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The Genera Colletotrichum: an Incitant of Numerous New Plant Diseases In Journal on New Biological Reports 3(1): 09 – 21 (2014) ISSN 2319 – 1104 (Online) The genera Colletotrichum : an incitant of numerous new plant diseases in India Ajay Kumar Gautam Department of Botany, Abhilashi Institute of Life Sciences Mandi (HP) - 175008, India (Received on: 24 December, 2013; accepted on: 27 Feburary, 2014) ABSTRACT Colletotrichum is one of the most common and unusual plant pathogenic fungal genera causing variety of diseases. The genus is primerily responsible for an significant disease; anthracnose inhabiting a wide range of host’s worldwide. The objective of this paper is to review various diseases caused by Colletotrichum in India with special reference to plant diseases reported in present century (i.e. 2000-2012). About 25 plant diseases caused by different species of Colletotrichum namely, C. gloeosporioides , C. capsici , C. falcatum , C. truncatum , C. sansevieriae , C. acutatum and C. coccodes were reported in present century, in which C. gloeosporioides found more prevalent antracnose pathogen. The study showed that even a single species of Colletotrichum can affect multiple hosts. Therefore, the present compilation in my openion will not only provide useful information about new plant diseases caused by Colletotrichum , but also be helful for mycologists and plant pathologists in phytopathological research and will initiate new questions for future study. Key Words: Colletotrichum , new plant diseases, 21st century, India. INTRODUCTION Fungi include number of plant pathogens of major The genus is cosmopolitan in distribution and importance, causing diseases on wide variety of primary inoculum is disseminated by wind or rain, woody and herbaceous plants and Colletotrichum is virtually every crop grown throughout the world is one of the most common and unusual plant susceptible to one or more species of Colletotrichum . pathogenic genera. It is disturbuted primarily to Species of Colletotrichum use diverse strategies for tropical and subtropical regions, causes anthracnose invading host tissue, ranging from intracellular of a wide range of host’s worldwide (Sutton 1992; hemibiotrophy to subcuticular intramural Hyde et al. 2009). The symptoms of anthracnose necrotrophy. In addition, these pathogens develop a invasion are sunken necrotic lesions on leaves, stems, series of specific infection structures, including germ flowers and fruit, as well as crown and stem rots, tube, appressoria, intracellular hyphae, and secondary seedling blight etc. (Waller et al. 2002; Agrios 2005). necrotrophic hyphae. However, Colletotrichum All members of the genus cause major economic species are economicaly important, the fungi are losses, especially to fruits, vegetables, and highly significant for experimental studies of fungal ornamentals. development, infection processes, host resistance, signal transduction, and the molecular biology of ___________________________________________ plant pathogen interactions. The objective of this paper is to review various diseases caused by Colletotrichum in India with special reference to Corresponding author : [email protected] plant diseases reported during the year 2000 - 2012. 9 Ajay Kumar Gautam LITERATURE CITED FOR THE STATUS OF COLLETOTRICHUM REPORTED ST COLLECTION OF DISEASE REPORTS DURING 21 CENTURY IN INDIA In this paper about 18 scientific journals of plant Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathology of different publishers were consulted. pathogens worldwide causing anthracnose diseases in Indian phytopathology, journal of mycology and a wide range of hosts. The different species of plant pathology, journal of mycopathological pathogen are reported from a vayiety of plant host research, phytopathology, archives of phytopathology including cereals and grasses, legumes, vegetables, and plant protection, Australasian plant disease notes, perennial crops and tree fruits in India . international journal of plant protection, journal of general plant pathology, journal of plant disease Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) sciences, journal of plant pathology, journal of plant Penz. & Sacc. pathology and microbiology, journal of plant protection research, journal of research in biology, Teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) mycologia balcanica, new disease reports, plant Spauld. & H. Schrenk. disease, plant disease research, indian journal of sericulture and plant health progress and references The species is one of the most reported plant of published papers were also included. The research pathogen among Colletotrichum species in India. It is papers were examined and the detail of the disease known to infect a variety of hosts with characteristic including disease, affected host, causing pathogen symptoms. There is a great variation in the symptoms and diseases symptoms extracted. To the best of our produced by C. gloeosporioides on host plants. The knowledge, we refered the available literature by symtoms may be regular to irregular, round to oval, consulting libraries as well as searching the data base watersoaked, and sunken spots. Similarly, the fungal with the help of keywords related to the present characteristic on culture media also varies with the paper. host. The growing fungal colonies on cultur media may be circular, wooly or cottony with characteristic GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE colour. Vegetative hyphae observed were hyaline, PATHOGEN simple, septate and branched. Conidiophores were long, hyaline, septate and unbranched. Conidia are Colletotrichum , as an asexual fungal genus, was straight, oblong or cylindrical with rounded or included in morphological classifications of the bulbous ends, hyaline, aseptate, one celled and Ascomycota as its sexual genus Glomerella (Cannon dumbbell shaped. Setae are brown. et al. 2012). Primary symptoms of pathogen appear Detailed information on plant diseases caused by as sunken, water-soaked lesions that expand rapidly Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in India during on the infected plant surface first. Fully expanded current century is discussed below: lesions are soft, sunken and range in colour from dark red to tan to black, generally described as Leaf spot disease of turmeric, Indian anthracnose disease. Cup-shaped fruiting bodies Phytopathology 58(1):125 (2005) named acervuli whose fertile hyphae form a palisade on the surface of the conidiomata can be observed on Host : Curcuma longa (Turmeric) diseased plant surface. Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides There are great variations in size and shape of conidia Notes : The leaf spot disease of turmeric ( Curcuma among different Colletotrichum spp. Conidia may be longa ) in South Gujarat, India was recorded for the oblong with obtuse ends, and are generally broader first time. Dark brown, round to circular spots (C. gloeosporioides ), elliptic to fusiform ( C. surrounded by yellow halo on leaves were observed acutatum) , falcate, fusiform, and gradually tapered to and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella each end ( C. dematium ), long, relatively narrow, and cingulata ] was found disease causing pathogen. Spots straight to slightly curved with abruptly tapered and were also observed on leaf petioles as diseases obtuse ends, complex appressoria ( C. destructivum ), progressed. conidia with one end rounded and the other pointed (C. fragariae ). This variation was also noticed in other Colletotrichum species (Hyde et al. 2009). 10 Journal on New Biological Reports 3(1): 09 – 21 (2014) Anthracnose disease in muga food plant, som Host: Capsicum sp. (Persea bombycina Kost) in Assam. Indian Journal Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of Sericulture. 44 (1):134-135(2005); Journal of Glomerella cingulata ] Mycology and Plant Pathology 38(3):322-324 Notes : Anthracnose symptoms included small or (2008). large lesions appeared on leaves and fruits of bell pepper. Stems and petioles may be girdled, and Host: Persea bombycina Kost necrosis of inflorescences causes dieback and Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides shrivelling. Notes: S evere symptoms of anthracnose disease was observed on the leaves of P. bombycina in Jorhat, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Jasminum Assam, India which includes ash-coloured leaves, Grandiflorum , Journal of Plant Protection Research , round to oval spots irregularly spreading to the entire 52(1):91-92 (2012). leaf, brownish anthracnose lesions or streaks and premature leaf fall. Morphological examination and Host : Jasminum grandiflorum pathogenicity tests identified the causal organism Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella Penz. & Sacc. cingulata ]. This is the first report of C. Notes : Anthracnose disease symptoms as dark red gloeosporioidescausing anthracnose in P. mostly irregular shaped lesions were observed bombycina in Assam. Lateron The leaf spot disease on leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum . Acervuli was observed on clones of Persea bombycina and a containing masses of spores and dark setae were significant and positive co-relation was recorded observed within lesions. This is the first report from between disease intensity and temperature. India and elsewhere showing that C. gloeosporioides causes anthracnose on J. Leaf spot disease of Murraya koenigii, Indian grandiflorum . Phytopathology 53(4):495-497 (2000) Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Pedilanthus Host : Murraya koenigii tithymaloides, Journal on New Biological Reports Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 1(1): 03-05(2012). Notes : The infection of Colletotrichum
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