BOOK REVIEWS

Jerry Bannister. The Rule of the Admirals. Law, lieutenants of the Royal Navy. With the growth Custom and Naval Government in of proper social infrastructures throughout the Newfoundland, 1699-1832. Toronto: University eighteenth century (such as a resident elite and a of Toronto Press, www.utpress.utoronto.ca, public press) Newfoundland interests were able 2003. 423 pp., maps, photographs, tables, to lobby for colonial status and representative appendices, bibliography, notes, index. CND government, thereby elhrunating the need for $65.00, cloth; ISBN 0-8020-8843-0. naval officers as governors and their surrogate courts. Although the concept of naval officers Dalhousie University professor, Jerry Bannister, running Newfoundland has long been a topic of belongs to a group of Atlantic Canadian debate in Newfoundland history, attempts to historians attempting to revise and reinterpret the delineate how the system actually worked are history of Newfoundland in the seventeenth and rare. eighteenth centuries. Given that the basis for The strength of the book lies in the study has frequently centred around such works analysis of the surrogate court system, its apex, as Judge D.W. Browse's 1895 A History of decline and the transfer to colonial government. Newfoundland (woefully outdated yet King William's Act of 1699 presented written republished in 2002) and the research of jurisdiction for Admiralty control of Memorial University historian Keith Matthews Newfoundland in the form of publicly codifying (who rarely published), such attention to early the heads of enquiries and instructions to Newfoundland is needed and refreshing. commodores and fishing admirals. In 1729 this Based on the author's 1999 doctoral system changed dramatically in two ways: the dissertation, The Rule of the Admirals is a appointment of a naval officer to act as official reaction to the frequently-argued notion that governor separately from the commodore and eighteenth-century Newfoundland was a the establishment of a civil magistracy. But it primitive and underdeveloped society because it was not until 1749-50 that a series of reforms possessed neither official colonial status nor the initiated by the governor, Captain George corresponding representative and administrative Rodney, established the surrogate court system apparatus. A system had evolved based in part that formed the basis of naval rule. Bannister on the development of local custom and the pieces this system together using disparate responsibility given to the senior captain of the sources in both Newfoundland and Great Britain annual naval convoy (the commodore). This and places his work within recent literature officer was required to answer a series of centred on law and order and on the British state. questions from the Lords/Board of Trade and to Bannister argues that naval rule was not as assist the fishing admirals in the settlement of tyrannical or arbitrary (if not always consistently disputes. The fishermen ostensibly to policed fair) as has been portrayed by many themselves by granting the first three masters of Newfoundland historians. Rather, patterns of fishing vessels to arrive at any sizeable harbour justice and punishment conformed to those in the privilege of addressing grievances, hi Britain; the principal difference being that practice, the system never worked and the task convictions for capital offences were more fell to the officers of the Royal Navy. Thus readily pardoned in Newfoundland. The use of outlined are the two forms of "admiral" referred whippings and fines were frequent and were to in the title. employed primarily to ensure the deference of By outlining the process through which the predominantly Irish labouring class to the justice was dispensed Bannister reiterates the small merchant elite. Thus, a clearer picture argument that, prior to the granting of a colonial emerges of how a maritime fishing community assembly in 1832, law and order was controlled was governed and how peace was maintained. by the Admiralty and policed by captains and From a maritime perspective, however,

41 42 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord some questions arise. Although Bannister argues magical place off the east coast of Vancouver persuasively that naval officers at the scene Island. He built a fine house that is still there, controlled the organized combination of law and and he left behind letters and fragmentary custom, the Admiralty itself is surprisingly mute. memories that are a part of the oral tradition of If eighteenth-century Newfoundland was "A Fief the author's family. of the Admiralty" as is indicated in the title of In many respects, the life and times of chapter five, then how did the naval Benjamin Lundy in going to sea and rounding administration view their fiefdom? Do the Cape Horn provide a convenient handle on voluminous Admiralty Papers at the PRO say which to attach many a compelling digression anything? The admiralty sources utilized here without interrupting the flow of the narrative. are restricted to Admirals' Dispatches (inbound) The more sceptical among CNRS members between 1766-92 and the High Court of might wonder whether an author of fiction can Admiralty (Doctors' Commons) volume for have it both ways. Lundy has of course done his 1747. Additionally, while reaching back to King homework in using many of the great archival William's Act of 1699, a watershed in and museum collections, in particular those at Newfoundland written law, is in one sense a the Public Records Office and the National logical beginning, it represents a different epoch Maritime Museum at Greenwich. His account of from the surrogate court years. The Royal Navy navigational methods, the tacking of a ship, food had been sending convoys to Newfoundland rationing, and general life at sea are well since at least the Restoration of 1660. The researched, entertaining and integrated into the commodore system originated here, not in 1699, story. This book is a creditable late-nineteenth and was usurped by the reforms starting in 1729 century history of the British Merchant Marine. because it altered the way the navy was deployed to Newfoundland. Dana, Melville, Cooper, Villiers, and Nevertheless, Bannister succeeds in his of course Conrad; a short list yes, but among the goal to upgrade early Newfoundland history and great authors of the sea. Their books must The Rule of the Admirals will provide a solid continue to be read, but in this reviewer's platform on which to discuss and debate opinion, Lundy should be read first. The Newfoundland within the British Empire and the language and assumptions of these and other Atlantic World. nineteenth and twentieth century worthies has become more difficult for the modern reader. William R. Miles The Way Of The Ship will unlock many St John's, Newfoundland meanings that will in turn allow Conrad or the academic work, for example of the Maritime History Group at Memorial University to Derek Lundy. The Way of a Ship. A Square- become more accessible. This is a highly rigger Voyage in the Last Days of Sail. Toronto, recommended book that can be read as an ON; Alfred A. Knopf, Vintage Canada, adventure and as a refreshing history, but with www.randomhouse.ca, 2003, 449 pp., personality. illustrations, map, CDN $ 22.00, paper; ISBN 067697637 1. Maurice Smith Kingston, Ontario Many of the great writers of the sea have adjusted their life experience to suit literary conventions. Derek Lundy has performed a Christopher M. Bell and Bruce A. Ellerman similar feat, but at least twice removed. The (eds.). Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century. letters of his seafaring great, great uncle have An International Perspective. London and been transformed into a remarkable work of Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, historical fiction. The uncle, Benjamin Lundy, www.frankcass.com, 2003.288 pp., illustrations, left the sea and settled on Salt Spring Island, a maps, notes, index. US $ 27.50, paper; ISBN 0- Book Reviews 43

7146-5456-6. Distributed by International restructuring by higher authority had changed Specialized Book Services, www.isbs.com. the status of experienced working hands, making them petty officers. Housekeeping and other Like other tales of mishaps at sea, stories of tasks now had to be done by a smaller pool of mutinies have a compelling fascination. The sailors, resulting in discontent. Gimblett's focus in this collection of searching studies, penetrating study is truly revisionist because it however, is not what happened but the shows that the official Mainguy Commission underlying issues which resulted in group which examined the disturbances missed key indiscipline between 1905 and 1949 in various causes including manning turbulence. It navies. This is a groundbreaking collection of overemphasized a perceived lack of Canadian twelve case studies by academic historians from identity in the Navy. More importantly, by the several countries. time it was established, measures to address the Geoffrey Till, the series editor, points underlying causes of discontent were already in out in his preface that by the early twentieth train. David Stevens' study of collective century sailors were being drawn predominately insubordination in the battle cruiser HMAS from urban backgrounds and reflected societal Australia, homeward bound from the Great War norms. The German sailors who mutinied in in 1919, is also revisionist. Interestingly, the end 1918, their French counterparts in the 1919 of the war had been accompanied by increasing Black Sea mutinies and the British lower deck, industrial unrest in Australia. The incident which paralysed the Atlantic Fleet at happened as the ship was about to sail from Invergordon in 1931, all came from societies Fremantle, the first Australian port of call. which had experienced considerable industrial Ringleaders wanted the port visit extended and strife. Mutiny is collective disobedience and there was a general refusal to get the battle happens when the consensus between officers cruiser underway. The chiefs and petty officers and their subordinates breaks down. The term were not affected, however, and they and the describes a range of actions from refusal to work officers accomplished this task. Stevens rejects to violence and murder. Dissatisfaction with the portrayal of the disturbances by earlier conditions of service including pay, food and writers as a manifestation of a class struggle. His leave were the most common causes of study also argues that politicians were incorrect discontent in the twelve case studies presented. when they portrayed the incident in terms of The incidents described show that acts of egalitarian Australian sailors chafing at collective insubordination do, in fact, generally unsuitable and overly-harsh British standards of lead to improvements in the conditions which discipline. triggered discontent. Certain mutinies had a serious political In addition to Chris Bell's examination dimension. The most notable was the bloody of the Invergordon incident, three other studies uprising in the brand-new battleship Potemkin in concern discipline breakdowns in navies 1905, analysed by Robert Zebroski. Like the patterned on the Royal Navy. Indeed, in his other studies in Naval Mutinies, Zebroski's analysis of disturbances in the Royal Canadian paper is based on exhaustive study of the Navy in 1947 and 1949, Richard Gimblett cites literature, in this instance Russian-language the tradition of work stoppages in the British accounts. The immediate cause was navies. He underlines that they have been dissatisfaction about maggoty meat. Radical undertaken to recover something lost or sailors of the Social Democrat Party throughout threatened by sailors who remain fundamentally the Black Sea Fleet were already planning a loyal. While the circumstances and outcomes of fleet-wide mutiny which it was hoped would the Potemkin mutiny and the 1949 Canadian trigger revolts across Russia. When the Captain incidents were hugely different, it's interesting insisted that the infected meat would be that the proportion of petty officers in a "excellent" after being washed and ordered his warship's crew was a contributing cause in both crew to eat it, seventy to one hundred radical navies. In the Canadian case, an arbitrary sailors in his crew of 763 decided to exploit the 44 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord situation. Potemkin was seized and held for obviously the result of a particular context. At eleven days as the mutineers steamed around the the end of the book the editors conclude that western Black Sea seeking provisions, mutinies are a greater threat to authoritarian eventually reaching Constanza, Romania where regimes than to democratic ones. This collection the crew was granted asylum. A modern warship of well-founded studies is recommended for a like Potemkin required a cadre of experienced better understanding of why group men to operate effectively. A lack of petty insubordination occurred in disparate navies officers - there were only 12 in contrast with during the first half of the twentieth century. It is 763 more junior sailors - would have been a hoped that Frank Cass will publish a further severe handicap in achieving fighting efficiency. collection. More importantly, in 1905 the lack of a solid cadre of petty officers - the traditional Jan Drent "backbone" of modern warship crews - must Victoria, British Columbia have been a major factor in allowing indiscipline to spread. Zebroski notes that after seven years of naval service most conscripts left the service. Gilbert Bossé. Navigating the Lower Saint The result was too few petty officers, one of the Lawrence in the 19th Century, version 2.0. Métis fundamental weaknesses in the Russian Navy. It Beach, QC: G.R. Bossé, www.gbosse@ is interesting that the Soviet Navy inherited this globetrotter.net, 2003.4200 pp, table of contents structural problem. It too used conscripts for the with hyperlinks, maps, glossary, bibliography, bulk of its personnel. Retaining long-service index. CDN $ 59.95, CD-ROM; ISBN 0 sailors was a chronic problem, which led to the 96984887 0. employment of officers for technical and other responsibilities, carried by petty officers in An edition statement like "version 2.0" is rarely western navies. The other mutinies described seen in the review pages of The Northern happened when a critical mass of sailors became Mariner, but then again neither is work of this disgruntled and initiated work stoppages. In two nature. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth cases - a revolt in Austro-Hungarian warships at century there was a significant movement among Cattaro in 1918, and in the French fleet in the historical societies to publish editions, both great Black Sea in 1919 - radical sailors tried to use and small, of transcribed and edited manuscripts. mutinies once underway to achieve political The tradition is carried on in the publication aims. programs of the Champlain Society and the These rewarding studies do in fact Naval Records Society. More commonly, with provide an international perspective and much the advent of microfilm, the great runs of can be learned from them. Bruce EUeman manuscripts and of newspapers have been analyses the defection of a Nationalist cruiser to preserved as they originally appeared, without the Communists in 1949. Later the Communist the value of editorial comment or searchability. Party decided to revert to ancient Chinese Indeed, microfilm has more in common with the practice by dividing the navy into separate fleets. scroll than the book. In recent years there have This measure to minimize the chance of been a number of attempts to reproduce the crippling mutinies gives the Party internal historical newspaper experience on the web with control over the navy but results in serious varied success, particularly with respect to systemic problems in achieving uniform reasonably accurate searchability. operational efficiency. In this astounding collection of Curiously, the only US incident documents, Bossé has charted a different course. examined is the Port Chicago Mutiny of 1944 He claims (and I'm not here to challenge the involving black sailors employed as stevedores claim) that, printed out, this version contains handling hazardous ammunition cargoes. While about 4,200 8.5 x 11 inch pages. But printing the there are common factors in the incidents whole volume would significantly reduce the analysed in these papers, each case was value of somewhere in the order of 18,000 Book Reviews 45 hyperlinks between the various parts of the list of equivalent places. In another edition a work. chart or two would not go amiss. So what do you get on your CD-ROM? Interspersed with the original content Essentially, it is a web site on a disk. Drop it in there are some editorial notes and contemporary your computer's CD-ROM drive (or make the historical articles by people like Gaspé historian one permitted copy on your hard drive) and you Ken Annett. What is not to like? My personal have the entire work in your favourite browser bêtes noires are ambiguous dates. "19/12/1854" without going online. Should you, the author is, with a imnimum amount of thought, even points you to free online tools that can be December 19th, 1854, but one has to look for an used to index every word on the disk in a way unambiguous date when confronted with that supplements his more precise indexing. The "05/08/1858." Given that the rest of navigation simple markup standards used in its preparation elements of the CD-ROM are presented in mean that the intellectual content of this English, rendering this as "5 Aug 1858" would collection will be of value for years, if not not be inappropriate. That said, the citation that decades, after the over-designed CD-ROMs of was one twitch of my mouse away was "Quebec the 1990s will no longer play on any device Mercury, Thursday, August 5, 1858. Page 3, outside of a computer museum. In good design Col. IB." and even I can't complain about that. often less is more. That said, in similar projects Beyond the date factor, the biggest started more recently, the underlying markup is challenge that Bossé has to face is marketing a less often in the HTML, and more often in the product that is admitted to be a work in progress. more flexible XML, but that's distinction that Just as version 1.0 is subsumed in this release, so means less to the end-user than it does to the too can we expect all of this content to be person charged with re-purposing the content contained in version 3.0 (along with a substantial over the longer haul. quantity of material from the 1860s if the current Version 2.0 of Navigating brings the pattern is followed). Navigating the Lower St. collection of data up to 1860 (ten years more Lawrence in the 19th Century is a substantial than version 1.0). Bossé has set his sights on the work of private scholarship produced on a end of the century. What would fill another shelf shoestring, offered at a very reasonable price and or so in paper has lots of room for growth in the which will only become more useful as CD-ROM format, largely because this is successive versions emerge. transcribed, searchable text and not pictures. The bedrock of the content is the result of a close Walter Lewis reading of the nineteenth century newspapers Acton, Ontario published in Quebec City: the Chronicle, Gazette and Mercury. Beyond that are a fascinating collection of documents created Rob Ferguson. The Devil and the Disappearing when the mariner met the law: the deeds Sea. A True Story about the Aral Sea registered with the notaries public and the Catastrophe. Vancouver, BC: Raincoast Books, proceedings and judgments of the Quebec Court www.raincoast.com, 2003. 267 pp., of Vice-Admiralty. Most shipwrecks involve at photographs, references. CDN $ 39.95, cloth; least the potential loss of property, and with ISBN 1-55192-599-0. money at stake, can the courts be far away? Indeed, with that many lawyers in the In 1999 the author, a Canadian Communications room, Bossé has supplied a good glossary of expert, was hired by a French Consulting Group terms which are as often obscure legal Latin as to lead a mixed bag of foreign experts in they are nautical in origin. The material is Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on a small Global presented in its original language which means, Environment Facility (GEF)-financed more often than not, that the documents are in component of the $250 million project to save English, and so are the place names. the Aral Sea. Until 1960, this inland sea was as Consequently, we are also supplied a very useful large as Lake Victoria (10% larger than Lake 46 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord

Huron), but it is now only one-third of this size, issues that are leading to the Sea's demise. Nor leaving a huge expanse of salt and pesticide do we learn anything of the other IFAS residues around its rim. The project objective activities, or of the competition between the was to raise public awareness about the European Commission and World Bank to pour importance of conserving irrigation water funds into the area. The author amusingly abstracted from its two main feeder rivers, in describes the antics and intrigues of his order to prevent the Aral Sea from disappearing. counterparts as they struggle to identify With a light touch and perceptive eye, and mechanisms to bring about behavioural change without dwelling overmuch on his many among water users, but there is no exploration of frustrations, the author recounts his adventures the rationale of the project. Why should Tajik in the five former Soviet Union States that are and Kyrgyz irrigators worry about a lake 1000 members of the International Fund for Saving km downstream? Why shouldn't the Amudarya the Aral Sea (IFAS). He wrestles with the (Oxus) and Syrdarya (Jaxartes) rivers be used bureaucracy - led by the devil of the title - and for cotton irrigation rather than to top up the intrigues of his own lcœally-hired and evaporation losses from the Aral Sea? Would international staff, amid scenes of seduction, water saved be used to expand irrigation rather sedition and murder. than augment river flow? He makes offhand references [205] to falling water levels in the This is a story about managing an Nile basin, although recently Lake Nasser has international development project, convincingly been overflowing into the desert, and falling recounted, and it exposes all too accurately, what groundwater levels in Bangladesh, which, except actually goes on in the field. The setting is under Dhaka, are fully recharged every year. Central Asia, but the story is one that occurs too This indicates a populist approach, which can often, in too many places, with too much of one only have exacerbated relations with the of the world's dwindling resources, overseas Chairman of IFAS, a dyed-in-the-wool irrigation development assistance. Letters pledging engineer. There are good arguments on both commitments by recipient organizations are sides for conservation and exploitation of water ignored (one such concerning IFAS, signed by resources, and the book would have benefited "the devil" in question, lies beside my laptop); from a more even-handed discussion of these support from the funding organization is non• issues, and reference to the other components of existent; review missions ignore the managers the project. whose job it is to implement the vague Rob Ferguson does us all a service by objectives in the Terms of Reference; and the recounting his experiences so honestly and Consulting Firm's interest is purely financial, entertainingly, and although there is undoubtedly smoothing the way by paying the bribes and another side of the story, it should give pause for applying pressure on the manager to abandon thought to anyone concerned about development principle for expediency. The story is the same, issues. In some ways, it complements John whether the objective is to alleviate poverty or Stackhouse's "Out of Poverty, and into an environmental disaster. As the book shows, it something more comfortable " is all too easy for a few well-placed officials in There is little in the book directly the donor and recipient organizations to relevant to Maritime Studies, as the historical cooperate, using a shared resource (the Aral, the and geographical information concerning the Nile) as a tool for milking the aid system. The Aral Sea is readily available elsewhere, on Project Manger is caught up in this maelstrom of relevant websites. But the problems of shared conflicting interests, and, as the author admits, is maritime resources - the Baltic, the subject to human frailty. Mediterranean - are increasingly the subject of The Aral Sea is the backdrop of the similar projects financed by agencies such as the story, but we learn little about it from this book, World Bank through the Global Environment for the author professes no expertise in water Facility. This book should serve as a stark management and skips lightly over the major warning of how poorly designed projects are Book Reviews 47 destined to failure. If we want to protect these rebellious American colonies, the need for a resources, we have to find a far better process secure naval yard and access to timber and ship than Ferguson was trying to implement on the supplies became critical and the pivotal role of Aral Sea. Halifax was secure. The creation of a naval establishment in Halifax led in turn to Stephen Brichieri-Colombi commercial growth and the interdependence of Anghiari, Italy the military and merchant classes in Nova Scotia. As the fourth volume of the Canadian Julian Gwyn. Frigates and Foremasts. The War Museum's series, Studies in Military North American Squadron in Nova Scotia History, Gwyn's tightly packed volume makes Waters, 1745-1815. Vancouver: University of an important contribution to our understanding British Columbia Press, www.ubcpress.ca, 2003. of how colonial competition, naval policy, 206 pp., maps, illustrations, notes, glossary, political ambition and administrative neglect bibliography, index. CDN $75.00, cloth; ISBN were played out in the waters around Nova 0 7748 0910 8. Scotia. Throughout the period under discussion, issues such as fishing rights, impressment and While the role of the Royal Navy has been a prize making reappear as the Navy is called feature of almost every study of North America upon to keep the peace or engage in war in the 1745-1815 period, Julian Gwyn has according to the politics of the day. While carved out an unique historical niche by certainly able to rise to the occasion during addressing the political, strategic and economic wartime, the North American Squadron never factors that influenced the deployment of seemed to achieve its full potential. One of Britain's naval forces in Nova Scotia during a Gwyn's most poignant conclusions is that not formative 75-year period in the province's and one sea officer with experience in North the nation's history. America ever produced a memorandum, Eighteenth century conflicts over suggestion or plan to help the Admiralty fishing rights between the French at Louisbourg improve their understanding of Britain's North and the British colonists in New England American colonies. [156] inevitably drew the Royal Navy into a defensive The book is laid out in an easily role, especially when the French attacked Canso accessible chronological mariner that depicts the in 1744 and their privateers harassed New ebb and flow of British interest in North England fishing vessels all along the coast. American and the accompanying deployment of While Commodore (later Vice-Admiral) Peter Royal Naval vessels to reinforce this interest Warren urged the government to press their through two wars with France and two with the advantage and attack French territory in North United States. What is particularly valuable is America, the fall of Louisbourg the next year Gwyn's analysis of the Royal Navy's role from and peace with France in 1748 meant that a variety of perspectives. He goes beyond the attacking Quebec was no longer politically strategic contributions of various Admirals (for expedient. In fact, as Gwyn succinctly puts it, good and ill) to highlight the role of the fall of Louisbourg was more of a French loss organizations like the Navy Board and the than a British gain. [36] Commissioners of the Halifax Navy Yard in the According to Gwyn, what really led the overall history of Nova Scotia. His conclusion is British to settle Halifax in 1749 was the need for that whatever success the Navy achieved in a good deep harbour in North America where the battle, convoy duty, blockade or customs Royal Navy could careen its ships and keep enforcement between 1745 and 1815, it was naval stores to repair damaged ships. As the largely in spite of the neglect and lack of navy's role shifted from defence against French understanding on the part of successive Boards encroachment to enforcement of colonial duties of Admiralty. and import restrictions against its increasingly From the creation of the first North 48 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord

American Squadron in 1745 to the vast naval increased demand for nautical charts and defence establishment developed in Halifax pilotage books. during the War of 1812, the Royal Navy left an In 1634, chief pilot J. Mànsson and indelible mark on the history of Nova Scotia. associates produced his book Charts of the Frigates and Foremasts offers a refreshing new Baltic. The etching on the title page which take on a period of Canada's history that needed includes a compass, depicts the author standing to be retold in the light of recent scholarship. It holding a log line and lead in one hand, and an is a story that Gwyn tells in an extremely hour glass in the other. In 1655, as a result of the readable fashion, based on a depth of research Mânsson report on pilotage, the Crown ordered and scholarship that is always a delight. provincial governors to require pilots and other inhabitants of the inshore water to mark Faye Kert underwater rocks in fairways used by shipping. Ottawa, Ontario During the reign of King Karl XI, the Swedish merchant marine began to expand in response to the Anglo-Dutch wars and in 1662, Commander B. Ahlund, RSWN (Ret.). Historia the Swedish Admiralty established a school for Kring Vara Sjôkort (History of Our Charts). merchant masters, mates and pilots. The Crown Karlskrona, Sweden: Abrahamson, 2002. 126 appointed Admiral W. Von Rosenfeldt head of pages, illustrations, appendices: ISBN 91 the hydrographie office for ten years. He was not 974015-2-8. only to supervise pilotage, but also to complete hydrographie surveys and the production of In 1941, Dahlgren & Richters published a two- charts. To meet those requirements, Rosenfeldt volume work Sveriges Sjôkort, (Sweden's required land surveyors to make geometrical Nautical Charts), a very comprehensive work observations of the coasts and skerries and then with greater appeal to hydrographers than to the obtained the services of an astronomer and general public. Sixty years later, Commander mathematician named Peter Gedda to chart Bertil Ahlund's book provides a history of the them. In 1693, Gedda completed his book of ten development of hydrographie surveys of charts, all of which had to be hand drawn, Sweden's coastal waters and its major lakes in engraved and printed in Holland, as Sweden had 126 more accessible pages . neither engraving nor printing resources. Two of The earliest description of Swedish his charts - Kattegat and mid-Baltic - are waters is found in the Danish King Valdemar's reproduced in the book. jordebokoî about 1200 AD, describing fairways The author describes how during the from Blekinge to Roslagen and Aland, based on 1700-1718 war, the lack of marine surveys of the experiences of mariners. Until the beginning the Sound resulted in groundings in the of the sixteenth century, most maritime trade in Flintrennen channel. In addition, unsurveyed the Baltic area was in the hands of the Dutch and Finnish inshore waters caused difficulties for the Hansa. In 1535, King Gustav Vasa, founder Swedish vessels trying to meet threats from of the Swedish Navy, was interested in the Russian forces. After the 1721 Nystad treaty, development of trade in Swedish ships and Nils StrOmcrona, in the sloop Goja and two organized the first pilotage service for mariners' small craft, began to take soundings of ports and training. In 1603, King Karl IX ordered the entrances based on land maps. In 1737-39, the production of a chart or map of the Nordic area. Admiralty published a collection of charts of the In 1626, Bureus published his six maps of Baltic, Kattegat and Sound. These were so accurate Scandinavia using astronomical observations to that, two centuries later, in 1942, Sweden's determine the latitude of certain points. Land hydrographer ran off 300 copies from the original surveyors were also requested to include plates of Stromcrona's chart of the east coast from harbours with some soundings as part of their Vastervik to Gefle, and part of the west coast from activities. Ongoing losses of naval vessels by Varberg to Strômstad. wreck (10 in 1625 and 8 three years later) In 1750, the Department of Commerce Book Reviews 49 appealed to Parliament to arrange for more and compressed much thorough research into 126 better charts. Improved accuracy required pages to produce a fine history of the Swedish additional hydrological work such as astronomical hydrographie service. I wish summaries in determinations, locations, triangular and base English could have been added. saturation, some of which could be done during ice conditions. Between 1782 and 1797, a period Daniel G Harris of intensive hydrographie work resulted in the Ottawa, Ontario release of eleven general engraved charts covering the Swedish east coast. In 1805, the Crown established a hydrographie department to be John Rousmaniere. Sleek: Classic Images from manned by naval personnel and by 1823, the the Rosenfeld Collection. Mystic, CT: Mystic inshore fleet and the hydrographie department Seaport, www.mysdc.org, 2003. 122 pp., became part of the regular navy. An achievement photographs, boat descriptions, biographies, was Gustaf af Klint' s 1849 collection of ten charts bibliography. US $50.00, cloth; ISBN 0-939510- of the Baltic in scale 1:400,000 Mercator 90-1. projection and eighteen in scale 1:200,000 conic projection. At this time, the director of the As a word, "sleek" derives from Middle English pilotage branch was relieved of responsibility for and has long meant "smooth," "unruffled," or hydrographie activities. "tranquil." And so it suitably applied to the sailing Commander Ahlund has provided vessels that have been the subject of many summaries of the activities of all the Swedish photographs that are now securely deposited in Navy's hydrographers from 1853-1956 when The Rosenfeld Collection, Mystic Seaport, responsibility for printing hydrographie survey Connecticut. The photographs, selected by Connie charts was transferred to the Bureau ofNavigation Sullivan of Hummingbird Books and aided by and Shipping. For much of this period, while Mary Anne Stets, Curator of Photography at naval officers and other personnel were often Mystic Seaport, range over time from the late allocated to the hydrographie service, it seems this 1890s to the late 1930s, with at least one later day duty was not heavily sought after by naval addition. personnel. The old naval vessels initially adapted This is a collection about yachts, not for the surveying service were finally upgraded in about yachting or the social life of yachtsmen. 1941 with the addition of the 650-ton Gustaf af What we see page after page in splendid black and Klint, purpose-built for hydrographie operations. white photographs are yachts under canvas, The hydrographie department produced charts for coursing through the coastal seas. Some press on both merchant and recreational vessels as well as in solitary; others, in groups. But there they sail special charts for the Navy. While commercial on, alone almost now in time and space, having charts of the inshore waters could contain blank left, or so it seems, the temporal world agreeably spots indicating those areas barred to commercial behind. One wonders how many of these vessels shipping, it did not mean they had not been still survive. Fact of the matter is that the surveyed for defence purposes, since special photographic record, if properly preserved, will charts of those areas were produced for the Navy. keep the memory of such vessels alive forever, The book contains five addenda, assuming no disasters. And hats off to the including: (1 ) A. Almlôf s paper on preparations photographers, of uniform high professional status and detailed methods for taking soundings; (2) and quality: Charles Bolles, James Burton, Arthur Astronomical location determination - triangular Aldridge and Morris Rosenfeld or his sons. I am measurement; (3) Land surveying methods; (4) told that the Rosenfeld Collection has hundreds of Soundings work - illustrates all methods from log thousands of such photographs and negatives. In and lead to echo soundings begun in 1934, and (5) fact, I have seen other published selections from Mercators, Spens Geodic and Gauss' chart these holdings. Mystic Seaport has always prided projections including explanatory diagrams. itself on keeping alive the art and photography of In conclusion, the author has the sea (besides many other things), and this book 50 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord joins an illustrious pedigree. 2), Schriften des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseums, There is no room for sloppiness in a Band 60. Hamburg: Convent Verlag, book of photographs of yachts. Authenticity www.dsm.de, 2003. 288 pp., illustrations, counts for everything in maritime history. And so photographs, maps, bibliography. Eur 39,90, it is with John Rousmaniere, noted author, editor cloth; ISBN 3-934613-50-0. and sailor, whose delightful text and suitable, well-researched notes on each and every In this volume on Germany's Bremer Hanse- photograph are a delight to read. These will be a Kogge, discovered in 1962, twenty different source of reference for years to come. Such a authors describe the results of their research into handsome and comprehensive book could well the fourteenth-century Bremen ship in images and serve for a model for a similar work on, say, the words. In contrast to the first volume published Great Lakes, or Atlantic Canada or the British inl992, which focussed on the archaeological Columbia coast. We are rerninded by this book of aspects of the Bremer Hanse-Kogge and the way the endless possibilities that the sea has given us it might have been built, this book is not just in history research, and many are the paths of the meant for the ship archaeologist or would-be sea still to be followed in our agenda. We need builder or model-maker. The articles here are energetic leaders of maritime museums to unlock presented in what the editors call an exciting the secrets of our photographic collections, and manner, to describe the scientific adventure of much more creative thinking and energy to effect researching the cog. our projects. Editor Gabriele Hoffmann is both a The text is fine, engaging, and I close journalist and a writer with a Ph.D. in history. this review with one of the most interesting Uwe Schnall heads the scientific board of editors paragraphs: "Looking at these images, I am of the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum in reminded of the historian Samuel Eliot Morison' s Bremerhaven besides being responsible for the observation about the creators of the best clipper museum's departments of navigational history and ships. Like the architects of medieval Gothic whale hunting. By letting the authors tell their cathedrals, he wrote, those American shipwrights own stories, the editors ensure that the information had rare insights into creatively - insights that is based on first-hand knowledge about specific Morison called "visions transcending human research questions concerning the cog. Luckily, experience, with the power to transmute them into most of the original investigators were still alive reality."[25] This can also be said of Herreshoff, to share their ongoing enthusiasm for the ship, in George L. Watson, William Gardner, and others some cases forty years later. While trying to who drew the lines of the majestic sloops and appeal to as broad an audience as possible, parts schooners shown here. They were urged on by of the book may seem too "Indiana Jones" to creativity, not greed, for few fortunes have been some, while others might find the mention of all made designing yachts. When A. Cary Smith was the people who contributed to the different asked about a career in yacht design, he advised research and results overly detailed. that happier prospects would be had by a street- In the end, the book strikes a fine comer peanuts salesman." The designers' work balance, appealing to both the interested public has new life in this lovely book, an attractively (especially through tasteful graphic design) as priced treasure of priceless memory. well as to specialists (through detailed references to the bibliography). They have succeeded in spotlighting the Bremen Cog of 1380, nothing Barry Gough more, nothing less. Over the past decades, Waterloo, Ontario numerous scholarly and popular publications on cogs and cog-like vessels have been published. The present volume not only provides research Gabriele Hoffmann and Uwe Schnall (eds.). Die results from the past decade, but also encompasses Kogge. Sternstunde der deutschen what we have learned about cogs over the past Schiffsarchàologie. (die Kogge von Bremen, Band forty years. In this respect, this volume is a good Book Reviews 51 introduction to the theme and enables the less that the Bremen Hanse-Kogge is a true cog, it well-informed readers to put the newest research doesn't deliver the blue print against which all information into a proper historical context. cogs should be seen. While this book is meant to The book opens with one of the most celebrate one of the highlights of German ship spectacular aspects of cog research: sailing archaeology, it would have not taken anything replicas. After reconstructing the line plan, sails, away from the Bremen Hanse-Kogge and the rope work and rudder, after tests in wind tunnels research it triggered to mention more of the and in water tanks, two different ships were built, foreign cogs and cog-like vessels. It is a pity these resembling the Bremer Hanse-Kogge in points do not get any attention until the last thirty appearance. The pictures of these modem ships, pages of the book. Kieler Hansekogge and the Ubena, as well as the hi conclusion, this volume celebrates the Dutch Kamper Kogge offer a great starting point Bremer Hanse-Kogge and all the work that for the book. The wreck of the unfinished Bremer resulted from its discovery. It is clearly a pearl in Hanse-Kogge was first spotted on 9 October 1962. the crown of German ship archaeology, both Archaeologist Fliedners' adventurous report on scientifically and historically. The colleagues in the find, illustrated with many black and white Bremerhaven can rightly be proud of their ship pictures, is as lively as if the ship was found a and of this book. week ago. Besides that, a clear description is given of the characteristics of a cog. Roeland Paardekooper The two tough parts of the book Eindhoven, Netherlands ("Scientists on the cog" and "Humanities and the cog") form two-thirds of the whole volume. Clearly, conservation of the ship hull using PEG Brian Lavery. Jack Aubrey Commands: An or polyethylene glycol has been a major research Historical Companion to the Naval World of experience for future conservators to build upon. Patrick O 'Brian. London: Conway Maritime In 1981, after the ship was reassembled, a steel Press, www.œnwaymaritime.com and Annapolis, basin was built around it and filled with PEG for MD: Naval Institute Press, a period of eighteen years at considerable expense. www.navalinstitute.org, 2003. x + 182 pp., P. Hofinann clearly states: "Conserving a large photographs, illustrations, figures, tables, maps, ship find is always a luxury - it is culture" [ 104]. notes, bibliography, glossary, index. £19.99, US Nor was the process as simple and $34.95, CDN $56.95, cloth; ISBN 0-85177-9468 straightforward as it sounds. In some cases, the (Conway), 1-59114-403-5 (NIP). Distributed in information is very detailed, which might be Canada by Vanwell Publishing, St. Catharines, overwhelming for a first-time reader of ship ON. conservation techniques! But it is an example of how the book tries to address several levels of Brian Lavery is well known to naval history audience knowledge. specialists and enthusiasts alike. Curator of Ship In the section "Humanities and the cog", Technology at the National Maritime Museum in the Bremen Hanse-Kogge is put into the larger Greenwich, he has produced numerous works that socio-historical framework of fourteenth-century have become essential reading to anyone Europe, the Hanse, trade and the cities. Thanks to interested in the Royal Navy of the Nelsonian era, this chapter, the ship gets more ' shape'. Who was including the two-volume The Ship of the Line: living on board? What about historical and The Development ofthe Battle Fleet 1650-1850 pictorial sources? What did these ships carry? (Conway Maritime Press, 1983-84), Shipboard What about the city of Bremen? Life and Organization, 1713-1815 (edited for the It is a pity that the authors do not make Naval Historical Society, 1998, vol. 138), and more effort to describe ongoing excavation and perhaps most importandy in reviewing this latest research on cogs in other countries. Although the work, Nelson's Navy: Its Ships, Men, and chapter by Ole Crumlin-Pedersen does refer to Organization, 1793-1815 (Conway Maritime Dutch, Danish and Swedish finds making it clear Press, 1989). Indeed, Lavery has been so 52 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord

influential that an endorsement of his work by the Still, even general readers could have late Patrick O'Brian, creator of the Jack been better served by this book. For starters, Aubrey/Stephen Maturin naval fictions, appears Lavery refers them too often to his own works for on the dust-jacket, while Peter Weir, the Director more specialized or detailed information rather of "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the than to other, equally significant sources. Too World," the film realization of O'Brian's literary many key books are missing from the all-too-brief creations, opens his Foreword to Jack Aubrey list of "other works": Daniel Baugh's Naval Commands by declaring Nelson's Navy to have Administration in the Age ofWalpole, an essential been a "prime source for all departments" in the study despite its focus on an earlier period; making of the film. In short, this latest book has as N.A.M. Rodger's The Wooden World; Dudley strong a pedigree as one could hope to find. Why Pope's Life in Nelson's Navy, to name but three. then, did it leave this reader with a sense of Where space obliged Lavery to limit his treatment disappointment? of naval signalling to two paragraphs, he might at It certainly was not on account of the least have pointed out that Brian Tunstall devoted handsome illustrations that adorn its pages. Most, an entire book to the topic. though not all, come from the National Maritime The context of naval operations, while Museum's own collections. They include generally good, is superficial for those who will contemporary illustrations, photographs of take the subtitle to heart. The three paragraphs on museum dioramas, several reproductions of Geoff "protection of trade" [ 148-149] are insufficient to Hunt's superb paintings created to illustrate both explain how diverse and wide-ranging British Lavery's and O'Brian's books, as well as a variety maritime commerce could be. Those who are of maps and figures in support of the textual intrigued by the film will find nothing here about analysis, all enhancing the author's explication of the British whaling industry in the Pacific, the life on board, and in service to, the Royal Navy target of Aubrey's nemesis in the film, the French between 1793 and 1815. Nor was it on account of warship L'Archeron. For specialists, such the organization of the book itself, which is clarification may not be necessary, but to the sensibly arranged with ten chapters that begin novice or general reader, it surely does little good with a discussion of the world of "Naval Fact and to focus on the "naval world of Patrick O'Brian" Naval Fiction," then explain the life of the sailing if too little attention is given to the reasons why warship, including crew, officers, the ship itself, the naval world was deployed where and as it was. below decks, the culture of ship-board life and The text also suffers by indifferent service, before surveying the wars, the opponents, proof-reading and some casual mis-treatment of the allies, and the experience of combat at sea factual details. Thus, we are told that in 1775, during this period. John Paul Jones commissioned the first US The sense of disappointment does not warship [ 13 7], that Newfoundland was part of the even stem from the realization that very little in North American station in 1795 [ 146], and that the Jack Aubrey Commands is truly new. Lavery has "merchant navy" was "owned by many thousands said it all before (with the possible exception of of small investors,"[28] a misleading remark the "fact and fiction" chapter) in his other works, given the significant proportion of shipping that and in so much more thorough a detail, so that was individually owned. Though the minuscule specialists in the naval history of this period are font made reading a chore, I still managed to better off sticking to those earlier works. Yet that discover an embarrassing number of spelling is hardly grounds for criticism, for this book is mistakes, typographical errors, words repeated, clearly intended for the novice and the generalist, words omitted, and so on; I can only imagine how the readers who are drawn into this world, many more I managed to overlook. perhaps for the first time, thanks to Peter Weir's In conclusion, specialists in eighteenth- film, or those who were already converted by century naval history can pass this book by, for its O'Brian's novels and had been looking for a greatest appeal will be to those drawn into the convenient, well-illustrated single-volume account field by the writings of Patrick O'Brian and by of the naval context to those novels. Peter Weir's film. I can only hope that such Book Reviews 53 readers will be sufficiently intrigued by the War. material to pursue their interest into books of The first disaster that Wise and Baron greater thoroughness and depth. describe is the nineteenth century loss of the British steam paddle frigate, HMS Birkenhead. Olaf Uwe Janzen After disembarking some of her compliment near Comer Brook, Newfoundland. Cape Town, the ship proceeded to her final destination, Port Elizabeth. Disaster struck when the ship struck a reef on the night of 26 February James E. Wise Jr. and Scott Baron. Soldiers Lost 1852. Thanks to the heroism of her troop at Sea. A Chronicle of Troopship Disasters. commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Seton, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, all of the women and the children on the ship were www.Navallnstitute.org, 2003. xi + 284 pp., saved. Of the 638 lives aboard, 445 were lost. photographs, illustrations, appendices, notes, Unfortunately, while it was one of the first glossary, bibliography, index. US $29.95, cloth: troopship losses to be recorded, it would prove to ISBN 1-59114-966-5. be far from the last. The chapter dealing with the Second They were dangerously overcrowded and the World War is by far the most effective in the rations often pathetic, but troopships have always book, probably because of the wide range of been a valuable component of any military stories and experiences that are related. The campaign. The need to transport vast numbers of chapter begins with the sinking of the Blue Star men and supplies has been of great importance liner, Arandora Star by the great U-boat ace, since the days of the Roman Empire and the Gunther Prien. Throughout the book, Wise and Greek Wars. The loss of a troopship was a major Baron provide a glimpse into the careers of some concern to commanders and a variety of methods of Germany's best submariners, providing a were devised to try to protect them. In this new balanced look at the war at sea. Some of the book, James E. Wise Jr. and Scott Baron examine sinkings during the Second World War remain the history of troopships and detail some of the controversial to this day. The loss of the liner disasters that befell them. Lancastria is still covered under the Official The authors are well qualified to tackle Secrets Act and the full details of its sinking by the subject matter. James E. Wise is a former German aircraft in 1940 will not be released in naval intelligence officer and commander and has 2040. already written a number of excellent books for Other disasters involving troopships in the Naval Institute Press. Scott Baron is a veteran the Second World War include the heroic tale of of the Vietnam War and teaches history in the four army chaplains who lost their lives in the California. They have a keen interest in their sinking of the American troop transport subject matter and begin the book with a Doncaster. This is one ofthe most celebrated tales comprehensive look at the history of the in the history of the American Navy and is troopship, starting with the Egyptians and the particularly well handled by the authors. Phoenicians. Less well known to non-historians is the Troopships were used during the Viking tale of the German liner Wilhelm Gustloff which Invasions and the Crusades and Wise and Baron was torpedoed by the Russian submarine SI 3 in continue into the nineteenth century and the January 1945. The actual number of refugees on effective use of these ships by the Royal Navy. board the German ship will probably never be There was no getting around the uncomfortable known, but it is estimated that over 10,000 were conditions on these vessels and it is easy to see crammed onto the vessel as it left Gotenhafen. that casualty rates could be staggering if one of Captain Alexander Marinseko fired three them were to be lost. The Cunard liner, Queen torpedoes at the ship and all found their mark. Mary was designed to carry 2,100 passengers in Only 996 survivors were pulled from the icy comfort yet regularly was the home to over 15,000 water, in what is the greatest maritime disaster in men on a typical run during the Second World history. 54 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord

Wise and Baron fill their book with and brought handsome profits to investors, its fascinating bits of maritime history and each ability to supply its enterprise in such remote section makes for compelling reading. There are locations demanded sea-borne logistical support. many photographs and an excellent bibliography. The Neva, commanded by Yu. F. Lisiansky, was There are a few minor errors that could easily be commissioned to carry supplies to the company corrected in a second edition. For example, the and to conduct hydrographie studies in order to name of the Cunard liner Mauretania is spelled advance knowledge to the Pacific coast of North correctly throughout the book but not in the index. America. The flagship Nadezheda, commanded One of the photo credits is also incorrect. The by Captain Adam Johann von Krusenstem, photo of the Union-Castle liner Dunottar Castle carried supplies destined for the Russian base at (12) is of the 1935 version of the vessel and not Kamchatka, along with Count Nikolai Petrovich the original, 1890 incarnation of the ship which Rezanov who was travelling to Japan to be the was used during the Boer War. first Russian ambassador. He was a highly-placed These few quibbles aside, this is an courtier and a driving force tehind the excellently written book, which would be a Russian-American Company's expansion across welcome addition to the library of any maritime the Gulf of Alaska to the coast of northern enthusiast. Wise and Baron clearly enjoy the California in pursuit of sea otter fur. The subject matter and their handling of each story is expedition sailed from the Baltic in July of 1803 very effective. and called at Copenhagen, Falmouth, Tenerife, and Santa Catharina in Brazil before rounding the Cape of Good Hope. The two ships sailed on to Richard MacMichael, the Marquesas and then the Sandwich Islands Halifax, Nova Scotia before parting company. The Neva sailed to Sitka and then Kodiak and in 1804, and played a key role in Hermann Ludwig von Lowenstem. (Victoria Joan subduing the rebellious Tlinget Indians in Sitka, Moessner, trans.) The First Russian Voyage which permitted the Russia-Company Director, around the World. The Journal of Hermann Alexander Baranov, to transfer company Johann Ludwig von Lowenstem, 1803-1806. operations there. After considerable scientific Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. work, the Neva returned home. Lisiansky's www.uaf.edu. 2003. xxx + 482 pp., illustrations, account of the voyage was published in 1814 as A maps, notes, bibliography, index. US $35.95, Voyage Round the World in the Years 1803, 4, 5, cloth: ISBN 1-889963-45-3. and 6, Performed by Order of His Imperial Majesty A lexander the First, Emperor of Russia in Between 1803 and 1806, two Russian vessels, the the Ship Neva. (Facsimile reprint by the Gregg Nadezheda and the Neva, completed the first Press, Ridgewcod, New Jersey, 1968). Russian circumnavigation of the world. Though The Nadezheda was fraught with strife their return to St. Petersburg was celebrated with created by the haughty Rezanov who disputed the considerable fanfare, including a visit by Tsar command of the expedition with Captain Alexander I, the feat made little impression Krusenstem and made himself and his entourage elsewhere, for ships of many countries had insufferable. The details of the dispute are not recorded many circumnavigations since the well known because Krusenstem's own account, Magellan era. The Russian voyage came a century Voyage Around the World in the Years 1803, after the Bering explorations and signalled a 1804, 1805.&1806 (London ,1813) and that of growth of interest in the North Pacific due to the Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, the scientific rapid expansion of the Russian-American officer assigned to the Nadezheda, were both Company's fur gathering activities from the heavily censored in order to cover up the turmoil Aleutians and Kodiak Island to the Gulf of Alaska that plagued the expedition until Rezanov's and the Pacific coast of North America. departure. Von Lowenstem's journal is the first Though the company was flourishing account of the expedition that reveals the discord Book Reviews 55 in its full dimension. Originally written in 900 pages to that point. A further 800 pages in German, Von LOwenstern's journal was never Castles of Steel complete the story (both published or translated in any language until tabulations do not include bibliographies or Victoria Joan Moessner translated it into English indices). to celebrate the bicentennial of the voyage in Given this evolution, it is difficult to 2003. Moessner, who also translated and assess and review Castles of Steel without published LangsdorfTs journal, Remarks and reference to Dreadnought, but I will simply note Observation on a Voyage around the World, that Dreadnought is a remarkable book and 1803-1806, 2 vols (Limestone Press, Kingston, covers the pre-war period and the events leading Ontario) in 1993, argues that the von up to Anglo-German enmity with a clarity and Lôwenstem's journal begs for a revision of the completeness that makes it a pleasure to read. "glowing appraisals of the Russian ambassador's Anyone who wishes to gain a thorough character and statesmanship and his expansive understanding of how, in 1890, two friendly vision"[xi] of Russia's future in the North Pacific. powers, culturally and traditionally aligned, albeit What makes this publication even more commercial rivals, could find themselves at valuable and credible is that von Lôwenstern daggers drawn twenty years later could not do never attempted or intended to publish his better than to turn to Massie's truly impressive revealing journal. Professor Moessner has added work. Indeed, dispassionate observers in 1890 to the knowledge of the Russian presence in the would be hard pressed to justify a prediction of North Pacific during this era, which should eventual Anglo-German enmity, particularly provide historians with a new and corrective view given Britain's isolationist policy and historical of the first Russian voyage around the world. The hostility with both France and Russia, her volume is nicely done by the University of Alaska eventual allies in the Great War. The Kaiser's Press and contains excellent maps and illustrations central role in achieving the inconceivable is well and a superb bibliography. told in Dreadnought and serves as a reminder of the contingent nature of history and how 'great Richard H. Warner men' can move events in new, not always happy, Fredericksburg, Virginia directions. Castles of Steel, the phrase is Churchill's, opens with an introductory chapter Robert K. Massie. Castles of Steel. Britain, that quickly sketches out the naval background to Germany and the Winning of the Great War at the war, concentrating on the events of July 1914. Sea. New York: Random House, As with Dreadnought, Massie's skill as a narrator www.randomhouse.ca. 2003. 866 pp., maps, is immediately apparent. In this chapter, among notes, bibliography, index. US $ 35.00, CDN $ many examples, the vignette ofthe machinations 53.00, cloth; ISBN 0-679-45671-6. surrounding the fate of two Turkish battleships under construction in British yards (the Sultan Castles of Steel is author Robert Massie's long- Osman I and Reshadieh—in due course HM Ships awaited sequel to his acclaimed and highly Agincourt and Erin) is presented succinctly and popular Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the with verve. The role of this event in bringing Coming ofthe Great War, published in 1991 and Turkey into the war on the side of the Central still in print. Massie, an American historian, Powers, and all the dire consequences thereof, is Rhodes Scholar and Pulitzer Prize winner, is an well told. expert in European history and an acknowledged From this necessary introduction, the master of narrative writing. It was always book moves into a series of chapters comprising Massie ' s intention to write about the Great War at three-quarters of the book, that cover the main sea and Dreadnought was initially expected to events of the war at sea, commencing with the cover the war years. Dreadnought, however, pursuit of SMS Goeben in the Mediterranean and ended on the day war was declared in August ending with four chapters covering the Battle of 1914 - likely just as well, as the book was over Judand. Succeeding chapters lack a similar level 56 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord of detail - developing naval policy, control of that any naval writer would commit. There are shipping, working with allies, naval organization, others. As well, the maps let down the general facilities and other details would have rounded out quality of the book, as do the photographs the story more comprehensively. However, the selected. The former are few and far between and groups of chapters covering the major events are not well executed. The latter are poorly placed wonderful stand-alone narratives that weave within the volume, and are not imaginatively together human detail, ship design, grand strategy chosen. A number are iconic, but a far wider and tactics and the personal foibles and strengths selection is available and in a modern book need of the admirals and ship captains at sea. The four to be taken advantage of. Finally, it needs to be chapters on the drama of von Spee, Craddock and noted that the book is entirely based on secondary Sturdee at Coronel and the Falklands are superb. sources, and that the notes are unnumbered and The seminal event of the Great War at consequently difficult to sort out. This decision sea was the clash of the battle fleets at Judand on was no doubt made to simplify production and for 31 May, 1916. Massie's narrative ofthe battle is most readers will not matter. For others this sound and written with his customary energy and shortcut is annoying. attention to telling detail. Of particular merit is his It needs to be said that the book is a little discussion of the Jutland Controversy - a unbalanced and the conclusions as to the controversy over the battle's outcome that significance of the story weak. The main events, commenced in early June 1916 and remains alive as noted, are brilliantiy covered and described at to this day. Massie's discussion of some of the length, with much pleasing detail; but anytiiing engineering aspects is most useful, even if that falls outside is glossed over. The battles somewhat repetitive from similar essays earlier in fought by the "casties of steel" were without the book. The common assertion of the superior question highlights, but the key was in sweeping construction and design of the German ships is the seas of German commerce, and defeating the challenged, without denigrating real German U-boat menace - the German riposte to blockade. achievements in this critical area. The cause of The significance of the High Seas Fleet was its most of the British losses is placed more on gun- impotence. Its creation led to implacable British drill habits designed to boost the speed between hostility, and in the event was quite incapable of salvos, rather than on prudent attention to safety - wresting the trident from Britannia's sturdy grasp. a lesson the Germans learned fortuitously at As policy German nautical adventuring was a Dogger Bank in 1915. In the review ofthe actions disaster from which Europe itself is still feeling of the two British admirals in the drama, Jellicoe the effects in the early twenty-first century. More comes off rather better than Beatty; notably in the work on the "so what" of the Great War at Sea former's simple and dignified conduct as the and its conduct would have been most welcome. dispute simmered on into the 1920s, in sharp I must conclude by emphasizing my contrast to the latter's rather distasteful self- clear positive recommendation of Castles of Steel. promotion and self-justification. It is extremely difficult to write a one-volume Notwithstanding these undoubted history of a subject as complex as that ofthe naval strengths, Castles of Steel is not entirely war of 1914-18 and satisfy all readers. satisfactory. In stylistic terms, despite the author's Compromises must be made and areas of Pulitzer pedigree, there occur a sufficient number emphasis will certainly vary by author. On the of awkward sentences to be slightly disconcerting whole, Massie is a good guide and his and disappointing. A little more careful editing unquestioned narrative skill will make this book would have saved clangers such as this one: "No essential and pleasurable reading for all students Briton would argue; after the Battle of the Bight, ofthe Great War. no British sailor ever belittled German bravery."[119] The antecedents to the sentence Ian Yeates, don't help. Massie also has the irritating habit of Regina, Saskatchewan referring to a ship's displacement as its "weight." This is a small detail without question, yet not one Book Reviews 57

G. V. Scammell, ed. Seafaring, Sailors and Trade, proportion of the country's industrial capital and 1450-1750. Aldershot and Burlington, Vermont: employed a large number of people. Although he Ashgate Publishing, www.ashgate.com, 2003. x+ touches on the marketability of shares in ships, he 310 pp., notes, index. US $ 105.95, cloth; ISBN 0- does not investigate the early manifestations of 86078-897-0. "part" and "shared" ownership, although ship- owning was one of the first enterprises to combine capital and "know-how" in commenda-type In 1995 Variorum published, as Ships, Oceans contracts. and Empires, a collection of papers by the well- In one of the papers are discussed the known maritime historian G.V. Scammell; the many demands made on the early modem present book continues the laudable aim of merchant shipmaster, whether owner or employee, concentrating his work, dispersed over forty years while another recounts management failures in a wide range of learned journals, in a single leading to mutiny. The latter paper sets out to accessible form. The twelve papers fall into two examine trouble in British ships from c. 1500 but groups, the first covering British maritime matters the examples of breakdowns of discipline go back from late medieval to early modem times, no earlier than around 1600. This is a pity since it including Tudor warfare at sea, fifteenth- and would have been interesting to trace the descent of sixteenth-century shipbuilding and ownership, the the (apparently) paternalistic man-management quality of life afloat, and the skills required of a system enshrined in the fourteenth century Laws ship master. The second group examines the cause of Oleron into the "hang 'em, flog 'em" and effect (and, one might add, the rise and fall) of disciplinary code of many ship masters two European expansion into South America and Asia, hundred years later. A paper on the conditions on especially the endeavours of the Portuguese in board European ships bound for Asia, goes a long India; smuggling in and out of South America, way to explain the unrest amongst the crews; and an analysis of the less-than-enduring English prolonged periods of boredom interleaved with chartered companies. The themes of the two exhausting work and extreme fear were poorly groups are markedly different, but together they rewarded by appalling food and accommodation trace the commercial and military importance of - situations not foreseen when the Oberon code ships and sailors, from early inshore trading to the was drawn up for short-haul, in-shore, profit- development of the overseas empires. sharing voyages. Scammell has the gift of writing up Scammell gives interesting accounts of scholarly research in a particularly lively style. the contemporary development of smuggling by 'War at Sea under the Early Tudors' epitomises British merchants in and out of South America, this skill; it combines a rattling good tale of and the rise and fall of the regulated and chartered maritime derring-do with a thorough assessment companies. Smuggling was profitable, as were of the naval resources of England during the wars most of the activities of the smaller regulated with France and Scotland. That paper and his companies, but the chartered companies were held review of ship-owning after 1450, both written in back and eventually mined (except the still the 1960s, have since been amplified by N. A.M. surviving Hudson Bay Company) by bad Rodgers, by Scammell himself and by others, but management and the disloyalty of members and together with a later paper on merchant employees trading on their own behalf. In shipbuilding from 1500 to 1750, they give a clear contrast, those European individuals who survived overview of contemporary English maritime shipwreck piracy, disease and mutiny to arrive on activities. the subcontinent or beyond, and there traded or Ship-owning was an attractive, if risky, sold their skills to local potentates, had a much investment; it attracted not only merchants for higher standard of living than was ever possible in obvious commercial reasons, but also Europe; it was a short ("two monsoons," it was representatives from a broad social spectrum with said) but good life. money to invest. As Scammell points out, the This collection of essays offers both a shipping industry must have absorbed a high crash course in the development of merchant 58 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord

shipping and its importance to the empires of in the majority of the latter. It is unfortunate that European states, and also a salutary account of the the bibliography cites only one volume, Bloody dangers to life, capital and material in the Winter, which could be described as having truly exploitation of overseas markets. The book's ethnographic content. With the extensive use of value is greater than one might expect from the the Armed Guard material, it is rather surprising age of the older papers, but some readers might be that Gleichaufs Unsung Sailors was not irritated by type faces and formats varying from referenced. paper to paper and the lack of serial pagination. Like many who wrote on similar subjects during and immediately after 1945, R. M. Ward Bunker focuses on the dramatic aspect of the London, UK wartime merchant seaman's experience - torpedoes, bombs, collisions, sinkings, exploding tankers and ammunition ships, lifeboat sagas, John Bunker. Heroes in Dungarees. Annapolis: daring rescues, tragic losses, and heroism. Naval Institute Press, www.Navalmstitute.org. Everyday experiences of the ships' personnel are 1995. xiv + 369 pp., glossary, photographs, seldom mentioned, except for details of routine appendices, notes, bibliography, index. US $ procedures, described in a rather dull and 36.95, cloth; ISBN 1-55750-093-2. desultory fashion. A good deal more attention is paid to the tactics and logistics of wartime The blurb for Heroes in Dungarees: the Story of shipping in general and less to the men than one the American Merchant Marine in World War II would expect, given the theme cited. indicates that it is "the most complete study of the Naturally, considering the author's wartime merchant marine ever published" and that background in the media, the writing style is "the focus ofthe story remains on the men who essentially journalistic. Unfortunately, this renders served. " The book makes a valiant effort to live up the general tenor of the piece less than gripping, to these claims, but falls a little short. Like its despite its dramatic content. Only in the first half author's earlier works, it is a magnificent ofthe chapter entitied "Fighting Fleets" did he compilation of numerous data from multiple actually present a "written picture" rather than a sources. As a resource for scholars interested in "report." The overall style lent itself admirably to Allied shipping during the Second World War, it the subject matter of his previous book on the is of enormous value. The primary subject, as the Liberty ships themselves, but is less well suited to subtitle indicates, is the US merchant marine, but dealing with the crews and their experiences. I there are interesting sidelights dealing with ships was, however, pleasantly surprised to find a and men from several other Allied nations, as complete account of the loss and return of Captain well. Less academically inclined readers will find WilhamClendaniel's artificial leg [298-302]. The the book interesting, but probably not brief mention in A Careless Word ...A Needless mesmerising. Sinking had whetted my appetite to know the While no one can fault Bunker's whole story. archival research, live input from first-person The colourful chapter titles may have sources is sparse. Even data referenced "personal been editorially assigned, rather than chosen by communication" are mostly old, evidently from the author himself, as it was somewhat notes and memories of conversations Bunker held disconcerting to find that a major portion of the with shipmates when he was still actively sailing, chapter entitled "Caribbean Carnival" dealt with rather than from recently conducted interviews, action in the Gulf of Mexico. There was also a and the only media citations were printed sources. lack of consistency regarding vessels that earned The overwhelming bulk of the information comes the Gallant Ship Award. Not all were discussed, from Armed Guard voyage reports held in the and some that were mentioned were not cited for National Archives, and from trade union records. their achievement. It would have been rather nice Because of the author's own union affiliation, the to have had more complete details of some ofthe Seaman's International Union (SIU) predominates lesser known actions leading to this award, such Book Reviews 59 as the action in Leyte Gulf. The Liberty ships treacherous shoals of the St Lawrence for the Adoniram Judson, Marcus Daly, and William S. British fleet moving up for the assault on Quebec, Ladd were mentioned only briefly. The Daly was and then afterwards, with his magnificently the first vessel in the Pacific theatre to be named prepared chart of the St. Lawrence, which is now a Gallant Ship by the US government, but this is one of the treasures of our National Archives. The not noted. ability he had demonstrated made him a natural I was amazed to find a US Naval choice for the first full survey of Newfoundland, Institute Press publication had apparently been made necessary by the 1763 Treaty of Paris, and handled by staff so unfamiliar with nautical usage his outstanding work on this project, sailing each that common terms were "corrected" to year out of England, soon brought him to the inaccuracies. An example is the description of an notice of the Royal Society. incident in which a survivor on a raft narrowly It was natural, therefore, that after the misses being fired on by the crew of a naval Admiralty had rejected the Royal Society's vessel who then rescue him. Describing their near suggestion that Alexander Dalrymple should mistake, they say they were told to "Delay that!", command a proposed expedition to observe the when the command clearly should have been transit of Venus, Cook's name should have been "Belay that!" [185] Later, a ship is described as put forward as an alternative. But M'Lords could "outboard bound", rather than "outward hardly have conceived how successful their bound."[188] There are also spelling errors that selection would be, nor their choice of the slab- should have been caught. While it may have been sided North Sea collier that Cook was so familiar the author's personal choice to use "Libertys" as with. the plural for the standard ship, certainly Suthren is in less familiar waters once "Gibralter" should have been corrected. Other Cook reaches the Pacific. He gives us a such errors occurred, as well. These are clearly the beautifully encapsulated summary of what it took fault of editors and proofreaders. Beaglehole three large volumes to describe, but he On the whole, the book is worthwhile misses Cook's real contribution to Canadian west and readable, despite minor shortcomings. coast history. It was not so much his three-week stay at Nootka that was important, but the Morgiana P. Halley subsequent sale of a sea-otter pelt for $100 in Suffolk, Virginia. Canton, that brought fur traders from around the world to the Pacific Northwest, which thus precipitated British Columbia's eventual Victor Suthren. To Go Upon Discovery: James incorporation into Canada. Cook& Canada, 1758 to 1779. Toronto/Oxford: As an established author, albeit mostly Dundurn Press, www.dundurn.com, 2000. 224 historical fiction, Suthren does a good job of pp., illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography. CDN portraying Cook's early life from a farm boy in $35.99, cloth; ISBN 1-55002-327-6. the Vale of Cleveland to his subsequent acceptance of "the king's shilling" to enlist as an The story of Canada's connection with Captain AB in the Royal Navy, instead of taking Cook is well worth telling, and Victor Suthren command of the collier he had been offered. At 26 does an excellent job of doing so. Both cut their years of age, and with his towering height and an teeth at Louisbourg, Cook in the 1758 siege and already impressive record as a mariner, he rose Suthren as a former curator of the reconstructed rapidly, and only three years later found himself fortress in more recent times. the Master of the 64-gun Pembroke, Capt John It was on the beach at Kennington Cove, Simcoe, on theNorth American station. Suthren's hard by the French stronghold, that James Cook description of this connection with the father of an first set eyes on a survey instrument. He was early lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada is one hooked. Thereafter his life was devoted to of the best reads in this book. surveying, first as a master of one of the many Cook has assumed a outstanding small vessels buoying the passage through the position in the history of discovery, but Suthren 60 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord slips into a few errors. Cook was never a "sailing planners to return to basics. Only in this way master," the official term was "master." Not a could one responsibly evaluate the evolving commissioned sea officer, the lowest rank of roles of navies and the impact of globalization which was lieutenant, a master was appointed and information technologies. An internationally only as long as a ship was in commission, respected authority on strategic issues, and Dean thereafter he had no status. Also the term "warrant of Academic Studies at the UK Joint Services officer" was never used in Cook's time; it was a Command and Staff College, Geoffrey Till is later nineteenth century creation. Suthren' s use of eminently qualified. the term "Pacific basin" jars. Thus to describe the Till, of course, is not the first to engage largest ocean of the world, compared with his own in futurist speculation. For example, noted Atlantic "duck-pond" is a little disconcerting. scholar Eric Grove addressed many of these Nevertheless, there is an unusually issues in his important The Future of Seapower convenient system of sequentially-numbered endnotes, and a bibliography. The book is of (1990). Continuing the pattern of his earlier sufficient value as a reference to warrant an index volumes on air power and land warfare, Grove it unfortunately lacks. Aside from these small had understood seapower essentially as military quibbles, To Go Upon Discovery will make a power; that is, the form of military power that is worthy addition to any bookshelf. deployed on or from the sea. His indebtedness to Mahan is clear. Thus, while acknowledging the varieties of ways in which people understand • John Crosse seapower - mythologically, romantically, and Vancouver, BC patriotically - Grove analyzed the lessons learned from twentieth-century naval warfare, and the evolving uses of the sea. His book Geoffrey Till. Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty- remains a valuable and helpful landmark. Till First Century. Portland, OR: Frank Cass draws on such seminal thinkers, but expands Publishers, wwv.frankcass.com, 2003. xvi+430 both the concept itself and the perspectives from pp., maps, illustrations, figures, tables, notes, which he examines it. Exceptionally rich in bibliography, index. US$27.95, paper; ISBN 0 theoretical and practical scope, his examples 7146 8436 8. reflect a wide range of thinkers and countries. In short, the book offers a global critique, and a The lure of seapower has long driven maritime wisdom drawn from many sources. countries and their navies. Seapower has Seapower, according to Till, is the triggered deep reflection on the geopolitical capacity to influence the behaviour of other import of oceanic warfare, trade and politics. people by what you do at or from the sea. Now, with an eye to the twenty-first century, Seapower, he argues throughout the book, is Geoffrey Till offers an omnibus, internationalist about the sea-based capacity to influence events evaluation. Brilliantly conceived and executed, both at sea and on land. Thus the concept is not this lucidly written and comprehensive volume limited to war-fighting, but includes trade and offers much more than the "guide" its subtitle commerce, foreign policy, environmental promises. As such it both re-examines the concerns, globalization and even environmental thinking of previous centuries and looks ahead law. Quoting Sir Walter Raleigh with approval, for new principles and implications. In his Till argues convincingly for the continued earlier volume, Seapower: Theory and Practice centrality of seapower: "He that commands the (1994), Till had given us a preview of this sea, commands the trade, and he that is Lord of approach. There his concluding chapter the trade of the world is lord ofthe wealth of the "Maritime Strategy in the Twenty-First world" [17]. At issue is the means of exercising Century" had argued, among other tilings, that what Raleigh understood as 'command." global change since the Cold War obliges naval Book Reviews 61

Till sets the stage by what he calls the work offers a wealth of well-organized material four historic attributes of the sea: the sea as a suited both to private study or university course. natural resource; as a means of transport and The book is a delight. exchange; as a medium for information and exchange of ideas; and the sea as a means for Michael L. Hadley exerting dominion. His examination then Victoria. BC focuses on such issues as the constituents of seapower (population, geography, economy), and then upon such topics as navies and S.C. Heal. Ugly Ducklings: Japan's WWII technology, naval diplomacy and command of Liberty Type Standard Ships. St. Catherine's, the sea (ie maritime communications and ON: Vanwell Publishing Limited, modem forms of battle), and expeditionary www.vanwell.ca, 2003. xiv + 180 pp., operations. His chapter "Good Order at Sea" illustrations, tables, bibliography, ship index, explores the "historic attributes" in light of mdex. CDN $ 32.95, cloth; ISBN 55125-047-8. current concerns (integrated maritime governance, policy implementation), while the The Second World War merchant fleets and concluding chapter "Future Seapower" skilfully submarine campaigns against them have draws all the various leitmotifs and thematic spawned an entire literature, from graphics- patterns together. laden reference books and personal memoirs to Occasionally, however, Till gives the scholarly monographs and synthetic analyses. It neophyte no quarter - for example by is a little difficult to decide where Ugly sometimes failing to explain his acronyms. Thus Ducklings belongs amid that mix, since it is we learn of the Confederate Army's "decisive quite a mix itself. failure of STOM," or that "advocates of S.C. Heal served in the Royal Navy in OMFTS" [212] held a particular point of view. the Second World War before devoting most of A check in the glossary explains that one his working life to the marine insurance industry acronym means "ship to objective manoeuvre," and then "retiring" into another career as a and the other "operational manoeuvre from the maritime historian. The book reflects his rich sea," all of which tells the inexperienced reader and varied life in matters connected with the sea, little. Assuming that his readers will grasp for there are parts that have been written as a historical allusions, he elsewhere demonstrates careful researcher, as an astute businessman, and a point by alluding without clarification to 'the as a reminiscing veteran. The problem for the Bluff Cove disaster"[205]. Those acquainted reader is that these perspectives are randomly with the Falklands War (1982) will of course selected, with the result that the text reads as a grasp the connection. Still, these cosmetic issues jumbled compilation of notes rather than a will not dissuade the serious reader, among coherent narrative of the subject. Adding to the whom Till hopes to find "future sailors and confusion are frequent digressions into those interested in theirways"[378]. But readers tangential topics, such as Japanese submarines, will appreciate his graphic presentation of the saga of the U-234, and the experiences of complex issues. Thus when explaining the those imprisoned by the Japanese. The author impact of information technologies and himself describes the book as "an accumulation globalization on strategies of seapower, he of available information," but one would hope writes cogently: "Future engagements seem for a more carefully analyzed and organized likely to be more related to chess (where the presentation of that accumulation. position and value of all the pieces are known) The volume is handsomely produced, than to poker (where they are not)" [131]. with myriad tables, photographs, and other Till's insightful and thought-provoking illustrations. More care was required in the 62 The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord editing, as numerous errors in spelling, concludes that it was the great effectiveness of punctuation, and grammar managed to wend US submarine operations in 1942 that panicked their way into the final text. Among the more the Japanese into launching the "ugly duckling" glaring are the use of a reflexive pronoun as a and other standardized designs, even though subject [75] and several instances of commas American submarine force inflicted only 12 per placed between subjects and their verbs. More cent of the war's total that year, burdened as it substantive are the errors of fact concerning was with several severe material and doctrinal Japanese history and the Second. The narrative shortcomings not corrected until mid-1943 or so. has Matthew Perry visiting Japan in 1865 [15], What Heal does best is examine the equates the shogun with the daimyo [2 5 ], places ships themselves, and this he does with the the China Incident in 1934 [31,44], repeats the experienced eye of a mariner and insurer. hoary myth about Singapore's guns pointing Copious illustrations with learned analysis help only to seaward (45), and locates the "death to delineate the Japanese A-2 and other standard railway" on the Kra isthmus [69]. A photograph designs. It is especially fascinating to have these caption describes Ypres as a French wartime products placed in a larger historical battleground [24], though the battle was fought context by examining their postwar careers in Belgium and by British troops. against the background of Japan's remarkable The factual inaccuracies are recovery in shipping and shipbuilding, and here emblematic of a more serious flaw, that of is perhaps the book's most useful contribution to questionable historical interpretations. For the literature. instance, the author places "manufacturers" at There is one other intriguing the bottom of Japan's neo-Confucianist social observation that the author has to offer based on order in pre-modern times as if it refers to the his rare combination of life experiences: great industrial concerns of the later nineteenth tonnages seized by the Allies at the outbreak of and twentieth centuries, whereas in fact it was war are so low as to suggest that the Japanese the merchant class who occupied Japan's lowest must have been withdrawing their shipping from social rung, with the group more commonly wide service for months before Pearl Harbor, a rendered as "artisans" a step above. This, fact those in the maritime industries could not combined with a misunderstanding of the Meiji have failed to notice, but whose import seems to Restoration as a literal restoration of the have escaped everyone's attention. Heal does Japanese emperor to political power, partly not suggest yet another twist to the conspiracy explains the extraordinary contention that after theories, but it is an enticing new morsel in a the Restoration the zaibatsu came to dominate debate that has raged for decades. imperial Japan, including the military and the Look elsewhere for an understanding government [17]. Other sweeping but quite of Japanese and Second World War history, but questionable interpretative claims are that if you are a hard core maritime or Pacific War warfare drove technological development [18], enthusiast, you will want to add Ugly Ducklings that steam power drove industrialization [18], to your library. that the Industrial Revolution "swept the world" in the riineteenth century [18], that in the Second Mark P. Parillo World War era the Japanese relied on the Manhattan, Kansas Germans for technological innovation [64-65, 71], and that it was a shortage of skilled labour that led wartime American shipbuilders to develop mass production, assembly-line methods [90]. Even in the narrower realm of the Japanese shipbuilding programs, the author