DOCSLIB.ORG

Industrial Leadership: a Hsitorical Analysis of Merchant Shipping

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Industrial Leadership: a Hsitorical Analysis of Merchant Shipping I I I INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP: 1-· A mSTORICAL ANALYSIS OF MERCHANT SIDPPING GREG CLYDESDALE INDUSTRIAL LEADERSmp: A mSTORICAL ANALYSIS OF MERCHANT SHIPPING A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Greg Clydesdale February 2002 11 Abstract of a Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP: A mSTORICAL ANALYSIS OF MERCHANT SHIPPING Greg Clydesdale This thesis set out to explore the forces that determine the rise and fall of industrial leadership. It attempted to do this by applying an industry life cycle model to the ~hipping industry. The industrial life cycle was posited on the basis of existing literature, particularly the growth of knowledge, evolutionary and institutional literature, which lend themselves to patterns of industrial growth and entrapment. On this basis, this thesis set out to examine whether industrial leadership can be explained by a four-staged process of imitation, catch up, advance and entrapment. However, this thesis has exposed something more complicated. Processes of imitation, catch up advance and entrapment were shown to be at work in the shipping industly, but they were tempered by the effects of military and political forces that may not be exogenous, and the trend from regionalism to globalisation. The original model did not encompass early indigenous developments that are not based on imitation that do not immediately lead to a position of advanced leadership. In this light, a better description of the first stage would be capability building. Key Words: Evolutionary Economics, Economic History, Shipping, Maritime Industries, Instihltional Economics. 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Whatever, the wealmesses of this thesis, they would have been far greater without the kind support, assistance and patience of a number of people. Thanks are owed to a number of people who made themselves available or supplied me with information without which this thesis could never be written. Standing out are the inter-loans staff at Lincoln University library who always seemed to get what I wanted no matter how Herculean the task. I would like to thank Ross Cullen for the support he gave my PhD at various stages. I would like to thank Lincoln University for financing an overseas tlip that gave me access to a number of librmies, museums and individuals of invaluable use. These included the National Malitime Museum and Library at Greenwich, and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. At these iustitutions, Brian Lavery and Ab Hoving gave me insight into problems that had been plaguing me regarding European shipping technology. I would like to thank the efficient staff at Independence Seaport Museum in Philadelphia, in particular, Michael Angelo. Other institutions whose services made this thesis and my tmderstanding licher include the Blitish Museum, Amsterdam's Historisch Museum, the Sheepvaart Museum (Amsterdam), the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, and the Museo Navale and the Padiglione Del Mare E Della Navigazione in Genoa. There are two people I would like to thank for their kind patience as, at times, my task simply seemed too much. First is Amal Sanyal, who I would like to thank for the wise words of advise that have made this thesis stronger. To Peter Earl, pure and simply, this thesis would not have happened if not for you. Your openness to new ideas and ability to think outside the box is something the world of economics needs more of. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family who stood by me religiously throughout this process. lV CONTENTS PAGE Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Contents iv List of Tables v List of Figures vi Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. The Literature of Dynamic Competition and Entrapment 5 2.1 Literature on Intemational Merchant Shipping 5 2.2 Competitive Advantage and Life Cycles 6 2.3 Evolution and Economics 8 2.4 Industry Formation and Entrepreneurship 11 2.5 Securing Competitive Advantage 13 2.6 Advance and Improvement 15 2.7 Organisations Institutions and Production Technology 18 2.8 Change and Rigidity 20 2.9 The Chains of Entrapment 21 2.9.1 Psychological Barriers to Adjustment 21 2.9.2 Technological Paradigms, Path Dependency and Lock-in 24 2.9.3 Institutional Entrapment 25 2.9.4 Costs of Change 28 2.10 Summaty 30 Chapter 3. A Model of an Intemational Industry Life Cycle 32 3.1 Description ofthe Model 32 Chapter 4. Methodology and Cliticism 38 Chapter 5. The Nature ofIntemational Merchant Shipping 47 Chapter 6. Chinese Shipping from the tenth to sixteenth century 55 6.1 Evolution of the Chinese Economic System 55 6.2 The lise of Chinese Shipping 59 v 6.3 Sources of Competitive Advantage 61 6.3.1 Specialisation, Experience and Learning Curves 61 6.3.2 Knowledge Resources 62 6.3.3 Organisation and Indusuy Structure 63 6.3.4 Supporting Indusu'ies 67 6.3.5 Compatibility with Religious and Military Institutions and Consequences for Govemment Policy 70 i·< 6.4 Conclusion 75 Chapter 7. Gujarat Shipping and the Indian Ocean 79 7.1 A BliefNote on the Development of Indian Ocean Trade 79 7.1 Gujarat Shipping in the fifteenth and sixteenth centlllies 80 7.2 Sources of Competitive Advantage 87 7.2.1 Specialisation, Skills and Experience 87 7.2.2 The Mughal Empire 88 7.2.3 Complimentary with Religious and Mi1itary Instimtions and Values 90 7.2.4 Organisation 92 7.2.5 Infrastructure and SuppOliing Industries 96 7.3 The Decline of Javanese Shipping 100 7.4 China and Gujarat Compared 101 Chapter 8. The Rise of European Shipping 103 8.1 Evolution ofthe European Commercial Environment 103 8.2 European Technological Advance 107 8.3 Evolution of Shipping Technology 107 8.4 Rise of Spanish and Portuguese Shipping 112 8.5 Sources of Iberian Competitive Advantage 118 8.5.1 Skills, Expelience and Reputation 118 8.5.2 Compatibility with Religious and Military Institutions 119 8.5.3 SUPPOliive Govemment Policies and Organisation 120 8.5.4 SuppOliing Industries 127 8.5.5 Knowledge Resources 129 8.6 The Portuguese and Spanish anive in Asia 132 Chapter 9. The Rise of NOli hem European Shipping 138 9.1 The English Imitation Process 138 VI ~:,>~< 9.2 The Rise of the Dutch 142 9.3 Dutch Advance 144 9A Gujarat, China and the NOlthern Europeans 151 9.5 Crisis in Spain and the Dutch Golden Age 157 9.5.1 Organisation and Institutional Advances 157 1::-- 9.5.2 Government Policy 162 :...... ' 9.5.3 SUPPOlting industJies 163 9.5A Human Resources 167 9.5.5 Complementatity with Religious Values 168 9.5.6 Military Strength 169 9.6 Attempts at RefOlm 172 9.7 Conclusion 177 ;--.-- Chapter 10. Britannia Rules the Waves 181 10.1 English Imitation of the Dutch 181 10.2 English Advance and Dutch Entrapment 186 10.2.1 Economies of Scale, Expelience, Specialisation and Skills 186 10.2.2 Government Policy and Complementarity with Military Instituti ons 188 10.2.3 Organisation 190 10.2.4 Technology and SUPPOlting IndustJies 192 10.3 Conclusion on Dutch Decline 198 10.4 Gujarat's Decline in the Early Eighteenth CentllIY 200 10.4.1 Decline of the Mughal Economy 200 IOA.2 Saturation and Shifting Pattems of Demand 203 10A.3 Organisation 205 10.5 A Need to RefOlm 206 10.6 EntJ'apment in the Textile Industry 210 10.7 Conclusion 212 Chapter II. The Industrial Revolution 214 11.1 Coal, Iron and Steam Technologies 214 11.2 Shipping and the New Technologies 216 11.2.1 Organisation 221 11.2.2 Government Policy and Empire 224 11.2.3 SUPPOIting IndustJ'ies and Technologies 225 11.3 The Coal and Steam based Economic System 228 Vll 11.4 Early US Shipping 229 Chapter 12 Changes in the East 234 12.1 The Decline of Chinese Shipping 234 12.2 China's Failure to Imitate 242 12.3 Imitation - Steamship Companies 247 12.4 Conclusion on Chinese Decline 250 12.5 Imitation in Japan 253 12.6 Imitation in Japanese Shipping 261 12.7 Conclusion - China and Japan Compared 270 Chapter 13 Towards the Twentieth CentlllY 272 13.1 Evolution ofthe Amelican Economic System 272 13.2 The Rebirth of American Shipping 275 13.3 Twentieth Century Catch Up 283 Chapter 14 Britannia Shares the Waves 290 14.1 Blitish Entrapment 290 14.1.1 Shipping Technology 290 14.1.2 Path Dependency - The General Pmpose Tramp 293 14.1.3 Organisation 294 14.1.4 Supporting Industries 297 14.2 Attempts at RefOlm • 305 14.3 Discussion 307 14.4 A Brief Note on Shipping in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century 308 . ,--~ Chapter 15 Conclusion 311 15.1 Imitation and Catch Up 311 15.2 Advance 313 15.3 Entrapment 314 15.4 An International Industry Life Cycle? 317 15.5 Can the Past Predict the Future 319 15.6 Implications for Govel1lment Policy 322 Bibliography 324 Vll1 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 2.1 Baniers to Change 29 3.1 Chronological Map of Thesis 37 6.1 Competitive Strengths and Related Hemistics of Chinese Shipping 77 7.1 Competitive Sh"engths and Related HeUlistics of Gujarat Shipping 99 8.1 Competitive Strengths and Related Heuristics of Ibelian Shipping 103 9.1 Declining Spanish and Portuguese Shipping 170 9.2 Entrapment of Iberian Shipping 172 9.3 Competitive Strengths and Related Heuristics of Dutch Shipping 179 10.1 Tonnage of shipping cleared from Blitish ports for foreign trades 186 Ib.2 Entrapment of Dutch Shipping 199 10J Entrapment of Guj arat Shipping 213 Il.l Declining Freight Rates: Steam and Sail 221 1l.2 Competitive Strengths and Related Hell1istics of Blitish Shipping 229 12.1 Entrapment of Chinese Shipping 252 12.2 Growth in the Japanese Mercantile Mmine 269 13.1 World Major Ship-owners in 1926 287 13.2 Tonnage by Nationality 1939-1948 288 14.1 Structure of Blitish Industry in 1960 295 14.2 Changes of world leadership in indushial production, 1870-1938 298 14.3 Entrapment of Blitish Shi.pping 308 14.4 Plinciple Merchant Fleets 1953 -1973 309 15.1 Competitive Advantage from Industry and Environment 314 15.2 Stages of the Life Cycle 318 1X LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 2.1 The effect of innovation on the relative cost structure of finns.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. March 10
    1776 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MARcH 10, H. Owen and ofW. W. Welch-severally to the Committee on Wax braces some six or seven hundred miles of road under one control, Claims. and, talring it in connection with its control of the Georgia road, By Mr. A.. HERR SMITH: The petition of soldiers and sailors of more than that. That is all worked in connection with the expor­ the late war for an increase of pension to all pensioners who lost an tation of productions at Savannah. The Louisville and Nashville arm and leg while in the line of duty-to the Committee on Invalid system, which is very prominent and controls probably some two Pensions. thousand miles of road, or more, works in harmony with the Central. By Mr. STONE: The petition of Patrick McDonald, to be placed That combination of roads naturally looks to Savannah as an outlet on the retired list-to the Committee on Military Affairs. for a great deal of the produce that is shipped over its lines. There By Mr. TALBOTT: Papers relating to the claim of Alexander M. is then the line by way of'the Georgia and Cent.ral, through Atlanta Templeton-to the Committee on War Claims. over the Stat.e Road~ as it is called, by the Nashville, Chattanoo~a By Mr. URNER: Papers relating to the claim of Robertson Topp antl Saint Louis, al o connecting with the Louisville and Nashviue and William L. Vance-to the same committee. Road to the western cities. There are the same connections up to By Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital 3D Reconstruction of British 74-Gun Ship-Of-The-Line
    DIGITAL 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF BRITISH 74-GUN SHIP-OF-THE-LINE, HMS COLOSSUS, FROM ITS ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION PLANS A Thesis by MICHAEL KENNETH LEWIS Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Filipe Castro Committee Members, Chris Dostal Ergun Akleman Head of Department, Darryl De Ruiter May 2021 Major Subject: Anthropology Copyright 2021 Michael Lewis ABSTRACT Virtual reality has created a vast number of solutions for exhibitions and the transfer of knowledge. Space limitations on museum displays and the extensive costs associated with raising and conserving waterlogged archaeological material discourage the development of large projects around the story of a particular shipwreck. There is, however, a way that technology can help overcome the above-mentioned problems and allow museums to provide visitors with information about local, national, and international shipwrecks and their construction. 3D drafting can be used to create 3D models and, in combination with 3D printing, develop exciting learning environments using a shipwreck and its story. This thesis is an attempt at using an 18th century shipwreck and hint at its story and development as a ship type in a particular historical moment, from the conception and construction to its loss, excavation, recording and reconstruction. ii DEDICATION I dedicate my thesis to my family and friends. A special feeling of gratitude to my parents, Ted and Diane Lewis, and to my Aunt, Joan, for all the support that allowed me to follow this childhood dream. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Consensus View on Camping and Tramping Fiction Is That It First
    Camping and Tramping, Swallows and Amazons: Interwar Children’s Fiction and the Search for England Hazel Sheeky A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Newcastle University May 2012 Abstract For many in Britain, the interwar period was a time of significant social, political and cultural anxiety. In the aftermath of the First World War, with British imperial power apparently waning, and with the politics of class becoming increasingly pressing, many came to perceive that traditional notions of British, and particularly English, identity were under challenge. The interwar years saw many cultural responses to the concerns these perceived challenges raised, as seen in H. V. Morton’s In Search of England (1927) and J. B. Priestley’s English Journey (1934). The sense of socio-cultural crisis was also registered in children’s literature. This thesis will examine one significant and under-researched aspect of the responses to the cultural anxieties of the inter-war years: the ‘camping and tramping’ novel. The term ‘camping and tramping’ refers to a sub-genre of children’s adventure stories that emerged in the 1930s. These novels focused on the holiday leisure activities – generally sailing, camping and hiking - of largely middle-class children in the British (and most often English) countryside. Little known beyond Arthur Ransome’s ‘Swallows and Amazons’ novels (1930-1947), this thesis undertakes a full survey of camping and tramping fiction, developing for the first time a taxonomy of this sub-genre (chapter one).
    [Show full text]
  • BWISC Bulletin June 2009
    EARLIEST RECORDED COVER FROM TURKS ISLANDS BY RICHARD FODEN FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 Datelined 21 July 1804 BULLETIN No. 224 March 2010 Affiliated to the Association of British Philatelic Societies and the American Philatelic Society ISSN 0953–8720 BRITISH WEST INDIES STUDY CIRCLE OBJECTS 1 TO promote interest in and the study of the stamps and postal history of the islands that comprise the British West Indies and in addition BERMUDA, BRITISH GUIANA (GUYANA) and BRITISH HONDURAS (BELIZE) and the Postal History and markings of all other Caribbean territories during any period that they were under British administration or control, and those British Post Offices which operated in the Caribbean, and Central or South America. 2 TO issue a quarterly BULLETIN containing articles, items of interest and other features. 3 TO loan books from the Circle library (home members only). Borrowers bear postage both ways. 4 TO publicise 'wants' and furnish opinions on stamp(s) and/or cover(s) for a nominal fee. 5 TO encourage, assist or sponsor the authorship and publication of definitive handbooks, monographs or other works of reference appropriate to the aim in paragraph 1 above. Opinions expressed in articles in this Bulletin are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the BWISC, its Editor, or its Officers. OFFICERS & CONTACT DETAILS Web Site: www.bwisc.org Founder: P.T. Saunders, FRPSL President: E.V. Toeg, FRPSL Vice-Presidents: Charles Freeland, FRPSL: Ob Batterieweg 45, CH-4059 Basel, Switzerland Tel. 0041 61 361 1205, e-mail: [email protected] Simon Goldblatt: 39 Essex Street, London, WC2R 3AT Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts of Obituaries –D-E-F-G- H- Lawrence Co., Ohio Researched by Sharon M
    Abstracts of Obituaries –D-E-F-G- H- Lawrence Co., Ohio researched by Sharon M. Kouns ABSTRACTS OF OBITUARIES, DEATH NOTICES, ETC. OF LAWRENCE COUNTY (OHIO) PEOPLE AND SURROUNDING COUNTIES COMPILED BY SHARON MILICH KOUNS Updated last: October 10, 1997 IR = IRONTON REGISTER SWI = SEMI WEEKLY IRONTONIAN IDR = IRONTON DAILY REGISTER IT =IRONTON TRIBUNE MI = MORNING IRONTONIAN IET = IRONTON EVENING TRIBUNE IJRN = IRONTON JOURNAL IR Sept. 29, 1887 Remember, obituaries are charged half a cent a word, cash to accompany the order. Watch this. Also, remember that all anonymous communications will be thrown in the waste basket. Some of these obituaries are quite long in their actual form and have been condensed for this publication. Thank you, Sharon Kouns. completed July 29, 1852 -July 20, 1854 deaths & marriages completed July 19, 1860 - Oct. 18, 1860 deaths & marriages on computer completed July 24, 1856 - July 15, 1858 deaths & marriages on computer completed Jan. 14, 1858 - Mar. 25, 1858 deaths & marriage completed deaths from Ironton Journal Sept. 1, 1869 through December 28, 1870 -D- Daily, Soloman - IR Nov. 24, 1887 - Marriage license issued to Soloman Daily and Minerva Markins. Dale, Edward R. - IR Aug. 17, 1899 - Last Saturday, Mr. Edward R. Dale, of Marietta, the husband of Mrs. C. C. Clarke's sister, died suddenly on a railroad train that had left Boston that morning, bound north. Mr. Dale was traveling with his wife and three children. died of heart disease. Funeral at Marietta. Dalton, Andrew I. - IR Oct. 06, 1853 - Married on the 25th ult., in Perry Twp., by P. R.
    [Show full text]
  • Epedal Power
    Read all about it PLUCK A BUZZARD FLEECE FLEECES ARE great for comfort and EMPIRE OF THE SEAS MICHELIN EATING warmth, but not always the best for Brian Lavery OUT IN PUBS Shop front Conway Michelin keeping out chilling winds and rain. Country Innovation’s recently ISBN 9781844861095 ISBN 9782067146853 launched Buzzard fleece jacket is £20 hardback £14.99 paperback Clive White finds some windproof and waterproof, courtesy Tracing the turbulent of its Innovation XL lining, and its If you’re the sort of and fascinating useful kit for caravanners elbows, collar and shoulders are Offer price caravanner who history of the Royal Offer price reinforced with tough fabric. It £14 + would rather avoid Navy from the time of the three-burner £11.24 + features two large lower zippered postage the Armada, this book hob and spend your postage Get fit pockets, vertical zippered chest ties in with the BBC TV pocket, inner placket to minimise evening indulging your tastebuds at a local hostelry, FED UP with struggling to fit water seeping through the main zip, series of the same name, presented by Dan Snow. Eating out in Pubs definitely the book for you. is universal towing mirrors? neck and bottom hem drawcords and The book, however, is written by Brian Lavery, one of the This 656-page guide lists many of the best Riversway Leisure is offering the elasticated cuffs. £115 (or £125 for foremost naval historians, boasting an impressive CV EMUK range of E11-compliant containing numerous other titles on the subject. gastropubs in Britain and Ireland, selected by size XXL), see countryinnovation.com independent inspectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Outfitting USS Constitution During the War of 1812 Matthew Brenckle
    Outfitting USS Constitution during the War of 1812 Matthew Brenckle A publication of the USS Constitution Museum, Boston © 2019 USS Constitution Museum | usscm.org Outfitting USS Constitution during the War of 1812 Matthew Brenckle CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................1 Ship Fittings and Timber for the Hull and Deck ...............................2 Rigging, Sails, Masts, Spars, and Yards .......................................4 Paint ....................................................................6 Armaments: Long Guns, Carronades, Howitzers, and Small Arms ...............8 Boats ...................................................................14 Navigational Instruments and Charts .......................................16 Cabin and Berth Deck Fittings and Furnishings ..............................19 Fuel and Lighting ........................................................22 Galley ..................................................................25 Citing this publication ....................................................26 A publication of the USS Constitution Museum, Boston © 2019 USS Constitution Museum | usscm.org Introduction A working warship required not only large numbers of men to run efficiently and effectively, but also mountains ofstuff. The men who served the guns had to be fed and clothed, certainly, but the guns themselves required hundreds of items to keep them in good repair and functioning properly. Ravaged regularly by the sea, the very fabric of a wooden vessel
    [Show full text]
  • Military History
    Save up to 80% off cover prices on these subjects: Air Combat & Aircraft ···················45 Military Modeling·······················68 American Military History··················8 Naval History ·························59 American Revolution ····················10 Notable Military Units····················57 British Military History ···················67 Spies & Espionage ·····················65 Civil War ·····························12 Uniforms, Markings & Insignia ·············56 Cold War ····························66 Vietnam War ··························15 European Warfare ······················67 WW I & WW II Battles & Campaigns ·········34 Fortresses & Castles ····················59 WW I & WW II Commanders & Units ········39 General Military History ···················2 WW I & WW II Diaries & Memoirs···········30 History of Warfare······················63 WW I & WW II Naval History ··············41 Hitler & the Nazis·······················26 WW I & WW II Spies & Espionage ··········44 Holocaust ····························29 War on Terror ·························67 Korean War···························15 Wartime Journalism ····················64 Military Collectibles ·····················68 Weapons & Military Technology ············58 Military Leaders························69 World War I & World War II ···············18 Current titles are marked with a «. 3891682 SWORD TECHNIQUES OF MUSASHI AND THE OTHER SAMURAI General Military History MASTERS. By Fumon Tanaka. An internationally LIMITED QUANTITY 4724720 SILENT AND renowned
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Alumni Newsletter(PDF)
    Summer 2005 Dear FOOT Leaders Alums, Greetings and I hope I find all of you well. This was a long winter and spring in the east—a bitter cold winter followed by a cool and wet spring—the coolest May on record for a very long time. Maybe summer has finally burst upon us—I hope so. I got the FOOT listserv up and running again—please don’t be too timid to use it! Remember if you want to be taken off, just let me know and the same goes for if you want to be on it. I mentioned something about retiring soon and all of a sudden people starting sending in retirement notes—I just meant it is down the road in the near future, but not tomorrow! You are still stuck with me for a few years. Welcome to the Class of 2005 who have now joined our ranks—that means about 600 of you! But some news of semi-retirement is that of Betty Trachtenberg who is retiring from the freshman year duties in January 2006. I still do not know who the new dean for the freshman year will be. I’m sure Betty would love to hear from any of you that remember she was the administrator who totally supported FOOT from the beginning: [email protected]. The FOOT reunion last summer in Vermont was great fun. We started the event in the rain and yet everyone’s spirits was high. In fact, some leaders mentioned that it wouldn’t truly be a FOOT experience without some rain! We had a total of 43 people counting all the FOOT kids—and they were wonderful.
    [Show full text]
  • Seamen on Late Eighteenth-Century European Warships*
    IRSH 54 (2009), pp. 67–93 doi:10.1017/S0020859009000030 r 2009 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis SURVEY Seamen on Late Eighteenth-Century European Warships* N IKLAS F RYKMAN Department of History, University of Pittsburgh E-mail: [email protected] SUMMARY: For hundreds of thousands, the naval wars of the 1790s meant shock proletarianization at sea. Unprecedented numbers of men – many without previous experience of the sea, many of them foreign-born – were forced into warships and made to work under the threat of savage violence. Desertion rates reached pre- viously unimaginable levels as men fled ships and navies. The greatest wave of naval mutiny in European history followed in their wake. Hundreds of crews revolted, sometimes paralyzing whole fleets in the midst of the annual fighting season. This article considers the struggles in the French, Dutch, and British navies, concluding that the key development that precipitated the sudden explosion of mutiny was the internationalization of Europe’s lower decks. When the inter-imperial arms race accelerated in the late eighteenth century, European navies entered a three-decade long period of vast expansion. Measured in terms of total displacement, the French navy increased by 107 per cent between 1760 and 1790; the Dutch navy by 98 per cent; the Spanish by 85 per cent; the Danish-Norwegian by 34 per cent; and the British navy by 26 per cent.1 Admiralties ordered both more ships and bigger ships, and then crammed more guns into them. They built larger dockyards and more complex bureaucracies, hired more workers, produced and purchased more timber, iron, hemp, and provisions, * A German version of this article will be published in: Marcel van der Linden and Karl Heinz Roth (eds), U¨ber Marx hinaus, Assoziation A (Berlin [etc.], 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • The Franco-Scottish Wars: 1689–1697 and 1702–1713
    CHAPTER SEVEN THE FRANCO-SCOTTISH WARS: 1689–1697 AND 1702–1713 The English must also take most of the credit for the terrible cam- paigns waged recently in Germany and Spain and Belgium, though we too may boast some share in that glory, a share unacknowl- edged abroad.1 Ever since the publication of James Grant’s invaluable Old Scots Navy in 1914, scholars have largely followed both his narrative and conclu- sions in relation to events of the Franco-Scottish wars and Scotland’s contribution to them.2 Grant focuses on the initial exploits of two hired merchantmen, followed by the issuing of letters of marque to some privateers and the eventual establishment of a dedicated Scottish navy (composed of three vessels), with great emphasis usually being placed on its diminutive size when it is described. However, by con- sidering the Franco-Scottish wars in the context of the previous con- flicts of the early modern period, we not only confirm some aspects of Grant’s narrative, but also bring in new arguments which certainly give rise to alternative perspectives. While the basics of the narrative remain the same—there were indeed only three ships in the Scottish navy (1696–1707)—the conclusions drawn about their significance can and should be considerably revised. France had long been one of Scotland’s main trading partners but, as we have seen, under the Stewart regime the Scots had already twice been at war with France in the seventeenth century. By the late 1680s, fears of a Catholic alliance forming between Louis XIV and James VII and II prompted both the ‘Glorious Revolution’ in England (1688) and the subsequent deposition of Scotland’s Catholic king and the selection 1 Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, History of the Union of Scotland and England, trans- lated and edited by Douglas Duncan (Edinburgh, 1993), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Maritime Culture
    Section F MARITIME CULTURE ritain’s historical relationship with the sea produced a distinctive and rich culture, which is reflected in the Bcollections of museums around the United Kingdom. The objects can range from sailors’ amateur scrimshaw to a painting by JMW Turner. Many of the objects make wonderful display items, often linked to historically significant characters and events, and provide evidence to support broader stories. Maritime culture falls broadly into two categories: life at sea, which produced its own language, work songs and shanties, skills, flags and the etiquette of using them, and sailors’ arts and crafts; and largely shore-based material culture such as paintings, figureheads and commemorative material. The outputs are extensive and could form a book on their own. In this section we have covered key elements of maritime culture that will provide an accessible introduction to the subject. Maritime Culture A MANUAL OF MARITIME CURATORSHIP | 2017 1 MARINE PAINTING BY JAMES STEWARD, MA, AMA, EASTERN AREA MANAGER, NORFOLK MUSEUMS AND ARCHAEOLOGY SERVICE DEFINITION OF MARINE PAINTING Marine painting might at first seem relatively easy to define: any picture that has ships and the sea as its main subject. The term seascape could also include coastscape or beachscape – really an extension of landscape. The pure seascape is not dependent on the ship as its central theme. Therefore, marine painting may be taken as that which portrays the sea itself as well as the ships that sailed on it. Marine painting, of whatever country of origin, provides invaluable information about ship construction and design, sails and rigging, ship decoration, and the transitional age when iron superseded wood as the material of construction and steam superseded sail as the means of propulsion.
    [Show full text]