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Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Properties and Chemical Constituents Review of Combretum Glutinosum Perr

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Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Properties and Chemical Constituents Review of Combretum Glutinosum Perr Chemistry Research Journal, 2021, 6(2):21-36 Available online www.chemrj.org ISSN: 2455-8990 Research Article CODEN(USA): CRJHA5 Traditional uses, pharmacological properties and chemical constituents review of Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC (Combretaceae) TOKLO Placide Mahougnan1,2 ;LADEKAN YAYI Eleonore Chikani1; ASSOGBA Mahoudo Fidèle1,3; SAKIRIGUI Amoussatou1,3; ALOWANOU G. Géorcelin2; MOUDACHIROU Mausourou1 ; GBENOU Joachim Djimon1,3* 1Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Facultés des Sciences et Techniques et des Science de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 918 ISBA Cotonou, Bénin 2Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 526 Cotonou, Bénin 3Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Plantes à Parfums, Aromatiques, Alimentaires et Médicinales Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UNSTIM d’Abomey, BP 72 Natitingou, Benin Corresponding Author: GBENOU Joachim Djimon/ [email protected] / +22964116222 Abstract The considerable number of secondary metabolites found in a plant gives it several biological properties in traditional medicine. Thus, Combretum glutinosum, is a plant of the Combretaceae family which is known to be used in the treatment of several diseases. This plant has been the subject of several scientific studies that have shown not only that it is rich in gum, but also that it is a tannic plant that has immunological, antiviral, anti-sickle cell disease, diuretic, antiradicals, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, anticercarial properties etc. Extracts of the plant are isolated from compounds of the family of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids. The cytotoxicity evaluated in vitro onA549, U373, Hs683, PC3, Kaka, MRC-5 cells and the acute oral toxicity evaluated in vivo on Wistars rats showed that the plant extracts would not be toxic. In summary, this work has allowed a refinement of the work done on C. glutinosum with a view to exploring other areas. Keywords Combretum glutinosum, pharmacological properties, toxicity, phytochemical studies Introduction Medicinal plants are an inexhaustible source of substances with a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities 1. A medicinal plant, by the variety of its chemical constituents, can be used to treat several diseases at the same time and this following the presence of an organic compound that may be responsible for the activity or synergy of chemical constituents present in the extract of the plant. This is the strength of traditional medicine which today has a paramount importance in the resolution of health problems. At the present time when, on the one hand, humanity is facing diseases of all kinds and, on the other hand, we are witnessing the blatant resistance of modern medicines to various pathologies, the management of health issues is proving to be a real problem for society, especially in developing countries 2. The use of local resources, i.e. accessible, highly effective and less toxic medicinal plants, has been a real solution to these problems for several years now. The evaluation of the therapeutic value of secondary metabolites present in plants is the subject of much research and leads to the identification of the Chemistry Research Journal 21 TOKLO PM et al Chemistry Research Journal, 2021, 6(2):21-36 main active elements of the plant. Thus, from aspirin to taxol, the pharmaceutical industry has largely relied on the diversity and biological properties of secondary plant metabolites for the development of new drugs 3. It is therefore important to note that today, chemistry and biology laboratories throughout the world have followed the lead of traditional medicine in the search for ways to overcome various pathologies, through the search for new active ingredients and the understanding of their modes of action 5. The present work proposed to take stock of previous phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies with a view to a better use of C. glutinosum and an exploration of other areas of research on the plant. The genus Combretum and the species Combretum glutinosum The genus Combretum Presentation The genus Combretum belongsto the most important genera of the Combrataceae family with 20 species C. apiculatum; C. micranthum; C. molle; C. nelsonii; C. nelsonii; C. nelsonii; C. nelsonii; C. nelsonii; C. nelsonii; C. nelsonii; C. nelsonii. padoides; C. petrophilum; C. psidioides; C. quadrangulare; C. woodii; C. zeyheri; C. apiculatum; C. bracteatum; C. caffrum; C. edwardsii; C. glutinosum; C. hereroense; C. imberbe; C. leprosum. Species Combretum glutinosum Synonyms Combretum passargei Engl. and Diels Combretum leonense Engl. and Diels Combretum hypopilinum Diels Combretum relictum (Aubrév.) Hutch. Combretum etessei Aubreville Vernacular Names The names of the plant in some Benin languages have been reported by de-Souza 6. French: koo blanc ou bois d’éléphant ou chigommier Fon: Dosso ou Magbêvidé Bariba: Bwangossa, bekpagorou, bobume, doge Peul: Ya dookey, dooko, kogo boonayi Yoruba et Nago: Bodomi Mina: Ati sèn sèn Gourmancèma: Litata pieni Biali: Tatapwa Systematic The systematic position of the species is as follows 7: Règne : Plantae Under reign : Eukaryote Branch : Tracheophyta Under branch line : Angiosperm Class : Magnoliopsida Series : Dialypetale Order : Myrtales Family : Combretaceae Sub-family : Combretoideae Like : Combretum Species : glutinosum Chemistry Research Journal 22 TOKLO PM et al Chemistry Research Journal, 2021, 6(2):21-36 Botanical description Shrub from 4 to 14 m high. The leaves of C. glutinosum are opposite or whorled by 4, coriaceous, highly variable in shape elliptical to obovate-elliptical, from 6 to 10 cm long and 3 to 4 cm wide, largely wedge-shaped to rounded at the base, rounded-oblate at the top. Inflorescences in axillary spikes, 4 to 6 cm long. Small, greenish-yellow flowers. Fruits with 4 wings, up to 3 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. Species of the Sudano-Guinean and Sudano-Sahelian regions. It is found from Senegal to the Republic of Sudan 8. Advantages of using combretum glutinosum In West Africa, particularly from Senegal to the Ivory Coast, the leaves, stems and root bark of C. glutinosum, collected from the wild, are important sources of yellow to brownish yellow dyes for cotton fabrics. In Burkina Faso, Benin and Nigeria, these dyes are also used to dye leather as well as mats made of various plant fibers. The primary importance of C. glutinosum in Mali is that it is used in the manufacture of internationally renowned textiles, where other tannin-rich plants are also used, depending on local resources and traditions. C. glutinosum is widely used north of Bamako to obtain black dyes by reacting the tannins of the plant with the iron salts contained in the fermented mud found there. C. glutinosum is used in indigo dyeing in Senegal in Nigeria and wood ashes are particularly appreciated to maintain the optimum alkaline pH in the indigo vat 9. The fresh young leaves are sometimes eaten as a vegetable, in Senegal they are mixed with taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), and provide useful fodder that is highly appreciated by all livestock in the Sahelian zone. The yellowish, hard and very solid wood is used in construction, to make tool handles and as firewood. In Nigeria, its smoke is used for fumigation and as incense. It is reported by Adjanohoun 8 that washing several times with the aqueous decoction of three bundles of leafy stems allows one to remove the bundle and protect oneself. Use in traditional medicine C. glutinosum is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in West Africa 10. This is due to its usefulness in pharmacology and the diversity of diseases it can treat. The different parts of the plant (leaves, bark, roots) are used in different forms (decoction, maceration, trituration, piling, infusion) to treat urinary, liver and kidney problems, respiratory problems, fever, intestinal disorders, anaemia, cough, liver disease, diarrhea and combat malaria (Table 1). Table 1: Traditional use of the plant Disease Part used How to use Reference Dysenteric amoebiasis The tender Chewed and swallowed saliva 11 Leaves Repeated abortions Sheets The infusion is taken as a drink and a bath during 11 pregnancy and some time beforehand Anemia Sheets Decocted and infused extracts 12 Sheets Decoction 10 Helminth Trunk, stem and root 13 bark Aphrodisiac Trunk, stem and root 13 bark Sexual invigorator Bark Infusion 13 Veterinary art Crushed green seeds 12 are useful in treatment Gonorrhea Roots Decoction 14 Injuries Tender leaves Decoction 15 (care of wounds in the bath) Chemistry Research Journal 23 TOKLO PM et al Chemistry Research Journal, 2021, 6(2):21-36 Injuries Green seeds Crushed and applied 12 Leaves Crushed and applied to the wounds which are 12 also washed with a infusion of leaves Bark Crushed, they give a kind of applied plush. 14 Fruits Dried green fruit powder 10 Injuries, especially Sheets Decoction is used for washing 16 circumcision wounds Bronchitis Sheets Decoction 10 Bronchite Sheets Decocted and infused extracts 15 Colics Sheets 9 Constipation Sheets Decoction 17 Sheets Trituration 16 Sheets Macerate with added alum is administered on an 11 empty stomach. Dental caries The latex of the plant 18 is applied on the part of the Toothache The pulp of the leaves Apply around the teeth 17 Cholagogue Sheets Decocted and infused extracts 13 Sheets Decoction 10 Conjunctivitis Leafy branches Decoction 15 Kidney stones (urinary Sheets Decoction 10 problems)
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