factionalism has been related to such major political events as the 1969 ethnic riots, the introduction of the New Economic Policy, the UMNO split in 1987 and the Reformasi (Reform) movement in 1998. Frequently, the impact of these disputes extended beyond UMNO politics and affected wider Malaysian politics. At the same time, due to unresolved questions of national identity, nationalism has occupied a central position in Malaysian political discourse. There are ambiguities regarding the relationships among the various ethnic identities and national identity and between the individual and the larger Malaysian community that enable elites to construct and manipulate nationalist ideologies. In this thesis, the conflicting nationalisms are captured by five different concepts of nationalism – ethnocultural, civic and multicultural nationalisms in one group and collectivist-authoritarian and individualistic-libertarian nationalisms in another.