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Hoffner, Geena.Pdf THE ARTHURIAN CYCLE AS A CROSS-CULTURAL MATTER by Geena Hoffner A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Degree in English with Distinction 2014-2015 © 2015 Geena Hoffner All Rights Reserved THE ARTHURIAN CYCLE AS A CROSS-CULTURAL MATTER by Geena Hoffner Approved: __________________________________________________________ James Dean, Ph.D Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Daniel Callahan, Ph.D Committee member from the Department of History Approved: __________________________________________________________ Miranda Wilson, Ph.D Committee member from the Board of Senior Thesis Readers Approved: __________________________________________________________ Michelle Provost-Craig, Ph.D. Chair of the University Committee on Student and Faculty Honors ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The University of Delaware’s Office of Undergraduate Research supported this research endeavor. I would thank Dr. Daniel Callahan and Dr. Miranda Wilson for their support and insight through my research process. Additionally, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. James Dean for his guidance, patience, and advice, all of which greatly improved this thesis and my knowledge of medieval literature and culture. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 2 Arthur, Fellowship, and Fraternity ..................................................................... 7 Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain ................... 10 The Romances of Chrétien de Troyes .................................................. 13 Erec and Enide ................................................................................ 15 Perceval: The Story of the Holy Grail ............................................ 20 The Knight of the Cart .................................................................... 27 Summation ...................................................................................... 31 The Mabinogion ................................................................................... 32 Hartmann von Aue’s Erec .................................................................... 34 Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival .................................................... 37 The Lancelot-Grail Cycle ..................................................................... 40 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 46 3 Arthur, Women, and Courtly Love ................................................................... 48 Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain ................... 51 The Romances of Chrétien de Troyes .................................................. 56 Erec and Enide ................................................................................ 57 Perceval: The Story of the Grail ..................................................... 62 The Knight of the Cart .................................................................... 65 Summation ...................................................................................... 68 The Mabinogion ................................................................................... 69 How Culhwch Won Olwen ............................................................ 69 Hartmann von Aue’s Erec .............................................................. 72 Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival ................................................... 75 Marie de France’s Lanval ..................................................................... 79 The Lancelot-Grail Cycle ..................................................................... 83 iv Morgan le Fay ....................................................................................... 87 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 90 4 Arthur and Kingship ......................................................................................... 92 Geoffrey of Monmouth’s The History of the Kings of Britain ............ 93 The Romances of Chretien de Troyes .................................................. 97 The Mabinogion ................................................................................. 100 Rhoanbwy’s Dream ...................................................................... 101 How Culwch Won Olwen ............................................................ 104 Hartmann von Aue’s Erec .................................................................. 106 Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival ................................................. 108 The Lancelot-Grail Cycle ................................................................... 110 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 114 5 Arthur, Malory, and Conclusion ..................................................................... 117 Malory’s Le Morte Darthur ................................................................ 119 Caxton’s Preface ................................................................................. 124 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 125 References .................................................................................................................. 128 Primary Sources .................................................................................. 128 Secondary Sources .............................................................................. 129 v Abstract Arthurian literature is some of the most pervasive literature to come out of the Western world in the history of the written word. Called the “Matter of Britain,” Arthurian literature centers around a sixth-century Welsh warlord whose dubious existence has led to the development of a legend connected not only to Wales, but to Britain and the rest of Western Europe. Twelfth-century writers from various cultures—particularly French, Germanic, British, and Welsh—adopted Arthur and his court to be representatives of an ideal feudal world. This ideal world was increasingly portrayed in a pessimistic light, as Arthur is increasingly portrayed as a weak king and his court is unable to handle the many competing responsibilities of a world governed by ambiguous rules of chivalry and courtliness. This thesis analyzes a sample of twelfth and thirteenth-century works from various cultures, and examines how these cultures adapted the Arthurian legend to fit their culture. Arthurian literature gained popularity through the Middle Ages and Arthur himself was identified in the fifteenth- century as one of greatest Christian kings to have ever lived—over a millennium after he might have lived. The only thing which remains consistent is the tragedy of Arthur’s inevitable fall. Arthurian literature has been enjoyed by audiences through history. The “Matter of Britain” is actually the matter of a much wider scope, spanning both time and space. vi Introduction King Arthur, Guinevere, and the Knights of the Round Table are some of the most recognizable figures in western literature. Nearly a millennia since Chrétien de Troyes wrote his tales of Arthur, the Arthurian legend is still retold and adapted today. Stories featuring Arthur and his knights have a long history of being adapted. Though the literature concerning Arthur and his court became known as the “Matter of Britain,” the legend itself exists as a composite of works from French, Germanic, Welsh, and English writers. The medieval writers of Arthurian romance built upon each other, adopting characters and plots, but each presented Arthur and his court in unique ways. In this thesis, I intend to explore why the Arthurian legend was adopted by different cultures, and how these cultures left their mark on Arthurian literature. In the twelfth-century, the concept of literary “matters” (from the Old French “matiere”) came into vogue (OED “Matter”). The literature surrounding Arthur and his court is commonly referred to as the “Matter of Britain,” despite being a product of several cultures—particularly French culture—independent of Britain. Two others “matters” were developed during this time: The Matter of Rome (which was a compilation of the works of Greek and Roman authors, some of which dealing with Alexander the Great) and the Matter of France (which dealt primarily with Charlemagne and his peers). It is relevant to note that all three of these kings became members of “The Nine Worthies.” The Nine Worthies were nine of most valiant 1 conquering heroes of the medieval imagination. Their stories—more fiction than fact—defined good kingship. Thus, Arthur became a part of a mythos associated with Britain and the literature surrounding him added to this definition. Depending upon the work, this mythos could be patriotic or an indictment of British—or feudal— governance. It is important to note that, during the time period this thesis is concerned with—roughly the twelfth and thirteenth centuries—nations did not exist as they do now. Politically, a kingdom was those lands and peoples gathered within the geographic scope of a king’s power, but these boundaries
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