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Digital Literacy in Times of the Covid-19 in the Eastern Partnership Countries

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Digital Literacy in Times of the Covid-19 in the Eastern Partnership Countries Digital Literacy in times of the Covid-19 in the Eastern Partnership Countries EaP CSF COVID-19 POLICY PAPER #PrepareEaP4Health AUTHORS: Tinatin Akhvlediani PEER REVIEWER: Dmytro Khutkyy Author The paper was written by dr. Tinatin Akhvlediani. She is a Researcher at CEPS’ Foreign Policy unit, Affiliated Analyst at Georgian Institute of Politics (GIP) and a visiting lecturer at the University of Warsaw. Her expertise and publications are focused on digital and trade. Her geographic area of expertise is Central and Eastern European Countries and Eastern Partnership with a specific focus on the EU’s Association Agreements with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The author would like to thank the reviewer, Dmytro Khutkyy, for his thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving the manuscript. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ 3 Executive summary ............................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4 2 Implementation of Deliverables 2020 on digital skills ..................................................... 5 Connectivity ............................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 EaPConnect .................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 EU4Digital ........................................................................................................ 6 Mobility, trainings and youth .................................................................................... 7 Cybersecurity .......................................................................................................... 9 3 Media Space ................................................................................................................ 11 4 Disinformation .............................................................................................................. 14 Fake narratives ..................................................................................................... 14 Tackling disinformation ......................................................................................... 16 EU, NATO and Baltic efforts to tackle disinformation ............................................ 17 5 Digital skills .................................................................................................................. 18 6 Good and bad practices ............................................................................................... 20 Policy interventions ............................................................................................... 20 6.1.1 Dedicated ministries ....................................................................................... 20 6.1.2 Consolidated action against the pandemic ..................................................... 21 6.1.3 Good initiatives .............................................................................................. 22 6.1.4 Bad practices ................................................................................................. 23 Challenges not addressed by policy interventions ................................................. 23 Initiatives from the private sector, foundations, and the public .............................. 25 The EU support ..................................................................................................... 26 Other international practices ................................................................................. 27 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 28 8 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 30 9 References .................................................................................................................. 32 10 Annex ........................................................................................................................... 41 1 List of Abbreviations CCTV Closed-circuit television CERT Computer Emergency Response Teams CERT Computer Emergency Response Team CRRC Caucasus Research Resource Center DCFTAs Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas DESI Digital Economy and Society Index DSM Digital Single Market EaP Eastern Partnership countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine EC3 Europol’s European Cybercrime Centre EEAS European External Action Service ENIS EU Agency for Cybersecurity Hybrid CoE the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats ICT Information Communications Technologies IFCN International Fact-Checking Network ILO International Labour Organisation ITU International Telecommunications Union NIS Network and Information Security Directive of the EU RSF Reporters Without Borders STEM Science, technology, engineering and mathematics UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children Funds 2 List of Figures Figure 1 Youth unemployment (%) ........................................................................................ 7 Figure 2 Youth labour force participation (%) ........................................................................ 7 Figure 3 Youth unemployment (%) among males………………………………………………...9 Figure 4 Youth unemployment (%) among females ............................................................... 9 Figure 5 Secure Internet Servers per mln people in 2019 ................................................... 10 Figure 5 Information about the COVID-19 in Georgia .......................................................... 15 Figure 6 Internet use by gender as % of male and female population, in 2016-2018 ........... 19 Figure 7 Internet users as % of population in 2019 ............................................................. 23 Figure 8 Internet use by households (%) in 2019 ................................................................ 24 Figure 9 Computer use by households (%) in 2019 ............................................................. 25 List of Tables Table 1 Youth unemployment and labour force participation (%) .......................................... 8 Table 2 World Press Freedom Index ................................................................................... 12 Table 3 Female graduates in 2018. ..................................................................................... 20 3 Digital Literacy in times of the Covid-19 in the Eastern Partnership Countries Executive summary This policy paper examines the extensiveness of digital literacy across the EaP states, assesses the progress achieved to meet 2020 Targets on digital skills and evaluates media space and the spread of disinformation across the region. To outline the lessons learnt in times of the pandemic, the study reviews the good and bad practices of the EaP states on countering the effects of the COVID-19 and draws parallels with the world’s best practices, including the ones of NATO, the Baltic states and other digitally advanced countries, such as South Korea and Taiwan. The analysis leads to actionable policy recommendations to the EaP governments and the EU. 1 Introduction The outbreak of the COVID-19 proved to be challenging for both the EU and its Eastern neighbours (Eastern Partnership countries (EaP): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine). After imposing several nation-wide lockdowns, digital literacy turned out to be the key for continuing activities online. Up to date, in the EU as well as in the EaP countries, teleworking remains the norm, teaching and learning continues remotely and a number of services, including the medical advice are available online. Yet, taking advantage of such digital opportunities requires a widespread digital literacy. However, this is not yet the case in the EaP region due to underdeveloped internet infrastructure and the lack of access to basic Information Communications Technologies (ICT). This policy paper examines the prevalence of digital literacy across the EaP states, assesses the progress achieved to meet 2020 Targets on digital skills and evaluates media space and the spread of disinformation across the region. To outline the lessons learnt in times of the pandemic, the study reviews the good and bad practices of the EaP states on countering the effects of the COVID-19 and draws parallels with the world’s best practices, including the ones of NATO, the Baltic states and other digitally advanced countries, such as South Korea and Taiwan. The analysis leads to actionable policy recommendations addressed to the EaP governments and the EU. The study was conducted based on desk research, statistical analysis, seven semi-structured interviews with a number of stakeholders1 and consultations with the representatives of the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum.2 The major limitations for the analysis were the lack of comparable and up-to-date statistics on number of digital
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