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GERMINATION of DOUM PALM (Hyphaene Thebaica, L. MART.) SEEDS AS AFFECTED by SOME SCARIFICATION TREATMENTS S.M. Shahin1 and Azza

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GERMINATION of DOUM PALM (Hyphaene Thebaica, L. MART.) SEEDS AS AFFECTED by SOME SCARIFICATION TREATMENTS S.M. Shahin1 and Azza J. Product. & Dev., 12(2): 453– 462( 2007) GERMINATION OF DOUM PALM (Hyphaene thebaica, L. MART.) SEEDS AS AFFECTED BY SOME SCARIFICATION TREATMENTS S.M. Shahin1 and Azza M. S.Arafa 2 1 Botanical Gardens Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt. 2Ornamental Horticulture Dept., Faculty of Agric.,Cairo Univ.,Egypt ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out during the seasons of 2005 and 2006 at Orman Botanical Garden, Giza, Egypt to study the effect of some scarification treatments on germination parameters, endocarp constituents and the quality of doum (Hyphaene thebaica, L. Mart.) seedlings. The results indicated that endocarp punching or removal treatments slightly improved characters of germination and seedlings quality, which were significant in some cases, specially for punching treatments, while clefting the bare endocarp reduced such parameters to the minimal values in most cases of both seasons. However, the previous three treatments didn’t obviously affect thickness, strength and chemical constituents of the bony endocarp. On the other hand, soaking in concentrated H2SO4, specially for 6 hrs., significantly improved germination (%), germination velocity, mean germination rate, germination rate index, vigour index and quality of the resulted seedlings; which assessed as first leaf length, root branchlets number/ seedling and aerial parts and roots fresh and dry weights. The least means for endocarp thickness, strength and chemical constituents were also referred to the acid scarification with concentrated H2SO4 treatments. Hence, soaking the bare seeds of doum (Hyphaene thebaica, L. Mart.) in concentrated H2SO4 for 6 hrs. can be recommended as a simple, cheap and quick way for high germination percent and good quality of seedlings. Key words: Germination, doum palm, Hyphaene thebaica, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), mechanical scarification, endocarp. INTRODUCTION Hyphaene thebaica L. Mart. Doum or Doom palm, Egyptian Doum, Gingerbread palm or Gingerbread tree (Fam. Palmaceae). To 6 m. or more; commonly forked one or more times, but sometimes simple; leaf blades stiff, nearly orbicular to 90 cm long, cut to middle or deeper into 20 or more segments; fruit mostly obliquely ovoid or oblong, to 8-9 cm long, usually 1-seeded, dryish fibrous, endocarp thin, endosperm homogeneous. Nile region of N. Africa, but also grown in the tropics and subtropics for the unusual (for palms) branching habit (Bailey, 1976). Moreover, Huxley et al. (1992) added that doum is suitable for outdoor cultivation in the humid and dry tropics, making attractive lawn specimens. Fruit mesocarp is orange, edible 454 SHAHIN AND AZZA ARAFA and tasting for gingerbread. The powder of exo–and mesocarp is used as a sugared warm beverage for refreshing and blood pressure decrement. Hard – seeded Hyphaene species often present considerable difficulties to nursery owners because of their hard, impermeable seed coats (pericarps). Such seeds often require pretreatments to obtain rapid and uniform germinating. In this concern, Patel (1996) described a technique for germinating the ornamental palm Hyphaene indica; as the fruits harvested at maturity and allowed to rest in the open without disturbance; one month after harvest, the fruits are placed in polyethylene bags and kept immersed in water for 10 days; the treated fruits are sown either in plots or boxes (unless metal or asbestos sheets in placed at a depth of approx. 30 cm in the plot below the fruits, the emerging sapling should be transplanted immediately after the emergence of the first leaf otherwise the roots penetrate too deep into the substratum). Germination % ranged between 40-50%, but many seedlings did not reach maturity. On Hyphaene thebaica, Moussa et al. (1998) found that intact fresh seeds had much lower germination (0.6-2.5%) than either seeds with their pericarp removed (78-82% or bare nuts (pericarp and endocarp removed, 73-85%). Water – soaked seeds had higher germination than unsoaked ones for both the fresh and 13 – month – old seeds, the sulfuric acid treatment resulted in 28.3% germination and was the only treatment which resulted in any germination of intact seeds. On other palm species, Daquinta et al. (1996) reported that scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid for 30 minutes gave 90% germination after 30 days in seeds of Chamaedorea seifrizii accompany with improving the quality of the resulted seedlings. Broschat (1998) revealed that germination rate was significantly improved by removing the thick, hard endocarp from Butia capitata fruits, whereas time to 50% of final germination rate was not affected by such treatment. On Caryota urens, however Maciel (2002) noticed that acid scarification via sulfuric acid dipping for 6 and 12 minutes negatively affected the seedling emergence (2 and 0 %), while dipping in water for 3 and 7 days increased seedling emergence to 42 and 50 %, respectively. Similar results were also gained by Shahin and El-Shakhs (2001) on Nelumbium nucifera, Barnett (2002) on Pinus palustris, Dreesen (2003) on Salix irrorata, S. bebbiana and S. arizonica, Olmez et al. (2004) on Capparis ovata and Singh et al. (2005) who indicated that seed coat removal enhanced seed germination of Pongamia glabra, a medicinally important ornamental tree in India, up to 85 %. The seeds treated with concentrated H2SO4 and HCl for a minute showed 91.3 % germination, while those treated with hot water (50°C) exhibited highest germination (98%). This study, aims to detect the most suitable treatment for increasing and accelerating germination of the hard-coated seeds of doum palm. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field experiment was performed during 2005 and 2006 seasons at the Experimental Area of Orman Botanical Garden, Giza, Egypt to study the effect of some scarification treatments on germination parameters, endocarp constituents and quality of the produced seedlings of doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica, L. Mart.). J. Product. & Dev., 12(2),2007 455 The mature fruits were rasped by a greater to pull out the dry-fibrous pericarp. The bare seeds with bony endocarp (it diameter ranged between 3.5 and 4.2cm) were then subjected to the following treatments: 1- Control; as the bare endocarp received no treatment. 2- The bare endocarp was bored with a drill at three different positions. 3- The bare endocarp was clefted with a handsaw at the placental end and the facing distal one. 4- The bare endocapr was completely removed to get the bony endosperm alone (its diameter ranged between 2.5 – 3.4 cm). 5-The seeds with bare endocarp were completely soaked in concentrated sulfuric acid (98.5 % for either 6 or 12 hours. Treated seeds of various treatments were planted on April, 7th in beds 100 x 80 cm filled with sand to the depth of 100 cm, as every bed contained 20 seeds planted at 20 x 20 cm for both seasons. The seeds were inserted in the sand until they were disappeared, and then covered with a thin layer of fine loam and compressed with a flate wooden piece to ensure the completely intact between the seeds and the soil. Thereafter, the beds were irrigated once every week to fill up and received the usual agricultural practices, specially digging up whenever needed. The layout of the experiment during the two seasons was a completely randomized design (Das and Giri, 1986) with 3 replicates, as each bed containing 20 seeds expressed one replicate. Clearly visible plumule protrusion was used as a criterion for germination. So, the length of plumule (cm) at germination was registered at first sight. At the end of the experiment ,on 10th of September, the following data were recorded: germination percentage using the following equation: G. % = Total No. germinated seeds / Total No. raised seeds X 100, germination velocity (G.V.) as the mean No. days from sowing till germination become constant in the treatment, mean germination rate (MGR) as the mean No. days to attain 50% of the total germination (Odetoba, 1987), germination rate index (GRI) according to Bartled equation described by Hartmann and Kester (1983) and vigour index (VI) as indicated by Selvaraju and Selvaraj (1994) in the following equation: VI = G. % X mean length of plumule (cm). Moreover, the first leaf length (cm), leaf No./ seedling, root length (cm), root branchlets No. / seedling and aerial parts and roots fresh and dry weights (g) were also measured. Immediately after treatment the bare seeds, the following determinations and analysis were conducted on the hard endocarp in the second season only: - Endocarp thickness (mm) was measured at many positions using a steel caliper. - Endocarp breaking strength (Kg. force) was monitored using an universal testing machine, Tinuis Olsen Testing Machine Co., Willow Grove, PA., USA at Mechanical Testing Lab., Fac. Engine., Cairo Univ., as the seeds were supported by fulcrum and force was applied to the midpoint of the seed (American Welding Society, 1988). 456 SHAHIN AND AZZA ARAFA - The percentages of ash, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and extractives%, as the usual main constituents of the hard endocarp were also determined according to McDonald and Kowng (2005). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the method of LSD was used to compare between means of treatments (Mead et al., 1993). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A- Effect of pre-germination treatments on germination characters : Results in Table 1 show that germination (%) of doum seeds significantly increased when mechanically perforated with a drill or chemically scarified with concentrated H2SO4 for 6 and 12 hrs. in the two seasons, while clefting the bare endocarp with a handsaw reduced such parameter to the minimal values with non – significant differences when compared to the control in both seasons. This may be due to arrival of the handsaw to the embryo and causing harm to it during cracking the placental end where the embryo is found. The least No. days for GV and MGR was recorded by soaking in concentrated H2SO4 for 6 hrs. in the two seasons, whereas prolonging the duration of soaking to 12 hrs.
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