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The Influence of Native Woody Species, Combretum Glutinosum and Piliostigma Reticulatum, on Soil Fertility in Dialacoto, Senegal

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The Influence of Native Woody Species, Combretum Glutinosum and Piliostigma Reticulatum, on Soil Fertility in Dialacoto, Senegal Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2017 THE INFLUENCE OF NATIVE WOODY SPECIES, COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM AND PILIOSTIGMA RETICULATUM, ON SOIL FERTILITY IN DIALACOTO, SENEGAL Gwen Jacobson Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2017 Gwen Jacobson Recommended Citation Jacobson, Gwen, "THE INFLUENCE OF NATIVE WOODY SPECIES, COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM AND PILIOSTIGMA RETICULATUM, ON SOIL FERTILITY IN DIALACOTO, SENEGAL", Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2017. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/439 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Biology Commons, Food Science Commons, and the Forest Management Commons THE INFLUENCE OF NATIVE WOODY SPECIES, COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM AND PILIOSTIGMA RETICULATUM, ON SOIL FERTILITY IN DIALACOTO, SENEGAL By Gwendolyn Jacobson A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Biological Sciences MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2017 © 2017 Gwendolyn Jacobson This thesis has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Biological Sciences. Department of Biological Sciences Thesis Advisor: Dr. Casey Huckins Committee Member: Dr. Andrew Burton Committee Member: Dr. Kari Henquinet Department Chair: Dr. Shekhar Joshi Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... vi Abstract ......................................................................................................... vii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Background ..................................................................................................... 2 Incorporating trees in field cropping ................................................................ 3 Farmer-managed natural regeneration ........................................................... 4 Research objectives ............................................................................................ 6 Piliostigma reticulatum ..................................................................................... 6 Combretum glutinosum ..................................................................................... 7 Republic of Senegal ............................................................................................ 7 Methods ........................................................................................................... 9 Study site ............................................................................................................ 9 Approach ............................................................................................................. 9 Soil sampling .................................................................................................... 10 Plant growth experiment ................................................................................. 11 Crop production and growth measurement ................................................... 11 Crop biomass measurement ............................................................................ 13 Soil physical and chemical analysis ............................................................... 13 Soil incubation .................................................................................................. 13 Statistical analysis ........................................................................................... 14 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 15 Texture and pH of soils .................................................................................... 15 Chemical composition of soils ......................................................................... 15 Soil organic carbon and nitrogen .................................................................... 17 Soil organic carbon and phosphorous ............................................................. 17 Nitrogen mineralization .................................................................................. 18 Chemical composition of soils after maize harvest ....................................... 19 Chemical composition of soils after millet harvest ....................................... 20 Maize growth and biomass .............................................................................. 21 Millet growth and biomass .............................................................................. 26 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 30 References ..................................................................................................... 31 iii List of Tables Table 1. Woody species commonly used in farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ..................................................................................... 5 Table 2. Characteristics of trees used in the study. ......................................... 10 Table 3. Chemical composition of soil samples (0-20cm depth) prior to growth experiment..................................................................................................... 16 Table 4. Linear correlation of soil total organic carbon and analyzed soil nutrients ........................................................................................................ 17 Table 5. Initial ...................................................................................................... 18 Table 6. Chemical composition of soil samples following growth and harvest of maize. ......................................................................................................... 20 Table 7. Chemical composition of soil samples following growth and harvest of millet. ........................................................................................................ 21 Table 8. Effects of soil treatments on final maize biomass, plant height, root collar diameter, and ear height. .................................................................. 22 Table 9. Effects of soil treatments on final millet biomass, and height and root collar diameter. ..................................................................................... 26 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Randomized complete block design. .................................................. 12 Figure 2. Effects of soil treatments on root collar diameter of maize over time. ........................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 3. Effects of soil treatments on mean stem height of maize over time. ........................................................................................................................ 24 Figure 4. Effects of soil treatments on maize biomass. .................................... 25 Figure 5. Effects of soil treatments on plant height of millet over time. ........ 28 Figure 6. Effects of soil treatments on millet biomass. .................................... 28 v Acknowledgements Thank you to my academic advisor Dr. Casey Huckins for guidance, encouragement, and invaluable feedback throughout my graduate experience. Additional thanks to my committee members: Dr. Andrew Burton who was instrumental in facilitating the chemical analysis portion of my study, and Dr. Kari Henquinet who consistently supported me in both my service and international research. To Dr. Blair Orr whose advice and knowledge about Peace Corps and agroforestry were second to none; and to the Ecosystem Science Center for funding the chemical analyses. Additionally, I owe an infinite debt to my partner in service, research, and life, Aric Devens. He was not only the most dependable research assistant, helping me bike fifty-pound loads of soil through the woods in 110+ degree heat, but he provided unwavering support, patience, and critical feedback. When things got tough (as they often do in Peace Corps) and all I wanted to do was hide beneath a mango tree, he kept me moving forward and rising to the challenges of Peace Corps and international research. vi Abstract In the low-fertility soils of Senegal, West Africa, management of woody species in agricultural fields has the potential to improve soil fertility and crop production. However, optimal species for this purpose have not been clearly defined. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for two native woody species, Combretum glutinosum and Piliostigma reticulatum, to improve soil fertility. Soil samples were collected from beneath tree crowns of P. reticulatum and C. glutinosum and compared with fertilizer-amended and non-amended soil from adjacent open fields in a bioassay experiment. Two common crops, millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and maize (Zea mays), were grown in soil samples and crop growth and biomass production were measured as indicators of relative soil fertility. Maize biomass and growth parameters were greater in soils from beneath
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