La Représentation Du Chien Dans Le Cinéma D'animation

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La Représentation Du Chien Dans Le Cinéma D'animation ÉCOLE NATIONALE VÉTÉRINAIRE D’ALFORT Année 2014 LA REPRÉSENTATION DU CHIEN DANS LE CINÉMA D’ANIMATION THÈSE Pour le DOCTORAT VÉTÉRINAIRE Présentée et soutenue publiquement devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE CRÉTEIL le…………… par David, Claude GUILLIER Né le 27 novembre 1989 à Noisy-le-Grand (Seine-Saint-Denis) JURY Président : Pr. Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de CRÉTEIL Membres Directeur : Pr. Christophe DEGUEURCE Professeur à l’ENVA Assesseur : Dr. Jean-Marie MAILHAC Maître de conférences à l’ENVA REMERCIEMENTS Au Professeur de la Faculté de Médecine de Créteil , Qui nous fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de notre jury de thèse. Hommage respectueux À Monsieur le Professeur Christophe Degueurce , Professeur à l’École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter la direction de cette thèse atypique, pour avoir soutenu ce projet, pour sa confiance et pour ses conseils éclairés. Hommage reconnaissant À Monsieur le Docteur Jean-Marie Mailhac , Maître de conférences à l’École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, qui m’a fait l’honneur d’être mon assesseur. Pour son soutien bienveillant envers les thèses « originales », pour sa générosité et ses précieux conseils. Sincères remerciements Aux généreux et passionnants contributeurs de cette thèse : À Monsieur Byron Howard , Réalisateur ( Volt, Star Malgré Lui , Raiponce ) et animateur ( Mulan , Lilo & Stitch , Frère des Ours ) aux Walt Disney Animation Studios. Pour sa générosité sans borne, son incroyable enthousiasme envers ce travail et sa passion apportée à nos échanges, Qu’il soit assuré de ma gratitude À Monsieur Randy Cartwright , Animateur et superviseur de l’animation aux Walt Disney Animation Studios ( Rox et Rouky , La Belle et la Bête , Aladdin , Le Roi Lion , La Princesse et la Grenouille ) et story artist à DreamWorks Animation (Fourmiz , Le Prince d’Egypte , Chicken Run , Sinbad : La Légende des Sept Mers , Madagascar ). Pour ses témoignages captivants, pour tout ce temps pris pour répondre à mes nombreuses questions, Sincères remerciements À Monsieur David Komorowski , Modeleur 3D et superviseur technique aux Walt Disney Animation Studios ( Volt, Star Malgré Lui , Lutins d’Élite , Raiponce ). Pour son aide chaleureuse et sa contribution significative au chapitre sur l’animation assistée par ordinateur, Sincères remerciements À Monsieur Pierre Coffin , Réalisateur de Moi, Moche et Méchant et Moi, Moche et Méchant 2 . Pour avoir pris le temps de répondre à mes questions et m’avoir fait entrevoir les coulisses de cette merveilleuse saga. Sincères remerciements À Monsieur Thomas Wienc , Illustrateur, peintre et sculpteur spécialisé en morphologie, professeur de dessin anatomique aux Gobelins, école parisienne des métiers de l’image dont le cinéma d’animation. Pour son précieux témoignage, Sincères remerciements À Monsieur Anthony Seguier , Rédacteur en chef de l’excellent site Focus on Animation, mon tout premier contact lorsque je me suis lancé dans mes recherches en juillet 2013. Quel chemin depuis ! Sincères remerciements À Monsieur le Professeur Jean-François Courreau , Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, pour m’avoir autorisé à reprendre quelques unes de ses photographies personnelles. Sincères remerciements À mes parents , dont le soutien sans borne m’encourage et me porte depuis 24 ans. Pour avoir toujours fait passer mes besoins et mes études avant tout le reste… Si je suis arrivé jusque là c’est grâce à vous ! À Cyril , mon frère, qui cohabitait déjà avec moi 8 mois avant ma (notre) naissance. Bravo pour ta réussite… pédiatre, vétérinaire, ce n’est finalement pas si différent ! À Amandine , Julien , Rachel , Virginie et Olivier … inséparables amis du lycée, prêts pour fêter nos 10 dix ans ? (voire plus pour certain(e)s !) À mes incroyables amis rencontrés il y a cinq ans et qui ont magnifié ces fabuleuses années d’études : Cécile, Sarah et Maude mon dernier groupe de clinique de vie d’étudiant, Justine qui nous a quitté pour des poneys, Julie, Alexis, Elodie, Lucile, Guilhem, Alban, Laurent, Améthyste, Lucie, JP, Gisèle, Juliette, Typhaine, Sabine, Cécile, Fanny … On en a amassé des souvenirs pendant ces cinq ans ! À mes ex-A5, Camille et Mathilde , j’espère avoir été à la hauteur de votre héritage ! À Florent, Angel, Nathalie et Lorena… en souvenir du super stage Belge ! À tous les amateurs d’animation… Et merci à Karl pour l’Art of de Toy Story. TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES ............................................................................................ 1 LISTE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................ 3 LISTE DES FOCUS.................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 7 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : LE CHIEN A LA CONQUÊTE D’HOLLYWOOD ................. 11 1.1. VERS LA REPRÉSENTATION DU MOUVEMENT : LE PRÉ-CINEMA.................11 1.2. DE CHIENS ET DE CLOWNS NAÎT LE CINÉMA D’ANIMATION .........................13 1.2.1. Pantomimes lumineuses d’Émile Reynaud....................................................13 1.2.2. Le support argentique : Humorous Phases of Funny Phases ........................15 1.3. EN NOIR ET BLANC : LA CONQUÊTE MANQUÉE DU CHIEN ...........................16 1.3.1. Tentatives à quatre pattes.............................................................................16 1.3.1.1. The Artist’s Dream (Bray Productions)...................................................16 1.3.1.2. Pinkerton Pup ( The Police Dog – Bray Productions)..............................18 1.3.1.3. Fido ( Bobby Bumps – Bray Productions) ...............................................18 1.3.2. Le chat, première star du dessin-animé.........................................................19 1.3.2.1. Krazy Kat (International Film Service)....................................................19 1.3.2.2. Felix the Cat (Pat Sullivan Studios)........................................................19 1.3.3. L’héritage de Félix : l’anthropomorphisme.....................................................20 1.3.3.1. Aesop’s Film Fables (Fables Studios)....................................................20 1.3.3.2. Laugh-O-Grams (Laugh-O-Gram Films) ................................................21 1.3.3.3. Alice Comedies (Disney Brothers Studios) ............................................22 1.3.3.4. Weakheart ( Dinky Doodle – Bray Productions)......................................24 1.3.3.5. Pete ( Pete the Pup – Bray Productions) ................................................25 1.3.3.6. Fitz the Dog (Out of the Inkwell – Fleischer Studios ) .............................25 1.3.3.7. Jerry the Tyke (Pathé)...........................................................................26 1.3.4. La fin du leadership félin ...............................................................................27 1.4. LE SON, LA COULEUR ET LE SACRE ................................................................27 1.4.1. Un nouveau regard sur l’anthropomorphisme................................................27 1.4.1.1. Bimbo et Betty Boop ( Talkartoons – Fleischer Studios) .........................27 1.4.1.2. Toby the Pup (Charles Mintz Studios) ...................................................31 1.4.1.3. Don Dog ( Aesop’s Film Fables – Van Beuren Studios)..........................31 1.4.1.4. Goopy Geer ( Merrie Melodies – Warner Bros.)......................................32 1.4.1.5. Dingo ( Mickey Mouse Cartoons – Disney Studios) ................................32 1.4.1.6. Pooch the Pup (Walter Lantz Productions) ............................................34 1.4.1.7. Droopy (MGM).......................................................................................35 1.4.2. Le limier, représentant animé de l’espèce canine..........................................37 1.4.2.1. Pluto ( Mickey Mouse Cartoons – Disney Studios) ................................37 1.4.2.2. Bruno ( Looney Tunes – Warner) ..........................................................39 1.4.2.3. Willoughby the Dog ( Merrie Melodies – Warner)...................................40 1.4.2.4. Rover/Charlie Dog ( Looney Tunes – Warner).......................................40 1.4.2.5. Dimwit ( Heckle and Jeckle – Terrytoons)..............................................41 1.4.3. Bulldogmania ................................................................................................44 1.4.3.1. Un adversaire menaçant........................................................................44 1.4.3.2. Un fier chien de garde ...........................................................................46 1.4.3.3. De Spike en Spikes ...............................................................................47 1.5. LE LONG-METRAGE, UN NOUVEL ENJEU ........................................................49 1.5.1. Du « sidekick » aux grands films animaliers ..................................................49 1.5.1.1. L’ambition du réalisme...........................................................................49 1 1.5.1.2. Des taches et des spaghettis : le premier âge d’or canin.......................51 1.5.1.3. Le second âge d’or canin.......................................................................62 1.5.1.4. Les chiens de l’animation moderne........................................................70 1.5.1.5. D’autres formes d’animation ..................................................................76
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