DOCSLIB.ORG

A Possible Explanation for Habitat and Dietary Segregation of Giraffes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Possible Explanation for Habitat and Dietary Segregation of Giraffes Female tannin avoidance: a possible explanation for habitat and dietary segregation of gira¡es (Gira¡a camelopardalis peralta)inNiger Lauren E. Caister1,William M. Shields2 and Allen Gosser3 1SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry,133 IllickHall,1Fo restry Dr, Syracuse, NY13210, USA, 2SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry,1Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY13210, USA, 3USDA, APHIS,WS,1930 Rout 9, Castleton, NY 12033, USA les re¨ gions qu'elle occupe actuellement. L'habitat actuel Abstract de saison se© che comprend deux zones de ve¨ ge¨ tation dis- Niger is host to the last free-roaming herd of G.c. peralta tinctes. Dans les deux zones, les girafes doivent cohabiter (Gira¡a camelopardalis peralta).We examined the foraging avec les gens de la re¨ gion. Les girafes pre¨ sentent une se¨ g- preferences of these gira¡e in their dry-season habitats, re¨ gation sexuelle tant dans la se¨ lection de l' habitat de with the goal of preserving the herd in the regions that saison se© che que dans les choix alimentaires. Les femelles they currently inhabit. The current dry-season habitat allaitantes manifestent une forte pre¨ fe¨ rence pour la zone comprises two distinct vegetation zones. In both of these interme¨ diaire (IM). Les maª les et les femelles pleines mon- zones the gira¡e must exist alongside the people of this trent une pre¨ fe¨ rence pour le Dallol Bosso (DB). Les region. The gira¡es exhibit a sexual segregation in their femelles qui s'occupent de jeunes e¨ vitent visiblement les dry-season habitat selection and forage choices. The tanins. Les maª les et les femelles sans jeune pre¨ fe© rent un females show a strong preference for the intermediate fourrage riche en prote¨ ines et en graisses, tandis que les zone (IM) when lactating. The males and pregnant subadultes manifestent une forte pre¨ fe¨ rence pour un females show a preference for the Dallol Bosso (DB). Nur- contenu e¨ leve¨ en prote¨ ines et en hydrates de carbone et sing cows exhibit an avoidance of tannins. Bulls and des taux de tanins mode¨ re¨ s. Combretum glutinosum est non-nursingcows prefer high proteinand high fat forage, l'espe© ce pre¨ fe¨ re¨ e des adultes des deux sexes dans la IM. while subadults showa strong preference forhighprotein Les maª les et les femelles pre¨ fe© rent nettement Acacia nilo- and carbohydrate contents and moderate tannin levels. tica et Acacia seyal dans le DB. Les subadultes des deux Combretum glutinosum is the preferred species for adults sexes pre¨ fe© rent nettement Prosopis africana dans la IM. of both sexes in the IM. Males and females have strong Contrairement aux femelles, les maª les conservent leur preferences for both Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal in pre¨ fe¨ rence pourA. nilotica lorsqu'ils sont dans la IM. the DB. Sub-adults of both sexes strongly prefer Prosopis africana in the IM. Unlike females, males retain their pre- ference forA. nilotica when in the IM. Introduction Keywords: foraging preference, gira¡e, G.c. peralta, Gira¡a Niger is home to the last free-roaming herd of gira¡es camelopardalis, Niger, west African browsers. (Gira¡a camelopardalis peralta) in west Africa and the last free-roaming herd of the race peralta. The herd in Niger Re¨ sume¨ decreased throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The severe Le Niger abrite la dernie© re population sauvage de Gira¡a droughts of the 1970s and 1980s in Niger helped to camelopardalis peralta. Nous avons e¨ tudie¨ les pre¨ fe¨ rences further degrade the landscape and decimate wildlife alimentaires de ces girafes dans leurs habitats de saison populations. Prior to the droughts, the gira¡es were se© che, dans le but de maintenir cette population dans widespread and abundant in Niger (Ciofolo, 1995). After the droughts, the gira¡es were forced into a small area surrounding the Koure¨ region and the Dallol Bosso, Correspondence: Dr William Shields. E-mail: [email protected] between Bale¨ yara and Birnin Gaoure¨ .While this de¢nes # 2003 African Journal of Ecology, Afr. J. Ecol., 41,201^210 201 202 Lauren E. Caister et al. the group's current range, some long distance move- Data collection ments by lone adults have been observed (Le Pendu & Ciofolo,1999). Every gira¡e was identi¢ed through a detailed photo log. The gira¡es now inhabit the Harikanassou region, The gira¡es were photographed from both sides and where they were rarely seen before, and are now inter- assigned identi¢cation numbers at ¢rst sighting. When acting regularly with humans. They are protected from possible, the entire body,and in every instance the entire hunting in Niger,where killing a gira¡e is now a criminal neck, was photographed. The original photo record was o¡ence.The region has no natural gira¡e predators other initiated by Peace Corps Volunteer Paul Peterson in than man, and only domestic herbivores as potential 1995, revamped by PURNKO ^ a Dutch conservation competitors. The occupancy of a new range, combined organization ^ in 1996 and continued by our team. We with the government'sinterest in developing ecotourism, also recorded pertinent information about the gira¡es inspired us to undertake a study of gira¡es in the region. (i.e.sex,injuries,o¡spring,maternities,agesanddeaths). A dietary assessment of the herd was requested by Peace The photographic record allowed us to determine the Corps Niger on behalf of the government of Niger. The age of each gira¡e for the duration of the study. Gira¡es preliminary questions we hoped to explore included: (i) were designated as adults (>4 years old), subadults Where were the gira¡es living and what were they eating (between 18 months and 4 years old), juveniles (6^ in their new range? (ii) Why had the gira¡es settled in 18 months old), and newborns (<6 months old). Their this region, and (iii) What, if anything, could be done to ages were determined based on known dates of birth or help ensure their continued presence? on the age of the individual at the ¢rst recorded sighting and/or photograph (some of which dated back to 1990). Methods Foster (1966) ¢rst developed the concept of the photo- record. As he noted, coat patterns on gira¡es do not change with age, and are unique to each individual. Study site The gira¡es were tracked visually while driving The gira¡es inhabit three vegetation zones in their core Yamaha 125 cc dirt bikes. We selected the closest gira¡e range. The core range is subdivided into dry season and for focal animal observation, but tried not to sample the wet season habitats. The dry season habitat is in the same animal more frequently than others in the herd. Koure¨ ^Harikanassou region (termed the intermediate Each location where the gira¡es were ¢rst encountered zone) and the Dallol Bosso. The average annual rainfall was recorded using a Grumman hand-held geographical of between 400 mm and 500 mm de¢nes this region as positioning systems (GPS). Most of our observations part of the Sahel. The herd is there from October to May, were made during the early morning (07.00^11.00 h). after which they congregate in the Koure¨ region follow- We did not observe the gira¡es eating after noon. They ing the ¢rst rains. The herd is widespread in the dry sea- spent most of their time resting in the shade until early son habitat.We worked in the Harikanassou area, about evening, presumably due to the high air temperatures, 85km south-east of Niamey,fromJanuary1997to Febru- which often reached 49 8C. This was not true during the ary1999. cold-season (late December^February), when the gira¡es The Dallol Bosso (DB) is an ancient riverbed with a could be observed foraging until late afternoon. During shallow water table, as shallow as 0.5 m in the valleys each focal sample we recorded: (1) the species of each and hollows. Many large, permanent waterholes and food item, (2) the height of each feeding bout, (3) the ponds also characterize this region. These ponds are duration of each feeding bout in seconds, (4) which part often shallow (<1.5m deep) and marshy. This zone is of the plant was being taken, (5) the individual focal ani- marked by comparatively fertile soils and an abundance mal,and(6) the identityofallof the othergira¡espresent of trees and tree species around the wetlands. The inter- (modi¢ed fromYoung & Isbell,1991). mediate zone (IM) is more typical of the Sahel. It has To document the available vegetation, 20 plots were sandy soils, scattered trees and low scrub brush. Most of randomly selected from the entire study area. An addi- the region is farmed in the rainy season and left fallow tional ¢ve plots were each randomly selected from the during the dry season. This area has a deep water table, Dallol Bosso (DB) and Intermediate Zone (IM).We selec- often being as much as 50^60 m down. ted an extra two plots in the IM which were frequented # 2003 African Journal of Ecology, Afr. J. Ecol., 41,201^210 Female tannin avoidance in giraffes 203 Table1 Known chemical compositions of plants in the G.c. peraltas'dry-season habitat in Niger, from dry weight samples %Crude %Crude Tannin Protein % Fats Fibre % Ash % Moisture % NFE Sourcey Content Acacia species A. nilotica 12.9 5.1 13.7 1.1 52.0 32.2 (1) Pods 30% (2)ÃÃ Bark 20.0% (2) A. senegal 28.6 3.0 16.2 0.4 61.0 19.8 (1) A. seyal 18.5 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (2) Pods 20% (2) Bark 20% (2), 18^30%(5) Annona senegalensis 8.2 ^ ^ ^ 10.5 ^ (3) Balanites aegyptica 14.25 0.82 2.91 11.72 4.16 66.14 (4) Combretum glutinosum 10.0 1.02 1.82 14.15 5.04 67.97 (4) Faibherbia albida 13.63 0.77 2.15 12.75 3.88 66.82 (4) Bark 20^28% (2) Guiera senegalensis 13.13 0.18 1.55 11.46 4.06 69.62 (4) Piliostigma reticulatum 9.38 0.63 2.89 10.12 5.05 71.93 (4) Bark 18% (2) Prosopis africana 10.2 6.8 ^ ^ 7.9 49.46 (3) Bark 18% (2) (seeds) 16.0^25.74 1.7^20.0 7.6^15.76 2.94^3.4 ^ 35.56^78.5 (5) ÃAll values apply to dry matter weight of leaves, unless otherwise noted.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redacted for Privacy
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Ian B. Edwards for the degree of Master of Arts in Applied Anthropology presented on April 30. 2003. Title: The Fetish Market and Animal Parts Trade of Mali. West Africa: An Ethnographic Investigation into Cultural Use and Significance. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy David While much research has examined the intricate interactions associated with the harvesting of wild animals for human consumption, little work has been undertaken in attempting to understand the greater socio-cultural significance of such use. In addition, to properly understand such systems of interaction, an intimate knowledge is required with regard to the rationale or motivation of resource users. In present day Mali, West Africa, the population perceives and upholds wildlife as a resource not only of valuable animal protein, in a region of famine and drought, but a means of generating income. The animal parts trade is but one mechanism within the larger socio-cultural structure that exploits wildlife through a complex human-environmental system to the benefit of those who participate. Moreover, this informal, yet highly structured system serves both cultural and outsider demand through its goods and services. By using traditional ethnographic investigation techniques (participant observation and semi-structured interviews) in combination with thick narration and multidisciplinary analysis (socio- cultural and biological-environmental), it is possible to construct a better understanding of the functions, processes, and motivation of those who participate. In a world where there is butonlya limited supply of natural and wild resources, understanding human- environmental systems is of critical value. ©Copyright by Ian B.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Hyphaene Species from the Botanic Gardens, Catrcutta
    I9701 FURTADO: HYPHAENE SomeHyphaene Speciesfrom the Botanic Gardens,Catrcutta C. X. Funrllo Singapore From time to time Hyphaene theboica trations to show its habit, stated that "to is mentioned as a palm that has been H. thebaica was be seen in many a successfullygrown in India. The only gardenof India and Ceylon," (p. 165), Indian speciesthat was commonly mis- an opinion found reiteratedseveral times taken for H. thebaica was distinguished by other writers. by Beccari (1908) under the name of Nevertheless,I was unable to receive H. ind,ica Becc. Nevertheless,Blatter, a fruit from India or Ceylon of a genuine who in his monographicwork The Palms H. thebaica as typified by Martius ol British Ind,ia and Ceylon (1926) ad- (1838). However in the region of mitted 11. inilica as a good speciesand Thebes there seems to occur also a re-describedit with photographic illus- I. Hyphaene Bzssel growing at the Calcutta Ia. Hyphaene Bzssei. Portion of rachiila, part Botanic Garden under the name f1. thebaica. of petiole, hastula and base o{ leaf, {ruit in Photo by T. A. Davis. section. Photo bv Juraimi. PRINCIPES [Vol. 14 2. Hyphaene Bussei at Calcutta. Photo by T. A. Davis. species that is referable to the group "H. namedby Beccari (1924,p.32) as muhiformis" and Beccari's H. thebaica (1924, PL 20) seemsto be referablealso to the latter group, many forms of which are known from Kenya. Apparently, Blatter followed Beccari in identifying "H. H. thebaica with a form of multi- formis," and not with 1/. thebaica (L.) "the Martius; for while he noted that young plants are of slow and precarious growth" in India and Ceylon, older o'much plants were better developed" there than the trees in Egypt (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Activities of Hyphaene Thebaica (Doum Palm) Fruit Extracts Against Intestinal Microflora and Potential Constipatio
    Tanzania Journal of Science 47(1): 104-111, 2021 ISSN 0856-1761, e-ISSN 2507-7961 © College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, 2021 Antibacterial Activities of Hyphaene thebaica (Doum Palm) Fruit Extracts against Intestinal Microflora and Potential Constipation Associated Pathogens in Yola Metropolis, Nigeria Joel Uyi Ewansiha 1*, Chidimma Elizabeth Ugo 1, Damaris Ibiwumi Kolawole 1, 2 and Lilian Sopuruchi Orji 3 1Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria. 2Department of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. 3Bio-resources Development Centre, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Lugbe, Abuja Nigeria. Emails: [email protected]*; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] *Corresponding author Received 1 Nov 2020, Revised 25 Dec 2020, Accepted 28 Dec 2020, Published Feb 2021 Abstract This study aimed at determining the antibacterial activities of Hyphaene thebaica fruit extracts against some intestinal constipation associated bacteria. Qualitative analysis of some phytochemical constituents, agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts. Phytochemical components viz flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, glycosides and steroids were detected in the plant extracts, and the test organisms were susceptible to the plant extracts. The diameter zone of inhibition (DZI) obtained with n-hexane extract ranged from 15.10 ± 0.51 mm to 2.0 ± 0.55 mm against K. pneumoniae, 10.20 ± 0.57 mm to 2.00 ± 0.35 mm against P. aeruginosa and 8.00 ± 0.35 mm to 1.00 ± 0.55 mm against S.
    [Show full text]
  • Anogeissus Leiocarpus (DC) Guill
    Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technolog y All Rights Reserved Euresian Publication © 2012 eISSN 2249 0256 Available Online at: www.environmentaljournal.org Volume 2, Issue 5: 383-392 Open Access Research Article Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Extracts from Two Combretaceae Found in Burkina Faso: Anogeissus Leiocarpus (DC) Guill. and Perr . And Combretum Glutinosum Perr. Ex DC SORE Harouna 1* , HILOU Adama 1, SOMBIE Pierre Alexandre Eric Djifaby 1, COMPAORE Moussa 1, MEDA Roland, MILLOGO Jeanne 2 and NACOULMA Odile Germaine 1 1Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées (LABIOCA), UFR-SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso 2Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Végétale, UFR-SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso *Corresponding Author : [email protected] Abstract: Many studies indicate that Combretaceae species are commonly used in Africa to treat various diseases. Nonetheless, no phytochemical and/or biological activity data are available from species found in Burkina Faso to secure their ethnomedicinal uses. In addition, drugs derived from these species, especially those of the genus Combretum, are sometimes the objects of adulteration by herbalists dealing in large cities of the country.This paper reports the pharmacognostic, phytochemical and biological activity of extracts from two of the most commonly used Combretaceae species found in Burkina Faso: Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill. and Perr . and Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. Through the method of Ciulei, the characterization of the two drugs was made possible, and it was found that the phenolic compounds and flavonoids are the main active ingredients in the methanol extracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Annona Cherimola Mill.) and Highland Papayas (Vasconcellea Spp.) in Ecuador
    Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Academiejaar 2001 – 2002 DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL OF CHERIMOYA (ANNONA CHERIMOLA MILL.) AND HIGHLAND PAPAYAS (VASCONCELLEA SPP.) IN ECUADOR VERSPREIDING EN POTENTIEEL VAN CHERIMOYA (ANNONA CHERIMOLA MILL.) EN HOOGLANDPAPAJA’S (VASCONCELLEA SPP.) IN ECUADOR ir. Xavier SCHELDEMAN Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor (Ph.D.) in Applied Biological Sciences Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Op gezag van Rector: Prof. dr. A. DE LEENHEER Decaan: Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. O. VAN CLEEMPUT Prof. dr. ir. P. VAN DAMME The author and the promotor give authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Any other use is limited by Laws of Copyright. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. De auteur en de promotor geven de toelating dit doctoraatswerk voor consultatie beschikbaar te stellen en delen ervan te kopiëren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplichting uitdrukkelijk de bron vermelden bij het aanhalen van de resultaten uit dit werk. Prof. dr. ir. P. Van Damme X. Scheldeman Promotor Author Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences Department Plant Production Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany Coupure links 653 B-9000 Ghent Belgium Acknowledgements __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements After two years of reading, data processing, writing and correcting, this Ph.D. thesis is finally born. Like Veerle’s pregnancy of our two children, born during this same period, it had its hard moments relieved luckily enough with pleasant ones.
    [Show full text]
  • Annona Senegalensis
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2012, Article ID 831327, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/831327 Research Article Antimicrobial Effects of a Lipophilic Fraction and Kaurenoic Acid Isolated from the Root Bark Extracts of Annona senegalensis Theophine Chinwuba Okoye,1 Peter Achunike Akah,1 Charles Ogbonnaya Okoli,1 Adaobi Chioma Ezike,1 Edwin Ogechukwu Omeje,2 and Uchenna Estella Odoh3 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria 2 Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria 3 Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria Correspondence should be addressed to Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, [email protected] Received 5 January 2012; Revised 20 February 2012; Accepted 20 February 2012 Academic Editor: Victor Kuete Copyright © 2012 Theophine Chinwuba Okoye et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Root bark preparation of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) is used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for treatment of infectious diseases. Extraction of the A. senegalensis powdered root bark with methanol-methylene chloride (1 : 1) mixture yielded the methanol-methylene extract (MME) which was fractionated to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction (EF). The EF on further fractionation gave two active subfractions, F1 and F2. The F1 yielded a lipophilic oily liquid while F2 on purification, precipitated white crystalline compound, AS2.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Combretum Glutinosum Extract Against Some Human Pathogens
    British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3(5): 233-236, 2012 ISSN: 2044-2459; E-ISSN: 2044-2467 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012 Submitted: June 01, 2012 Accepted: June 23, 2012 Published: October 25, 2012 Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Combretum glutinosum Extract against Some Human Pathogens 1O. Yahaya, 2J.A. Yabefa and 1B. Usman 1Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Collage of Education, Brass-Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial effects of Combretum glutinosum plant extract on some clinically isolated bacteria species. Combretum glutinosum powdered plant materials was extracted using methanol and sterile distilled water. The Agar diffused methods was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the plant against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The methanolic and water both provide yield from different parts of the plant and both showed effectiveness. Phytochemical screening of the crude extract revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, phenolcs, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthroquinones and alkaloids and the growth of all bacteria were inhibited though to varying degrees thus justifying their use in traditional medicines in treating enteric infection and other diseases across Africa. Keywords: Combretum glutinosum, enteric infections, methanolic extract, phytochemicals INTRODUCTION gonorrhea and typhoid fever while the stem bark of Daniella oliveri was used in the treating fever, boil and The use of plant parts in the treatment of human back ache (Tony, 2005). disease is as old as the disease itself and herbal Combretum glutinosum is a very large genus medicine was the major form of medicine in Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on /.../ A
    BALTIC FORESTRY PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF AFRICAN COMBRETACEAE R. BR. BASED ON /.../ A. O. ONEFELY AND A. STANYS ARTICLES Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Sequence ALFRED OSSAI ONEFELI*,1,2 AND VIDMANTAS STANYS2,3 1Department of Forest Production and Products, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Erasmus+ Scholar, Institute of Agricultural and Food Science Vytautas Magnus University, Agricultural Aca- demy, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas district, Lithuania. 3Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, LT-54333 Kaunas district, Lithuania. *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] Phone number: +37062129627 Onefeli, A. O. and Stanys, A. 2019. Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Se- quence. Baltic Forestry 25(2): 170177. Abstract Combretaceae R. Br. is an angiosperm family of high economic value. However, there is dearth of information on the phylogenetic relationship of the members of this family using ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene. Previous studies with electrophoretic-based and morphological markers revealed that this family is phylogenetically complex. In the present study, 79 sequences of rbcL were used to study the phylogenetic relationship among the members of Combretaceae of African origin with a view to provide more information required for the utilization and management of this family. Multiple Sequence alignment was executed using the MUSCLE component of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Version X Analysis (MEGA X). Transition/Transversion ratio, Consistency index, Retention Index and Composite Index were also determined. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Maximum parsimony (MP) and Neighbor joining methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 2 Portfolio Performance by Focal Area
    IFAD Agency Overview Report 2010 - Covering period 01July 2008 to 30 Jun e2010 1. Portfolio Overview GEF3 portfolio IFAD’s first grants as GEF Executing Agency 2004 - 2006 6 grants Total amount of GEF funds: $26.611M, with co-financing of $84.760M Ratio → 1(GEF): 3.19(IFAD) 1 MSP, 5 FSP GEF4 portfolio IFAD as GEF Agency 2007- 30JUN09 14 grants Total amount of GEF funds: $49.710M, with co-financing of $191.374M Ratio → 1(GEF): 3.85(IFAD) 4 MSP, 10 FSP TOTAL IFAD’s first grants, plus all grants to IFAD included in GEF work program as of 30JUN09 20 grants Total amount of GEF funds: $76.322 Ratio → 1(GEF) : 3.62(IFAD) 5 MSP, 15 FSP Growth from GEF 3 total: 86% (GEF3 → GEF 4 as of 30JUN09) Cumulative portfolio composition – total through 30JUN09 % of total Focal Area current portfolio Climate Change 1% Biodiversity 23% Land Degradation 74% International Waters 2% Portfolio commitments (IFAD approved) At 30JUN09, total commitments $65.897M Portfolio disbursements At 30JUN09, total cumulative amount disbursed, $7.384M IFAD Agency Overview Report 2010 - Covering period 01July 2008 to 30 Jun e2010 2. IFAD Portfolio Performance by Focal Area & Lessons Learned / Best Practice Section 2 Portfolio performance by focal area Focal Area BIODIVERSITY Contributions to Most of IFAD’s projects under this focal area contribute to SO2 (mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in production Focal Area landscapes/seascapes and sectors). These activities are also combined with interventions under other focal area strategies (mainly Strategies land degradation). An example is the SIP MSP in Comoros that combines LD (60%) and BD (40%) .
    [Show full text]
  • Dagomba Plant Names
    DAGOMBA PLANT NAMES [PRELIMINARY CIRCULATION DRAFT FOR COMMENT] 1. DAGBANI-LATIN 2. LATIN-DAGBANI [NOT READY] 3. LATIN-ENGLISH COMMON NAMES [NOT READY] Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm Cambridge, 19 May, 2006 Roger Blench Dagomba plant names and uses Circulation version TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................I 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. II 2. TRANSCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................... II Vowels ....................................................................................................................................................iii Consonants.............................................................................................................................................. iv Tones....................................................................................................................................................... iv Plurals and other forms ............................................................................................................................ v 3. BOTANICAL SOURCES....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • GERMINATION of DOUM PALM (Hyphaene Thebaica, L. MART.) SEEDS AS AFFECTED by SOME SCARIFICATION TREATMENTS S.M. Shahin1 and Azza
    J. Product. & Dev., 12(2): 453– 462( 2007) GERMINATION OF DOUM PALM (Hyphaene thebaica, L. MART.) SEEDS AS AFFECTED BY SOME SCARIFICATION TREATMENTS S.M. Shahin1 and Azza M. S.Arafa 2 1 Botanical Gardens Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt. 2Ornamental Horticulture Dept., Faculty of Agric.,Cairo Univ.,Egypt ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out during the seasons of 2005 and 2006 at Orman Botanical Garden, Giza, Egypt to study the effect of some scarification treatments on germination parameters, endocarp constituents and the quality of doum (Hyphaene thebaica, L. Mart.) seedlings. The results indicated that endocarp punching or removal treatments slightly improved characters of germination and seedlings quality, which were significant in some cases, specially for punching treatments, while clefting the bare endocarp reduced such parameters to the minimal values in most cases of both seasons. However, the previous three treatments didn’t obviously affect thickness, strength and chemical constituents of the bony endocarp. On the other hand, soaking in concentrated H2SO4, specially for 6 hrs., significantly improved germination (%), germination velocity, mean germination rate, germination rate index, vigour index and quality of the resulted seedlings; which assessed as first leaf length, root branchlets number/ seedling and aerial parts and roots fresh and dry weights. The least means for endocarp thickness, strength and chemical constituents were also referred to the acid scarification with concentrated H2SO4 treatments. Hence, soaking the bare seeds of doum (Hyphaene thebaica, L. Mart.) in concentrated H2SO4 for 6 hrs. can be recommended as a simple, cheap and quick way for high germination percent and good quality of seedlings.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Hyphaen Thebaica
    ytology & f C H o is Hassan, et al., J Cytol Histol 2018, 9:1 l t a o n l o r DOI: 10.4172/2157-7099.1000494 g u y o J Journal of Cytology & Histology ISSN: 2157-7099 Research Article Open Access Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Hyphaen thebaica (L) Seed on Some Haematological, Biochemical and Histological Features of Albino Rats Mohamed K Hassan, Shaimaa M Ali, Ali H Abu-Almaaty and Osama A Abbas Biotechnology Program, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Egypt *Corresponding author: Hassan MK, Biotechnology Program, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Egypt, Tel: +20226831474; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: January 16, 2018; Accepted date: February 15, 2018; Published date: February 21, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Hassan MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract It is well known that many diseases throughout the world are well treated with medicinal plants which have great protective and therapeutic effects. The effect of crude ethanolic extract of Hyphaene thebaica (L) Mart (HT) on some hematologicalindices and some biochemical parameters in normal albino rats in addition to the histological studies on liver and kidney tissues of these rats were investigated. Thirty two normal white male albino rats were divided into four groups of eight rats/each group. Group one served as the control group, group 2, 3 and 4 served as the test groups for the crude ethanolic extract of HT seeds to which oral intubation of 100 mg/Kg, 200 mg/Kg and 400 mg/Kg dosages of the extracts were administered, respectively.
    [Show full text]