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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-79039-0 - The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896 Sven Beckert Index More information

Index

Abercombie, James A., 263 American Industrial League, 169 Abolition movement American Institute, 64, 67, 168, 240 growing conflict over, 85 American Iron and Steel Association, manufacturers/mercantile elites and, 291 75, 89–92 American Merchant, 41, 70 See also Slavery American Party, 86 Academy of Music, 210, 247 American Protective Tariff League, 240, Academy of Music ball (1881), 294 305 African American bourgeoisie, 368n.133 American Railroad Journal, 119, 120, African Americans 136, 137, 138, 143, 158, 229 bourgeois New Yorkers support of American Railway Union, 287 freedpeople, 158–159 “American Society for Promoting declining elite support of, 224–226 National Unity,” 96 Draft Riot attacks against, 138 American Surety Company, 249 Emancipation Proclamation freeing America’s Successful Men of Affairs, 246 slaves, 130, 132 Anderson, Major, 97, 111 enlistment as Union soldiers by NY, Anti-Income Tax Association of New 134–135 York, 229 political interest in enfranchisement of, Anti-Semitism 166, 167–168 comparison of European and U.S., Union League Club supporting rights 439n.188 of, 130–131 of upper-class elites, 265–266, violence against freed slaves, 167, 439n.188 225 Anti-tax mobilization See also Freedpeople; Slavery development of, 227, 229 AICP (Association for Improving the link between Reconstruction and, Conditions of the Poor), 67–68, 75, 229–231 76, 179, 181, 192, 216–217 Apparel industry, 250 Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 150 Art collection, 259 Aldrich, Nelson, 308–309 Arthur, Chester, 309 Alexis of Russia, Grand Duke, 157, 190 Aspinwall, William H., 48, 96, 130 Allaire Works, 51 Association to take steps to oppose the Allen, Horatio, 76 levying and collecting of the Income American Anti-Slavery Society, 89 Tax, 229 American Bible Society, 41 Astor, Caroline Schermerhorn, 1, 14, American Commonwealth (Bryce), 256 98ph, 156, 248 American Cotton Oil Trust, 239 Astor, John Jacob, 1, 26, 28, 35, 58, 135, American Exchange Bank, 121 157, 222, 270 American Free Trade League, 164, 305 Astor Place Opera House, 49–50 American Home Missionary Society, 75 Astor Place riots (1849), 72

469

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-79039-0 - The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896 Sven Beckert Index More information

470 Index

Astor, William Backhouse, 34, 48, 95, slavery/capitalism coexistence belief by, 96, 127 88–89 Astor, William W., 293 southern readmittence supported by, Atlantic Monthly, 179, 256 170–171 A. T. Stewart’s, 24, 104ph summer home/racetrack of, 258 Atterbury, B. B., 34 Union Club membership of, 58, 59 Audit Company, 249 Belmont, Caroline, 17 Austin, Robert F., 308 Belmont, Perry, 213, 309, 310 Bensel, Richard, 164 Babcock, Samuel D., 214 Bernheimer, Isaac, 267 Baker, George F., 123, 126, 129, 209 Bernstein, Iver, 139, 173 Baker, Mary Ann, 34 Bimetallism monetary standard, 456n.84 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad strike Blackmar, Elizabeth, 262 (1877), 232–235 Blaine, James G., 313 Bancroft, George, 127 Blatchford, Richard M., 96 Bank of Commerce, 118, 121, 123, 153 Blatchford, Samuel, 311–312 Bank of England, 304 Blunt, George W., 139 Banker’s Magazine, 308, 326–327, 330 Blunt, Joseph, 93 Banking industry. See New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment, banking industry 319 Baring Brothers (London), 25 Bogert, Peter, 54 Barlow, Samuel, 95, 125, 129, 132, 139, Bolles, Albert, 255 142, 143, 231, 278, 310 Boss Piano Makers of New York, 274, Barney, Hiram, 129 291 Barnum, Phineas T., 268 Boston bourgeoisie, 381n.22, 439n.198 Barnum’s, 48, 54 Bourgeoisie Barrett, Walter, 84 absence of aristocracy and, 336n.18, Battle of Bull Run (1861), 125 337n.31 Bayard, Thomas F., 309 African American, 299, 368n.133 Beebe, J. M., 26 anti-Semitism of, 265–266, 439n.188 Beecher, Henry Ward, 129, 152, 191 “aristocratization” of, 259f, 436n.149 Beekman, James, 28, 37, 38, 58, 65, 75, Boston, 381n.22, 439n.198 82, 86, 135, 171 class-formation approach to study, Beisel, Nicola Kay, 211, 263 12–13 Belding, Milo Merrick, 238 comparative research on development Belknap, Robert, 270 of, 11, 344n.63 Bellows, Henry Whitney, 125 definition of, 6–7, 337n.34, 435n.119 Belmont, August economic interests and nationalism of, art collection of, 17, 48 329–332 Civil War efforts by, 117, 125, 126, emergence of educated, 254 127, 128, 132, 133, 134 exceptional degree of power held by, Delmonico ball given by, 211 332–334, 336n.20, 452n.42 Democratic Party activism by, 81, 95, 96 expansion of U.S., 237–241 on economic impact of depression, German-American, 367n.131, 394n.11 208, 209, 210 historical overview of, 13–14 as European immigrant, 30 making of the, 3–6 as important NYC banker, 25 petite, 6, 7, 251–252, 323 marriage of, 34 relationships with other social classes, photograph of, 98ph 7–8 political relationships of, 309 role of schools in nationalization of, self-made wealth of, 63 429n.14

Index 471

social identity of, 8–9 emerging new business class, 253–260 social integration of economic elites in, ideology of, 281 245–249 marriages of, 246 See also Elites; Upper class national upper-class and expansion of, Bourgeois New Yorkers (1850s) 237–239 accumulation of capital by, 24–36 political power of, 298–301 consumption patterns by, 42–45 public display of wealth by, 257–261 distinct gender roles of, 38–39 relationship to working class by, distinctive characteristics of, 7–8, 40–42 279–288 economic activities of, 20–29 social identity created by, 237, 256–265 expansion of, 29–31 social integration of industrialists/mer- ideology of, 66–77 chants, 242–248 marriages of, 33–35 social networks of, 262–265 photo gallery of, 102ph–107ph structural changes leading to identity place of birth (1855) of, 31 of, 237–242 public institutions/space control by, See also Bourgeois New Yorkers poli- 49–51 tics (1880s/1890s); Manufacturers; sense of stewardship by, 70–71 Mercantile elite social/kinship networks of, 31–36, Bourgeois New Yorkers politics (1850s) 44–45, 55–60 attempts to reassert, 82–83 See also Bourgeois New Yorkers poli- Civil War support by, 115–119 tics (1850s); Manufacturers; Mer- Committee of Seventy supported by, cantile elites 186–187 Bourgeois New Yorkers (1870s) debates on suffrage by, 182–186, accumulation of capital by, 146–154 218–224 average combined real/personal wealth Democratic Party challenge to, 79–80 of, 150f free-labor ideology of, 72–75 blossoming of social life among, municipal politics and eroding, 80–81 154–157 New York Whig Party and, 86–87 elements of social identity of, 207 Republican Party and, 84–85, 86, 88–89 exclusive neighborhoods of, 155–156 slavery issue and, 85–97, 125–135 ideology of, 190–192 through social networks, 81–82 investment diversification of, 153f See also Bourgeois New Yorkers place of birth of, 147f (1850s); Political economy reconciliation with south supported by, Bourgeois New Yorkers politics (1870s) 157–170 debates on suffrage by, 182–186, relationship to working class by, 218–224 175–180, 192–195 declining support for Reconstruction response to depression by, 208–219 by, 224–226, 227–232 See also Bourgeois New Yorkers poli- free-labor ideology of, 158–159 tics (1870s); Manufacturers; Mer- monetary policies supported by, cantile elite 226–227 Bourgeois New Yorkers (1880s/1890s) objectives of, 301–302, 328–329 accumulation of capital by, 241–242, opposition to Radical Republicans by, 248–251 165–169 anti-Semitism of, 265–266, 439n.188 reorientation of reform ideology by, consumption patterns by, 257–261 190–195 declining influence of merchants, response to working class power by, 248–249 175–180 declining influence of NYC manufac- Tammany Hall supporters in, 174–175 turers, 249–253 “taxpayer” ideology of, 227, 229

472 Index

Bourgeois New Yorkers politics (cont’d.) Building industry See also Bourgeois New Yorkers growth of, 54–55 (1870s); Political economy response to Civil War by, 124–125 Bourgeois New Yorkers politics Building Trades Employers’ Association (1880s/1890s) of the City of New York, 289 ethnic mixing in political organizations Burnham, Thomas B., 263 of, 266–267 “Business man” social identity, 256–257 influence over municipal government Butler, William Allen, 221 by, 315–320 influence over national politics by, Calumet Club, 264 309–315 Cameron, A. S., 194 legitimacy crisis of, 320–322 Capital accumulation relationship between two political during the 1850s, 24–31, 36–38, parties and, 312–313 51–55 tariff vs. economic interest and, 305–308 during the 1870s, 146–154 See also Bourgeois New Yorkers during the 1880s/1890s, 241–245f, (1880s/1890s); Political economy 254 Bowen, Henry C., 93, 129 importance of social/kinship networks Boyd’s New York City Tax Book, to, 31–36, 63 351n.15 industrialists’ free labor ideology on, Bradley, Joseph P., 312 73–74 Bradley Martin ball (1897), 1–2, 14, NYC millionaires, 245f, 428n.4 198ph, 325, 334 statistics on NYC, 350n.13, 351n.15 Bradstreet’s, 277 through manufacturing, 51–55, Brewer, David J., 312 146–151, 241–244, 249–253 Brewster, James, 76 through professions, 36–38, 253–254 Bricklayers strike (1868), 173 through trade, 24–31, 151–154, Britton, John W., 194 248–249 Bross, William, 149, 153 See also Economy Brown Brothers, 35, 152, 182 Capital investment Brown, Clarence, 118 diversification of bourgeois (1870s), Brown, George H., 161 153f Brown, Isaac, 60 by manufacturing industry Brown, James (1880s/1890s), 249–253, 432n.81 capital accumulation by, 25–26 real estate, 28–29, 150–151 capital investment by, 52 See also Manufacturing industry; New Citizen’s Committee chaired by, 183 York City banking industry; New fashionable neighborhood of, 56, 155 York City trade New Year’s Day visits by, 44, 45 “Capitalist” social identity, 256–257 political activism by, 86, 96, 132, 182 Capital and Labor, 273 on suffrage rights, 221 Carey, Henry C., 169 Brown, James M., 182 Carnegie, Andrew, 212, 213, 241, 244, Brown, J. D., 35 246, 248, 249, 281, 303 Brown, John Crosby, 35, 37, 39–40, 44, Carow, Edith Kermit, 262 149, 161 Carriage parade (Central Park), 157, Bryan, William Jennings, 3, 304, 314 198ph, 211, 258–259 Bryce, James, 256, 311 Carrigan, Andrew, 127 Buchanan, Robert Stewart, 29, 34, 54 Central Park “Buffalo’s Switchmen Strike” (1892), daily carriage parade in, 157, 198ph, 297 211, 258–259

Index 473

development as public space, 50, Child, Lydia Maria, 47, 255 74–75 Child-rearing practices, 40 fiscal neglect of, 316 Children Central Railroad of Georgia, 162 upper-class, 34, 262, 265 Century Club, 58, 74–75, 246 work ethic taught to upper-class, Chamber of Commerce 262–263 Civil War activism by, 116, 124, 125, See also Families 126 Chittenden, Simeon B., 93, 154, 170 Civil War victory celebrated by, 142 Choate, George, 262–263 close relations with federal government Choate, Joseph Hodges, 137, 139, by, 232 239–240, 262–263, 268, 311, 317 commitment to promotion of trade by, Choate (school), 240 58 Church congregations, 59–60 concerns with antebellum debts by, Church, Frederic Edwin, 38 158, 400n.114 Churchill, Lord Randolph, 260 declining influence of, 165–166 Church Music Association, 210 eight-hour labor strike (1886) response Church, Sanford, 215 by, 276 Citizen’s Committee, 182, 183–186, ethnic mixing of 1880s/1890s, 267 411n.87 fiscal retrenchment supported by, 214 Citizen’s Union Club, 318 on gold standard, 226 City Bank, 26, 121, 131 industrialist/financier members of, 245 Civil Rights Bill (1866), 165, 168 industrialist/merchant members of, Civil Rights Bill (1875), 225 430n.45 Civil-service reform, 318–319 monetary policy reform support by, Civil War 163–164 bankers and, 120–124 opening of, 69–70 bourgeois New Yorkers enlistment position on labor unions by, 282 during, 118–119 position on railroad regulation by, 308 celebrating end of, 142–143 position taken on suffrage rights by, 221 conflicts about meaning of, 125–135 position on tariffs by, 124, 306 creation of Union League Club during, post-Civil War reconciliation policy by, 130–131 139–140 economic impact of, 135–137 response to Lincoln’s death by, 143 emancipation during, 129–130 as social network, 59 enlistment of NY African Americans support for Greater NYC consolida- during, 134–135 tion by, 318 growing radicalization during, Chandler, Alfred D., 253 126–132 Character ethic, 41–42 as last “bourgeois revolution,” Charitable donations, 216–218 381n.24 See also Public stewardship tradition manufacturers and, 120 Charles, Father, 138 merchants and, 124 Chase National Bank, 243 monetary politics during, 121–125 Chase, Salmon P., 117, 118, 130 new politics created by, 124–125, Chauler, Winthrop, 82, 133 135–137, 144, 383n.58 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail- NYC Chamber of Commerce and, road, 312 111–112, 143 Chicago’s Haymarket bombing (1886), NYC Draft Riots (1863) during, 134, 276, 278 137–141, 173, 182, 210, Chickering Hall meeting (1877), 222, 223 392nn.203, 204

474 Index

Civil War (cont’d.) Reconstruction position by, 160, 165 opening shots fired in, 97 references to “business men” by, 257 7th Regiment leaving for, 202ph retrenchment position by, 227, 229 social life during, 137 on tariff debate, 305, 306 support for federal government during, Commission merchants, 22–23 115–125 Committee of Citizens and Taxpayers for victory of 1865 ending the, 143–144 the Financial Reform of the City and See also Confederacy County of New York, 182, 183–186 Civil War effort Committee of Seventy (1871), 182–183, benefits to manufacturers/bankers by, 186–190 120–121 Committee of Seventy (1894), 318, 320 by Boston bourgeoisie, 381n.22 Common Council, 319 bourgeoisie-state interdependence and, Commons, John R., 255 119–120 The Commune of 1871 (Paris), 180, elite support for radicalization of, 181–182, 232 127–128 Compromise of 1850, 85, 86 mercantile elite financial support of, Comstock, Anthony, 263 115–118 Confederacy Claflin, Horace, 248 Civil War defeat of, 143–144 Clark, Horace, 215 resilience of, 125 Class-formation approach upper class segment advocating diplo- NYC economic elite studied using, matic settlement with, 133 12–13 See also Civil War; The South See also Social identity The Conflict Between Capital and Labor Clayton Act, 328 in 1876 (Bolles), 255 Cleveland, Grover, 255, 288, 310, Conscription Act (1863), 132, 138 313–314 Constitutional Commission’s Committee Clews, Henry, 267 on Municipal Reform, 189 Clothing manufacturers, 51, 146, 147, Consumption patterns 250 of bourgeois New Yorkers (1850s), CLU (Central Labor Union), 276–277 42–45, 102ph, 105ph See also Labor movement of bourgeois New Yorkers (1870s), Coe, George S., 121, 170, 221 154–157 Colgate, Samuel J., 213 of bourgeois New Yorkers Colored Orphan Asylum, 138 (1880s/1890s), 257–265 Columbia College, 36–37, 69, 239 social identity and, 257–258 Commercial and Financial Chronicle status of 1880s/1890s through, disenfranchisement amendment sup- 260–261 ported by, 221, 222 See also Public display of wealth European armaments criticized by, 330 Cook, Clarence, 155 gold standard supported by, 226 Cooke, Jay, 152 on Henry George, 277 Cooper, Amelia, 61, 62 on immigration, 184 Cooper, Edward, 246 on labor/labor unions, 279, 284, 285, Cooper, Peter 286, 287–288 American Industrial League founded on military protection of property, 235 by, 169 on municipal reform, 319 Citizen’s Association chaired by, 183, position on Tweed’s expenditures by, 189 174 Cooper Union school supported by, on post-Civil War economic growth, 146 74, 181, 182, 186, 216, 226

Index 475

cultural institutions supported by, Curtis, George William, 190, 212 48 Cutting, Francis B., 142 declining influence of, 213 on gold standard, 226 Daly, Charles Patrick, 125, 140, 142 photograph of, 98ph Daly, Maria, 140 political activism of, 90, 91, 96, 126, Darwin, Charles, 212–213 128, 129, 132, 134 Darwinism, 212–213, 232 as quintessential industrialist of 1850s, Daughters of the American Revolution, 249 107ph, 240, 270 Radicals supported by, 168 Davis, Jeff, 163 self-made wealth of, 53–54, 63 Davis, Robert T., 216 on slavery, 90, 91, 126, 128, 132, Dean, John, 34 134 Delamater, Cornelius, 53 suffrage issue position of, 222 Delamater Iron Works, 53, 193, 251 work ethic of, 61, 73 Delaware Trust Company of New York, Cooper Union, 74, 181, 182, 186, 216, 328 226 Delmonico’s, 156, 211, 247, 264, 266, Cornell, John M., 245, 251 293 Corporate capitalism, 331–332 Democratic National Committee, 81 Cotton Exchange, 221 Democratic Party Cotton import/export trade “County Democracy” faction in, 315, growth of, 22 316 merchant interest in southern, 400n.114 elites desertion of, 142 slavery issue and, 87–88 emancipation debate by, 127–128 Council of Political Reform, 185–186, failure to cooperate with Republicans, 190, 214, 221 189 “County Democracy” faction, 315, 316 growing working-class influence on, Cowdin, Elliot, 181, 232, 282 79–80 Crimmins, John D., 54 municipal politics and, 80–85, 173–175, Culinary consumption, 261 214–215, 277, 278, 315–320 Cultural institutions “peace Democrats” faction in, 133–134 commercial origins of NYC, 48–49 political coalition with white southern- fine art, 48–49 ers by, 171 museums, 48–49, 210, 267–269, 271 reform supporters moving to, 83–84 orchestras/theaters/opera houses, regrouping of factions (1880) in, 49–50, 247, 269, 431nn.61, 62 315–316 social identity of 1880s/1890s defined relationship of elites (1880s/1890s) by, 269–271 and, 312–313 supported by bourgeois of response to fiscal retrenchment by, 1880s/1890s, 267–269 214–215 Culture Swallowtail Democrats of, 314, 315 child socialization of upper-class, Tammany domination of, 317 262–263 See also Political economy; Republican shared upper-class, 257–258 Party; Tammany Hall of social clubs (1880s/1890s), 263–264 Democratic Vigilance Committee, 95 social identity construction role of, Department of Public Charities and 8–9, 339n.44 Correction, 215 See also Consumption patterns; Social Depew, Chauncey M., 213, 245, 310, identity 314 Cumming, John P., 54 DePeyster, Frederick, 37, 44, 82, 243

476 Index

Depression of 1873–1879 Economy fiscal retrenchment during, 213–216 development of NYC 1850s special- impact on bourgeois New Yorkers of, ized, 21–22 208–219 elite interest in southern Reconstruc- impact on public stewardship of, 211 tion, 158–164 impact on U.S. of, 207–208 enormous growth of post-Civil War, suffrage/disenfranchisement issue dur- 145–151 ing, 218–224 growth during Civil War, 135–137 See also Economy growth of U.S. (1880s), 237–238 Depression of 1897, 1–2 instability of 1890s, 321 De Vinne, Theodore Low, 52, 195, 275 link between peacetime and, 69–70 Dietz, Robert Edwin, 52–53 military means of expanding, Dikeman, William H., 64 329–330 Dinsmore, Samuel P., 184 upper-class nationalism and foreign, Disenfranchisement issue. See Suffrage 329–332 rights See also Capital accumulation; Depres- Dix, General, 141 sion of 1873–1879; Depression of Dodge, Charles C., 118 1897; New York City trade Dodge and Company, 246 Educated bourgeoisie, 36–38, 253–254, Dodge, William E. 333 anti-tax mobilization support by, 229 Eight-hour labor strike (1886), 276, business activities of, 94, 162 449n.159 Civil War activism by, 116, 118, 132, Elections 137 of Abraham Lincoln, 94, 133–134 declining Reconstruction support by, conflict over presidential (1876), 230–231 231–232 on economic growth (1880s), 243 costs of Cleveland’s campaign during, on economic impact of depression, 208 312 on fear of immigrants, 287 elite support of Cleveland’s, 313–314 high tariffs supported by, 124, 170 of Grover Cleveland, 313–314 opposition to Radical Republicans by, of Henry George’s mayoral campaign, 165 277–279, 316, 322, 325, 328 political activism of, 87, 91, 92, 94, 96 of Rutherford B. Hayes, 231 social/kinship network of, 32, 33, 34, on suffrage restriction (1877), 221, 36, 41, 58 222, 223 Southern Reconstruction by, 159 of Ulysses Grant, 166, 171 support for Southern Reconstruction of William McKinley (1896), 314 by, 159 See also Political economy; Suffrage Dodge, William E., Jr., 222, 229, 330 rights “Dollar princesses,” 259–260 Elite anti-Semitism, 265–266 Draft Riots (1863), 134, 137–141, 173, Elites (1850s). See Bourgeois New York- 182, 210, 392nn.203, 204 ers (1850s) Draper, Simeon, 93 Elites (1870s). See Bourgeois New York- Drexel, 243 ers (1870s) Dudley, William S., 54–55 Elites (1880s/1890s). See Bourgeois New Duke, James Buchanan, 241 Yorkers (1880s/1890s) Dun credit-reporting agency, 34, 37, 38, Elites 41–42, 53, 62–63, 238, 246 defining terminology of, 6–7 The Duty of the Church in the Conflict distinction between upper-class and, Between Capital and Labor, 273 337n.30

Index 477

social distance of national from local, European bourgeoisie (19th century), 11, 433n.88 48, 49, 178, 254, 333 studied in social structure context, Evarts, William M., 125, 219, 232, 293 343n.62 Executive Committee of the Employers of See also Bourgeoisie; Upper-class the City and County of New York Ely, Mayor Smith, 208 and its Vicinity, 194 Emancipation Exports promise and enactment of, 129–130 cotton trade, 22, 87–88, 400n.114 upper class position on, 128–129, 135 increase of NYC, 396n.37 Emancipation Proclamation, 130, 132 by product category, 243f Emmet, Thomas Addis, 54 See also New York City trade Employers approach to labor unions by, 71, 73, Families 170–180, 192–195, 232–235, capital inheritance through, 36 281–283, 444n.67 child-rearing practices by, 40 changing relationship of labor and, culinary consumption by upper-class, 192–195, 274–275 261 labor movement and tactics by, marriages between, 33–35, 246 335n.16 photo of bourgeois, 107ph paternalism policy of, 284–285 servant employment by, 39–40, post-Civil War manufacturing, 147, 358n.126 148 social roles in 1880s/1890s, 261–262 reaction to strike of 1872 by, 194–195 See also Children response to proletarianization by, Farley, Terence, 140 179–180 Farmers’ Alliance (1890s), 322 See also Labor relations; Property Farmers’ Loan & Trust, 243 rights Federal government Employers’ associations antebellum political economy and, actions taken by, 290–291 85–92 battles against trade unions by, anti-tax mobilization and, 227, 229 449n.155 calls for “less government,” 301 nationalization of upper-class in, 240 Civil War expenditures by, 117–118 organized during depression of close relations with Chamber of Com- 1873–1879, 210–211 merce by, 232 origins and development of, 137, conflict between banks and, 121–122 288–290 increasing role in domestic economy See also Labor relations; Manufactur- by, 124–125 ers post-Civil War reconciliation policy by, Employment 159–160 manufacturers of 1880s/1890s, sources of revenue (1850–1900) by, 249–250 307f post-Civil War manufacturing (1870s), See also Municipal government; Politi- 147, 148 cal economy; Reconstruction; United Engels, Friedrich, 256 States Episcopal St. Mark’s Church, 59, 60 Federal Reserve Act, 327–328 Episcopal Grace Church, 59–60, 199ph Field, Cyrus W., 213 Episcopal Trinity Church, 60, 210 Field, David Dudley, 93, 97, 134, 149 Equitable Life Assurance Society, Field, Stephen J., 303, 311 248–249 Fifth Avenue Trust Company, 249 Etna Iron Works, 53 Fifth Avenue (NYC), 56

478 Index

Financiers. See New York City banking Gifford, Sanford Robinson, 38 industry Gilded Age (Twain and Warner), 258 First National Bank, 209, 243 Globe Gold and Silver Mining Company, Fiscal retrenchment, 213–216 152 Fish, Hamilton, 86, 96, 142 Godkin, Elliot L., 157, 190, 212, 213, Fish, Mrs. Stuyvesant, 154 219, 288, 319 Fisk & Hatch, 207 Gold standard, 226, 304 Foreign economy, 329–332 Gould, Edwin, 295 See also Economy; Tariff policies Gould, Jay, 149, 313 Forrest, Edwin, 50 Government. See Federal government; Fourteenth Amendment (U.S. Constitu- Municipal government tion), 225, 301–302, 303 Grace Church, 59–60, 199ph Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, 60 Grace, William R., 267, 310, 331 Franklin, Benjamin, 40 Grady, Henry W., 300 Freedmen’s Bureau, 160, 165, 169 Gramsci, Antonio, 212, 347n.68 Freedpeople Grant, Ulysses S., 166, 171, 225, 230 bourgeois New Yorkers support of, Gray, John A. C., 93 158–159 The Great Riots of New York, political interest in enfranchisement of, 1712–1873 (Headley), 141, 181, 166, 167–168, 404n.165 234 violence against, 167 Greeley, Horace, 61–62, 73–74, 145, See also African Americans; Slavery 152, 176, 177, 190, 213 Free-labor ideology Green, Andrew H., 182, 213, 214, 215 decline of, 280–281 Green, Horace, 37–38 industrialists’ support of, 73–74 Grinnell, Helen, 143 new “antagonism” impact on, Grinnell, Henry, 132 211–213 Grinnell, Moses H., 36, 38, 93, 96, 121, post-Civil War importance of, 127 176–177 Griswold, George, 24, 93 Reconstruction of the south and, Griswold, John A., 169 158–159 Guano production (Peru), 204ph Frémont, John C., 91, 126 Guaranty Trust Co., 243 From New York to Delhi (Minturn), 43 Guedin, Jacques, 30 Fugitive Slave Act, 85 Guggenheim, Barbara, 262 Fuller, Dudley B., 263 Guggenheim, Cora, 262 Fuller, Melville W., 312 Guggenheim, Meyer, 239, 249, 274 Fullmer, Peter, 133 Guggenheim, Rosa, 262 Gunner, Captain, 193 Gallatin, James, 96, 121 Gunther, Frederick, 267 Garfield, James A., 309, 312 G.C. & S.S. Howland, 26 Halttunen, Karen, 42 Gender roles, 38–39, 261–262 Hammack, David, 238, 316 Gentlemen capitalists, 64 Hanford & Brother, 52 See also Mercantile elites Hardware Club of New York, 240, 267 George, Henry, 277–279, 316, 322, 328, Harper’s Weekly, 221 329 Harriman, J. Arden, 264 German-American bourgeoisie, Hart, Francis, 52 367n.131, 394n.11 Hartley, Marcellus, 135, 152 German American National Bank, 249 Hartz, Louis, 10 German Society, 65 Haswell, Charles, 34, 68

Index 479

Hat and Cap Manufacturers’ Association economic importance of, 250, 285 of New York, 291 fear of, 287 Havemeyer, Henry O., 259 photos depicting, 201ph Havemeyer, William F., 68, 95, 96, 125, political support of, 184 182, 185–186, 214, 215, 222 Tammany Hall support from, 316–317 Hayes, Rutherford B., 231, 293 Imperialism, 329–331, 466n.37, 467n.52 Haymarket bombing (1886), 276, 278 Importers’ and Grocers’ Board of Trade, Headley, J. T., 141, 181, 234 221 Hebrew Benevolent Society, 65 Imports. See New York City trade Hendricks Brothers Copper Rolling Independent Republican Committee, 313 Mills, 135 Industrialists. See Manufacturers Hendricks family, 59 Inequality. See Social inequality Hendricks, Francis, 37 Inflationary currency, 169, 170 Hendricks, Harmon, 34 See also Monetary policy Hendricks, Uriah, 29, 152 Inflation Bill, 226, 266–267 The Henrietta (play), 258 Institutions Hepburn Act, 327 private charitable, 216–218 Hewitt, Abram S., 62, 63, 73, 212, 213, private upper-class school, 239–240 215, 231, 235, 275, 312, 316, 328, See also Cultural institutions; Public 330 institutions/space Hewitt, Peter Cooper, 246 Insurance industry, 27–28 Hoe & Company (1835), 101ph International Banking Company, 249 Hoe, Peter S., 62–63 Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 308, Hoe, Richard March, 52, 53, 54, 62, 74 314 Hoe, Robert, 54, 64, 129 Interstate Commerce Commission, 327 Hoe, Robert, II, 134, 135, 142, 155, Investment bankers, 244 167, 177, 182, 185, 188, 208, 226 Irish Land League, 277 Hoe, Robert, III, 1, 246 Iron Age Hoe, Ruth, 1 on disappearance of middleman, 248 Hoffman, Governor, 188, 222, 223 on employer-labor relations, 194, 273 Hoffman’s Cigar Store, 104ph on free-labor ideology/labor unions, Hofstadter, Richard, 10, 212 176, 177, 209 Horse racing, 258–259 on labor unions/labor relations, Hotchkiss School, 240 282–283, 284, 285, 288, 290–291 Housing monetary policies supported by, 169, elaborate interior design of, 39, 260–261 226 exclusive bourgeois (1850s), 49–55 on new military technologies, 331 exclusive bourgeois (1870s), 155–156 Radical Republicans supported by, 168 social identity and 1880s/1890s, 258 on tariff debate, 305 Howe, Frank E., 139 Iron League of New York, 291 Howland, Samuel Shaw, 36 Irving Hall, 315, 316 Huntington, Collis P., 239, 311 Irving, Julia, 38 Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine, 37, 40, 41, Iselin, Adrian, 267 42, 64, 69, 70, 87–88, 257 Hunt, Wilson G., 96 James, Daniel, 33, 246 Hurlbut, Elisha P., 67 James, Henry, 15 James, Olivia Phelps, 246 Immigrants Jay Cooke & Co., 207, 208 comparison of different groups of, Jay, John, 130, 139 355n.69 Jerome, Jennie, 260

480 Index

Jerome, Leonard, 154, 155, 259, 260 Labor movement Jewish community, 59, 265–266 elite response to, 71, 73, 176–180, Jim Crow laws, 300 192–195, 277–278, 279–280 Jobbers, 22–23 importance of employers’ tactics to Johnson, Andrew, 159, 160, 163, development of, 335n.16 164–165, 166, 168, 172 “Labor Movements and Strikes” (AICP Journal of Commerce, 70–71, 88, 89, 96, report), 179 130, 137, 140, 142, 161, 285 Labor party, 173 Journal of Social Science, 216 Labor relations elite response to changes in, 279–280 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 85, 89 law of supply and demand governing, Kant, Immanuel, 69 280–281, 282 Kapp, Friedrich, 85 See also Employers’ associations Kelly, Eugene, 267 Labor strikes Kelly, John, 215, 223 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (1877), Kennedy, John S., 267 232–235 Kent School, 240 between 1863–1873, 173 Kenyon, Cox & Co., 207 “Buffalo’s Switchmen Strike” (1892), Ketchum, Edgar, 81 297 Ketchum, Hiram, 86 of 1872, 192–195 Ketchum, Morris, 134 eight-hour, 276, 449n.159 Kettell, Thomas P., 89 employer associations response to, 291 King, Archibald Grace, 156 employer paternalism policy on, King, Charles, 69, 129, 134 284–285 King’s Notable New Yorkers, 254 increasing rate of 1870s/1880s, Kinship networks 274–275 built through marriage, 33–35 industrialist response to, 177 inherited capital through, 36, 63 injuries/killings during, 296–297 See also Marriages; Social networks laws of supply and demand applied to, Kirkland, Charles P., 160 282 Knapp, Shepherd, 35, 97, 118, 210 National Guard deployment during, Knickerbocker Club, 264, 265 233–234, 296, 297 Knights of Labor, 256, 275–276, 283, the Paris Commune (1871), 180, 286, 290, 291, 292, 325, 446n.92 181–182, 232 “Know Nothings” political party, 82 piano workers (1880), 274–275 Kossuth, Louis, 68 Pullman (1894), 287, 314, 447n.117 Kuhn, Loeb & Co., 243 railroad (1877), 217, 297 Ku Klux Klan, 167 See also Property rights Labor unions Labor employer approach to, 281–283 changing relations with employers, employer associations and, 290–291 192–195, 274–275 employer hostility toward, 444n.67 free-labor ideology of, 73–74, employers’ associations battles against, 158–159, 176–177 449n.155 impact of depression on, 209 principles of politics and, 283 industrialists’ dependence on, 274–275 Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, 41 industries using immigrant, 250 Laissez-faire ideology, 303–304 See also Employers Lamina Beam Machine Manufacturing Labor, Capital and a Protective Tariff, Company, 29, 54 273 Lanier, J. F. D., 27, 116

Index 481

Lathers, Richard, 95, 166 divide between mercantile elites Latin American markets, 330 (1850s) and, 51–55, 60–66, 77, Law of supply and demand ideology, 93–94 280–281, 282 free-labor ideology of, 73–75 Lawyers, 36–37, 253, 254, 311–312 institutions created by (1850s), 63–64 Lears, T. Jackson, 276, 325 integrated into merchant institutions, Lee, Robert E., 143 245–249 Lehman Brothers, 243 political affiliations of sampled, Leverich Brothers, 22 460n.154 Liederkranz Society, 265 response to working class by, 175–180 Lincoln, Abraham, 85, 94, 95, 116, 125, social boundaries separating, 60–66 126, 128, 129, 134, 141, 143, 154 social identity of, 64–68, 72–75 Lincoln Bank, 249 support for protectionism by, 305 Livingston, Eugene E., 156 support for Radical Republicans by, Livingston, James, 327 168 Low, Abiel Abbot, 24, 36, 96, 119, 143, support for reconciliation with south 154, 165, 178 by, 157–170 Lower East Side (1890), 201ph war mobilization benefits to, 120 Lower middle class, 6, 7, 256 See also Employers’ associations Low, Seth, 221 Manufacturers’ Association of Kings and Loyal League of Union Citizens, 131 Queens Counties, 289, 448n.140 Loyal National League, 131 Manufacturers Trust Co., 243 Loyal Publication Society, 129, 131 Manufacturing Furriers’ Exchange of Lynch, James, 267 New York, 291 Manufacturing industry McAllister, Ward, 156 capital accumulation (1850s) by, McClellan, General, 126, 127, 128, 133, 51–55 134 capital accumulation (1870s) by, McKinley, William, 314 146–151 Macready, William Charles, 50 capital accumulation (1880s) by, Macy, Rowland, 24 241–242, 432n.81 Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 27 capital investment in 1880s/1890s, Madison Square Garden Christmas feed- 249–253 ings (1898), 255 enormous growth of post-Civil War, Mandeville, Lord, Duke of Manchester, 145–146 260 looked down on by merchants, 63 “Manhattan Day” (1895), 300 rise of, 51–55 Manhattan Railroad Company, 249 Mapes, James J., 64 Manufacturer and Builder, 176, 209, Marble, Manon, 132, 133 212, 287, 290 Marcotte, Leon, 260 Manufacturers Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 334 approach to labor/labor unions by, Marriages 73–75, 176–177, 192–195, of NYC “dollar princesses,” 259–260 232–235, 279–285 social/kinship networks built through, capital accumulation by, 51–55, 33–35 146–151, 241–244, 249–253 See also Kinship networks characteristics of, 60–77 Marshall, Charles H., 130 during Civil War, 136–137 Marshall Field, 312 divide between mercantile elites Martin, Bradley, 1, 14, 258, 260, 325, (1880s/1890s) and, 242–243 334

482 Index

Martin, Cornelia, 1, 258, 325, 334 work and character ethic by, 40–42 Martin, David R., 121 See also Bourgeois New Yorkers Martin, William R., 174 (1870s); New York City society Marx, Karl, 12, 280, 347n.68 Mercantile Trust Company, 249 Masterson, Alexander, 54 Merchants’ Bank, 121 Masterson, Peter, 140 Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Matthews, Stanley, 312 Review, 131, 159, 162, 171, 178 Maxmillian Fleichmann, 239 Meriam, Eben, 82 Mechanics Bank, 118, 210 Metropolitan Club, 266 Medical professionals, 37–38, 254 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 267–269 Mercantile elites Metropolitan Opera House Company, accumulation of capital by, 24–36, 247, 269, 431nn.61, 62 124, 151, 248–249 Middle class, 6–7, 337n.33, 338n.36 antebellum political economy of, Middlesex School, 240 85–89 Migliore, Paul, 129 approach to labor/labor unions by, Milbank, Jeremiah, 29 70–71, 178–179, 285–288 Military technologies, 331 during Civil War, 124 Miller, John Bleecker, 277, 279, 289, 329 consumption patterns by, 42–45 Minturn, Robert B. (1805–1866), 36, 50, continued social life domination 64, 76, 96, 130, 135 (1870s) by, 156–157 Minturn, Robert B. (1836–1889), 37, 43, distinct gender roles of, 38–39 248 distinctive characteristics of, 7–8 Molders’ Union, 194 divide between manufacturers (1850s) Monetary policies and, 49–77, 93–94 Civil War conflicts over, 121–125 divide between manufacturers class lines of debate over, 226–227 (1880s/1890s) and, 242–243 Federal Reserve Act, 327–328 economic activities (1850s) of, 20–24, gold standard, 226, 304 124, 151, 248–249 Inflation Bill, 226, 266–267 expansion (1850s) of, 29–31 NYC influence on federal, 385n.76 fight for public institutions/space con- opposition to Populists’, 304 trol by, 49–51 post-Civil War conflict over, 168–169, historical inquiry of, 342n.57 170 ideology of, 66–77 reform supported by Chamber of marriages of, 33–35 Commerce, 163–164 photo gallery of, 102ph–107ph warnings against bimetallism, 456n.84 place of birth (1855) of, 31 Montgomery, David, 166 post-Civil War shift of power from, Montgomery, Maureen, 262 151–154 Montgomery, Richard, 29 Reconstruction and, 159–170, 226 Moore, Barrington, 11, 299 response to proletarianization by, Moore, Clara Jessup, 261 70–71, 178–180 Moore, Henry, 41 sense of stewardship by, 70–71, 178 Morgan & Co., 26, 243 social integration of industrialists and, Morgan, Edwin D., 93, 152, 259, 264 245–249 Morgan family in Egypt (1877), 105ph social/kinship networks of, 31–36, Morgan Iron Works, 51, 136, 193 44–45 Morgan, Jack, 239 supporting compromise with South, Morgan, J. Pierpont, 1, 3, 14, 150, 157, 94–97 209, 241, 244, 246, 258, 259, 263, unstable social boundaries of, 8 264, 308, 326

Index 483

Morgan, Junius S., 235 National Exposition of Agricultural Morrill Tariff Act (1861), 117, 120 Machines (Rio Janeiro), 154 Morton, Bliss & Co., 243 National Federation of Employers, 291 Morton, Grinnell & Co., 26 National Founders’ Association, 290 Morton, Helen Stuyvesant, 260 National Freedmen’s Relief Association, Morton, Levi Parsons, 26, 40, 123, 227, 159 260, 270, 311, 312 National Guard deployment, 233–234, Mugwumps, 308 296, 297 Municipal government National Metal Trades Association, 289 armory construction and elite power National Municipal League, 240 in, 293–297 National Stove Association, 290 bourgeois influence in 1880s/1890s, National Temperance Society, 41 298–301 National War Committee, 126, 127 Citizen’s Committee’s reform policies The Natural History of Insects, 63 and, 182, 183–186, 411n.87 New Armory Inauguration Ball, 293 Committee of Seventy reforms of, 182, New-England Society of New York, 65, 183–190 158, 265, 300, 309, 311 depression and fiscal retrenchment by, Newton’s Mathematical Principles of 213–216 Natural Philosophy, 63 Henry George’s campaign and, New Year’s Day visits, 44–45 277–279 New York Academy of Music, 210, 247 influence of upper class (1850s) on, New York Association for Promoting 82–84 Colored Volunteering, 134 influence of upper class (1870s) on, New-York Board of Trade, 221 173–175 New York Central Railroad, 209, 310 influence of upper class (1880s/1890s) New York Charity Organization Society, on, 315–320 217 reforms during 1890s of, 318–320 New York City See also Democratic Party; Federal celebrating end of Civil War, 142–143, government; New York City; 168 Reform movements; Republican Committee of Seventy government Party; Tweed regime; Tammany Hall reform in, 182–183, 186–190 Municipal Society, 221 compared to other cities, 19–20 Museum of Natural History, 210 consolidation of Greater, 317–318 Museums, 48–49, 210, 267–269, 271 declining availability of public relief in, Mushkat, Jerome, 215 213–216 Mutual Life Insurance Company of New Draft Riots (1863) of, 134, 137–141, York, 27 173, 182, 210, 392nn.203, 204 economic growth of, 17–20, 135–136, NAM (National Association of Manufac- 145–154, 237–238, 241, 250–252 turers), 289, 290 geographic/economic advantages of, The Nation, 180, 187, 189, 190, 192, 18–19 221, 234, 319, 328 Grand Duke Alexis of Russia visit to, National Association of Building Trades, 157 288 influence on federal banking policy by, National Association of Stove Manufac- 385n.76 turers, 291 manufacturing industry of, 51–55, National Bank, 121 135–136, 145–154, 250–252 National Bottlers’ Gazette, 273, 290 millionaires of, 245f, 428n.4 National City Bank, 243, 246 net bonded debt of, 175f

484 Index

New York City (cont’d.) photos of, 196ph–200ph population growth of, 46–47, 146, public spaces/institutions shared by, 237 47–48 post-Civil War growth of working 7th Regiment armory (1880) construc- class of, 172–180 tion and, 293–297 post-Civil War land values in, 150–151 social clubs of, 58–59, 263–265 public institutions of, 48–51, 59–60, See also Social networks 74–75, 210 New York City trade relationship to Europe, 18, 22, 25, 148 between the West/foreign countries relationship to South, 18, 22, 87, 131, and, 23–24 160–162 cotton import/export, 22, 87–88, relationship to West, 23, 90, 132, 400n.114 152–153 development of 1850s, 21–22 tax rate (1879–1896) in, 317f exports by product category, 243f threats of urban disorder (1871) in, increase of exports/imports of, 181–182 396n.37 See also Municipal government; international opportunities of, Reform movements 153–154 New York City banking industry link between peacetime and, 69–70 Civil War monetary politics of, See also Economy 120–124 New York Club, 58–59, 364n.74 Committee of Seventy supported by, New York Commercial Advertiser, 162, 186 165, 166, 169, 177 development during 1880s/1890s, New York Council of Political Reform, 243–244 185–186, 190, 214, 221 early development of, 24–27 New York Customs House, 54 emancipation from merchant elites, New York Daily Tribune, 73, 74, 92, 123–124 95, 181, 221, 224, 227–228, 233, post-Civil War reorganization of, 280 149–150 New York Evening Post, 50 See also Capital investment New York Gallery of Fine Arts, 48 New York City Clearing House, 122 New York Genealogical and Biographical New York City Reform Club, 318 Society, 254, 270 New York City society New York Herald, 42, 47, 181, 221 blossoming of post-Civil War, 154–157 New York Historical Society, 49, 67, 268 cultural/social competition in, 49–77 New York Iron Works, 53 Delmonico’s as part of, 156, 211, 247, New York Novelty Works, 76 264, 266, 293 New York Philharmonic Society, 49, 210, “dollar princesses” of, 259–260 267, 269 exclusive neighborhoods of, 49–55, New York politicians, 80 155–156 New York port, 100ph impact of depression of 1873–1879 New York Stock Exchange, 101ph, 111, on, 211 118, 149, 207, 221, 240, 243–244 industrialists/merchant integration in, New York Tax Reform Association, 245–249 318 kinship networks of, 33–35, 36, 63 New York Times marriages of, 33–35 call for standing army by, 234 New Year’s Day visits by, 44–45 on Civil War economic boom, 135 old-guard mercantile elite during fanning fear of labor unrest, 276 1870s, 156–157 on labor unions, 283

Index 485

on Martin Ball (1897), 1 Paris Commune (1871), 180, 181–182, on National Guard deployment during 232 strikes, 297 Park Avenue at 105th Street (1860), on New York electorate, 220–221 204ph on NYC visit by Grand Duke Alexis, Parker, John, 139 157 Park Street Theatre (1822), 199ph on Paris Commune, 180 Peabody, George P., 213 regarding NYC lack of public works, “Peace Democrats,” 133–134 215 Peckham, Wheeler, 215 report on Draft Riots by, 139 Peet, William, 37 reporting on McKinley support, 314 Perit, Pelatiah, 69, 94 reporting on Minturn’s death, 248 Perry, Caroline Slidell, 34 ridiculing Hewitt’s congressional com- Personal Representation Society, 188 mission, 275 Petite bourgeoisie, 6, 7, 256 on social control struggle by elites, 247 Phelps, Anson G., Jr., 33 on social inequality/working classes, Phelps, Anson G., Sr., 29, 32, 33 173, 179, 180, 181 Phelps, Caroline, 34 on strike of 1872, 192 Phelps, Dodge & Co., 32–33 on suffrage restriction, 221, 222, 223 Phelps, Elizabeth, 34 on will of Alexander Stewart, 274 Phelps, John W., 129 New York Warehouse and Security Com- Phelps, Melissa, 32, 33, 34 pany, 207 Phelps, Olivia, 34 New York Whig Party, 86–87 Phelps, Royal, 156, 221, 293 New York Woman Suffrage Association, Phelps, Thomas, 96 320 Phillips Academy Andover, 240 New York World, 132 Phillips, Charles F., 328 New York Yacht Club, 58, 157 Phillips Exeter Academy, 240 9th New York State Regiment, 233, 295 Physicians, 37–38, 254 The North American Review, 256 Pianoforte Manufacturers’ Society of Novelty Iron Works, 51, 52, 76, 136, New York, 137, 291 251 Piano workers’ strike (1880), 274–275 Noyes, William, 134 Pierrepont, Edwards, 71, 127, 142, 149, Nye, James W., 93 171, 187, 214 Pike, James S., 228 Ocean Bank, 121 Pinkerton police force, 287, 297 O’Conor, Charles, 182 Political economy Oestreicher, Richard, 297 Civil war impact on U.S., 124–125, Oil and Paint Manufacturer, 273, 289 135–137, 144, 383n.58 Old Exchange (Wall Street), 54 debate over emancipation impact on, Olmsted, Frederick Law, 258 127–128 Olney, Richard, 309 high tariffs as cornerstone of, 169 Opdyke, George, 91, 93, 94, 126, 129, impact of Civil War on NY, 135–137 139, 141, 169, 170, 226 lack of competing elites during Opera, 49–50, 247, 269, 431nn.61, 62 1880s/1890s, 299 Orange Riots (1871), 182 manufacturers on antebellum, 89–91 Orchestras, 49 merchant attachment to industrialists’, Ottendorfer, Oswald, 182, 187, 219, 267 429n.32 merchants on antebellum, 87–89 Paine, Thomas, 69 NYC elites influence over national, Panic of 1857, 88 309–315

486 Index

Political economy (cont’d.) Protectionism, See also Tariff policies Reconstruction and, 163, 168 Public display of wealth trade unions and application of princi- by bourgeois New Yorkers (1870s), 156 ples of, 283 by bourgeois New Yorkers See also Bourgeois New Yorkers poli- (1880s/1890s), 257–261 tics (1850s); Bourgeois New Yorkers partying in the country as, 196ph politics (1870s); Bourgeois New photos depicting, 196ph–200ph Yorkers politics (1880s/1890s) through traveling, 43–44 Political power during Vanderbilt housewarming party, of businessmen during 1880s/1890s, 247–248 298–301 by women, 42–43, 156 of Citizen’s Committee, 182, 183–186, See also Consumption patterns 411n.87 Public institutions/space Democratic Party machine challenge to attempts to create class-segregated, elite, 79–80 49–51, 268–269 exceptional degree of bourgeois, 322, Central Park as, 50, 74–75 323, 332–334, 336n.20, 452n.42 churches and synagogues as, 59–60 of mercantile elite during 1850s, 78–80 fine art, 48–49 of post-Civil War workers, 173–175 impact of depression on, 210 through social networks, 81–82 mercantile elite promotion of, 50–51 Populist Movement (1880s/1890s), 304 orchestras/theaters/opera houses, Potter, Howard, 52, 190 49–50, 247, 269 Presidential election. See Elections See also Cultural institutions; Private Private institutions institutions charity through, 216–218 Pullman strike (1894), 287, 314, 447n.117 upper-class schools, 239–240 Pure Food and Drug Act, 327 See also Cultural institutions; Public Pyne, Percy R., 36 institutions/space Produce Exchange, 221 Quintard, George W., 53, 136, 226, 245 Professionals Committee of Seventy supported by, Radical Republicans 186–187 eight-hour workday bill by, 173 emerging new class of 1880s/1890s, progressive view of, 400n.102 253–260 Reconstruction policies of, 165–169 legal, 36–37, 253, 254, 311–312 See also Republican Party relationship between bourgeoisie and, Railroad industry 7–8 early development of, 27 Progressive Era, 326, 327, 331, 346n.65 growth of post-Civil War, 148–149 Proletarianization. See Working class political debate over regulation of, Property rights 308–309 Draft Riot as attack against, 139 See also Transportation efforts to define protection of, Railroad strike (1877), 217, 297 190–192, 302–303 Railway World, 232, 233 ideological debates over, 304–305 Rapid Transit Commission (NYC), 318 state protection of employer, 441n.9 Raymond, Henry J., 134 support for military protection of, Real estate investment 234–235 early development of, 28–29 See also Labor strikes post-Civil War boom in, 150–151 Proprietary capitalists, 331–332 Reconstruction Protectionism, 90, 170, 305–307 bourgeois support of, 158–170

Index 487

conflicts over tariffs during, 164, relationship of elites (1880s/1890s) 168–169 and, 312–313 declining bourgeois support for, See also Democratic Party; Political 224–226, 227–232 economy free-labor ideology and, 158–159 Riggs, Elisha, Jr., 152 “labor problem” of south during, Roach, John, 53, 62, 63, 93, 136, 137, 161–162 194, 245, 246 link between anti-tax mobilization Robinson, Governor, 232 and, 229–231 Rockefeller, John D., 3, 210, 212, 239, Radical Republicans rise during, 241, 244, 245, 248, 262, 281, 310 165–169 Rockefeller, Laura Celestia, 262 See also The South Roosevelt & Son, 249 Reconstruction Act (1867), 165 Roosevelt, Corinne, 262 Reed, Luman, 48–49 Roosevelt, Robert B., 187 Reform intellectuals, 190–192 Roosevelt, Theodore, 43, 262, 296, 326, Reform movements 328, 330 by Citizen’s Committee, 182, 183–186, Rosenwald, Isaac, 267 411n.87 Rosenzweig, Roy, 262 by Committee of Seventy, 182, 183–190 Rothschild banking house, 25, 30 decline of, 83–84 Rothschild, Salomon, 49, 79 elites’ sense of stewardship and, 70–71, Ruggles, Samuel B., 37 178, 211–216 Russell, Charles Howland, 32, 56, 116, ideology of, 76–77 123 manufacturers/merchant involvement Rye Female Seminary, 262 in, 75–76 by New York City Council of Political St. Andrew’s Society, 65 Reform, 185–186 St. George’s Church, 246 organizations of, 75–76 St. George’s School, 240 purging Tweed supporters, 187–188 St. James Hotel, 54 reorientation of elite ideology and, St. Nicholas Society, 65, 71, 246, 265 190–195 St. Paul’s, 240 suffrage rights and, 182–186, 218–224 Santo Domingo Improvement Company, Tammany Hall dominance and, 318 310 See also Municipal government Schenk, Robert C., 310 Republican Club of the City of New Schermerhorn (Astor), Caroline Webster, York, 287 1, 14, 34, 98ph, 156, 248 Republican Down Town Club, 239 Schermerhorn, William C., 156 Republican Party Schieffelin, Samuel B., 228 Committee of Seventy (1871) and, 189 School systems enfranchisement support by, 167–168 lack of importance during 1850s, ethnic mixing of 1880s/1890s, 267 36–37 growing number of upper class New nationalization of bourgeoisie and, Yorkers in, 84–85, 86, 95 429n.14 mercantile elites threatened by policies as upper-class breeding grounds, of, 88–89 239–240 New York State Whig Party fuse with, upper-class socialization in, 262 86 Schuyler, Hartley, and Graham, 23 political basis of new society by, 92–94 Scientific American, 330, 331 Radical Republicans of, 165–169, 173, Scott, William, 310 400n.102 Scribner’s Monthly, 260

488 Index

Scudder’s, 48, 54 Draft Riots (1863) and relationships The Season, The Annual Report of Soci- of, 134, 137–141, 173, 182, 210 ety, 265, 266 elite stewardship toward other, 70–71, Sedgwick, Theodore, 71 178, 211–218, 255 Seligman Brothers, 243 emerging lower middle, 256 Seligman, Jesse, 182, 266 expansion of U.S. upper, 237–239 Seligman, Joseph, 120, 123, 221, 222 middle class, 6–7, 337n.33, 338n.36 Sensible Etiquette of the Best Society monetary policy debate among, 226–227 (Moore), 261 relationships between bourgeoisie and Serrell, A. T., 76 other, 7–8 Servant employment, 39–40 response to proletarianization by other, 7th Regiment, 118, 202ph, 233–234, 175–180 451n.19 social distance between 1880s/1890s, 7th Regiment armory (1880), 293–297 255–260 71st Regiment, 203ph, 295 theoretical approaches to study of, Seward, William H., 86 347n.68 Seymour, Horatio, 86, 128 See also Bourgeoisie; Upper class; Shell, Augustus, 215 Working class Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 303, Social clubs 327 class culture of 1880s/1890s, 263–264 Sherman, Isaac, 23, 82, 91, 92, 126, 162 of manufacturers, 65–66 Sherman, John, 117 of mercantile elites, 58–59 Shoe and Leather Reporter, 226, 244 Social conflict Shoenberger, John H., 239 bourgeois NYs response to, 303–304 Singer, Isaac, 62, 63, 192, 193 competition over public spaces as, Singer Sewing Machine Company, 194, 49–51 204ph debate on suffrage rights as, 184–185, Skowronek, Stephen, 309, 322, 328–329 189, 218–224, 228 Slavery depression of 1873–1879 and economic interest in debate over, increased, 211–213 89–92 impact of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad growing political tensions over, 85–86 strike on, 232–235 Mercantile elites political/economic social identity generated by, 272, 273, views on, 87–89, 131–132 339n.42 outlawed by Thirteenth Amendment, Tompkins Square Park demonstration 172 as, 217, 233 wartime emancipation debate over, See also Social inequality; Labor; 127–128 Labor strikes workers’ collective action as return to, Social Darwinism, 212–213, 232 233 Social identity See also Abolition movement; African of bourgeois (1880s/1890s), 237, Americans; Freedpeople 256–265 Sloan, Samuel, 127 class-formation approach to, 12–13, Sloper, Doctor, 15 437n.175 Smith, Adam, 63 elements of economic elite (1870s), Social classes 207 competition over public spaces by, elite anti-Semitism, 265–266 49–51 generated by conflict of interest, defining terminology associated with, 339n.42 6–7 ideological boundaries of, 66–72

Index 489

language distinction as part of, reconciliation policy regarding, 256–257 158–170, 300 of manufacturers, 64–68, 72–75 relationship between NYC and the, 18, of mercantile elites, 8, 66–77 22, 87, 131, 160–162 role of culture in, 8–9, 339n.44 suffrage rights in, 300 Social inequality See also Confederacy; Reconstruction boundaries maintaining 1880s/1890s, South Carolina Railroad, 163 237, 260–272 Sozialistische Briefe aus Amerika, 256 bourgeois ideology and, 68, 70, 73, Spaulding, Henry F., 221 211–212, 281 Spencer, Herbert, 191, 212, 213 Darwinist ideas on, 212–213, 232 Spence School for Girls, 262 elite anti-Semitism and, 265–266 Spiegelberg, Emanuel, 267 elite fears associated with rising, Standard Oil, 262 295–296 Stanford, Leland, 311 increase of 1880s/1890s, 255–260 Steevens, George, 256 suffrage rights and, 184–185, 189, Steinway & Sons, 193, 291 218–224 Steinway, Albert, 118 See also Social conflict Steinway, Charles H., 137, 245 Social networks The Steinway factory, 102ph business contacts (1880s) through, 239 Steinway, Heinrich, 62 Chamber of Commerce as, 58 Steinway, Regina, 99ph churches/synagogues as, 59–60 Steinway, William, 99ph, 138, 193, 208, development/importance of, 31–36 209, 232, 265, 274–275, 284, 287, integration of industrialists/merchants, 291 245–249 Stephanson, John, 76 national scope of upper-class, 239–240 Sterne, Simon, 188, 213, 219, 222, 224, New Year’s Day visits reinforcing, 318, 326 44–45 Stern, Myer, 216 political power through, 81–82 Stevens, John A., 89, 118, 121, 126, 127, social clubs as, 58–59 129, 139, 143, 153 See also Families; Kinship networks Stewardship Social Register, 254, 265 impact of depression (1873–1879) on, Society for the Diffusion of Political 211–216 Knowledge, 132–133 importance of, 75–77 Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Madison Square Garden Christmas Patrick, 65 feedings (1898) as, 255 Society life. See New York City society by mercantile elites, 70–71, 178 “Society of Patriarchs,” 156 private charity replacing, 216–218 Society for the Prevention of Crime, 217 Stewart, Alexander T., 24, 42, 58, Society for the Suppression of Vice, 263 103ph, 127, 155, 160, 273 Sons of the American Revolution, 270 Stillman, Allen & Co., 52, 94 Sound money parade (1896), 202ph Stillman, James, 246 The South Stokes, James, 34 Civil War defeat of, 143–144 Stove Founders’ National Defense Asso- economic interest in, 18, 22, 162–163 ciation, 291 end of elite reconciliation policy with, Strikes. See Labor strikes 224–226, 227–232 Strong, George Templeton “labor problem” in, 161–162 art collection of, 48 Radical Republican policies regarding, attitude toward slaveholders by, 87, 165–169 90, 129

490 Index

Strong, George Templeton (cont’d.) working-class coalition support of, comments on industrialists by, 62 174 comments on rioting by, 138, 139, See also Tweed regime 180, 181 Tappan, Arthur, 89 on Committee of Seventy meeting, 186 Tappan, Lewis, 89, 129 on federal income tax, 229 Tariff policies on Grant administration, 225–226 Chamber of Commerce position on, on impact of depression, 210 124 on social station of professionals, 36 economic interest (1880s/1890s) and, Tammany Hall reluctant support of, 305–308 174 Morrill Tariff Act, 117, 120 on Union victory, 142 political economy high, 169 Strong, William, 320 protectionism and, 170, 305–307 Stuart, Alexander, 62 during Reconstruction, 164, 168–170 Stuart, R. L., 135 “Taxpayer” ideology, 227, 229 Sturges, Amelia, 246 Tax-Payers Convention (1871), 227 Sturges, Jonathan, 127, 157 Tax rate (1879–1896) [NYC], 317f Suffrage rights Taylor, Moses, 26, 35, 36, 40, 59, 95, Citizens’ Association agenda on, 121, 131, 134, 136, 142, 162, 171 184–185, 189 Temple Emanu-El, 59 depression impact on reform of, Tenement life (1898), 201ph 218–224 Texas & Pacific Railroad, 149 estimates on disenfranchised voters Textile import/export trade, 22–23 and, 422n.126 Textile manufacturers, 51, 146, 167, political interest in freedmen, 166, 250, 446n.92 167–168, 404n.165 Theaters/opera houses, 49–50, 247, 269, reform attempts during 1890s, 431nn. 61, 62 319–320 Thirteenth Amendment (U.S. Constitu- in the South, 300 tion), 172 Tilden Commission’s amendment on, Tiemann, Daniel F., 83 221–223 Tiffany & Co., 258 warnings against universal, 228 Tiffany, Louis C., 294 women’s, 320, 421n.108 Tilden Commission, 221–223 See also Voters Tilden, Samuel, 58, 127, 186, 214, 215, Sumner, William Graham, 255 225, 231 Sun, 224 Tobias family, 34 Swallowtail Democrats, 314, 315 Tobias, Hendricks and Co., 161 Synagogues, 59 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 2, 48, 50, 68, 332 Tompkins Square Park demonstration Taft School, 240 (1874), 217, 233 Talcott, James, 35, 136 Tousey, Sinclair, 129 Talcott, John, 29, 35 Trade. See New York City trade Tammany Hall Transportation Draft Riots compromise facilitated by, development of post-Civil War, 146 173 the West made accessible through, political resurgence of, 316–317, 318 152–153 support of bourgeois New Yorkers for, See also Railroad industry 84, 140–141 Traveling Swallowtail Democrat alliance with, Morgan family in Egypt, 105ph 315 wealth displayed through, 43–44

Index 491

Treatise on Political Economy (Opdyke), United States 91 absence of aristocracy in, 299, “Trinity Chapel,” 60, 210 336n.18, 337n.31 Tucker, G., 82 conceptualized as middle-class society, Twain, Mark, 257, 258 10–11 Tweed regime deployment of National Guard units collapse of, 171 in, 296 Committee of Seventy purging of, elite support of militarized foreign pol- 187–188 icy by, 329–330 See also Tammany Hall European observers on class distinc- Tweed, William M., 141, 173, 174–175, tions in, 255–260 176, 182, 185, 315 exceptionalism of, 452n.44 20th Colored Regiment, 134 expansion of upper-class in, 237–241 limited analysis of bourgeoisie in, 9–10 Unemployment support for readmittence of southern due to the depression, 209 states into, 170–171 reaction of bourgeois New Yorkers unusual power of bourgeois in, (1857) to, 70–71 332–333 reaction of bourgeois New Yorkers See also Federal government; Political (1873) to, 217–218 economy Tompkins Square Park demonstration United States Brewers’ Association, 290 protesting, 217, 233 United States Economist and Dry Goods Union Club, 58, 59, 80, 246, 265 Reporter, 89, 158, 165 Union Committee of Fifteen, 87 United Typothetae of America, 291 Union Defense Committee, 116 Universal Suffrage Club, 223 Union League Club Universal suffrage. See Suffrage rights changing 1880s/1890s membership of, University Place (NYC), 56 263 Upper class, 6 Civil War black volunteers recruited See also Bourgeoisie by, 134 Urban expansion of NYC, 174–175 disenfranchisement amendment sup- Urquhart, Edmond, 239 port by, 221 U.S. Labor Department, 454n.64 elite membership of, 246 founding ideology of, 130–131 Vanderbilt, Alva, 247–248, 258 nationalism championed by, 175 Vanderbilt, Commodore, 247, 258 report on capital-labor antagonisms Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 48, 102, 116, 149, by, 211 210, 222, 245, 264 response to Draft Riots by, 139, Vanderbilt, George Washington, 258 140 Vanderbilt mansion (1891), 102ph support of Radical Republicans by, Vanderbilt, William Henry, 157, 258, 259 168 Van Rensselaer, May King, 44–45, 154, Union victory celebrated at, 142 156, 157, 247 Union Metallic Cartridge Company, Vermilye, Jacob D., 121 152 Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet, 63 Union Safety Committee (1859), 86, Volunteer Democratic Association of 87 New York, 95 Union Square, 56, 111, 200ph Voters “Union State Ticket” (1950), 86–87 estimates on disenfranchised, 422n.126 United Canal and Railway Company of Tilden Commission’s amendment New Jersey, 312 regarding, 221–223

492 Index

Voters (cont’d.) Winslow, Richard H., 27 violence against black, 225 Women See also Suffrage rights Daughters of the American Revolution, 107ph, 240, 270 The Wage-Workers of America and the distinct social roles by, 38–39 Relation of Capital to Labor, 273 illustration of packing for summer Waite, Morison R., 312 retreat, 105ph Wakeman, Abram, 129 public display of wealth by, 42–43, Wallack’s Theater, 49 156 Ward, George Cabot, 25 social skills of elite 1880s/1890s, Ward, John, 37, 44, 66–67, 143 261–262 Ward, John Quincy, 213 Women’s suffrage, 320, 421n.108 Ward, Samuel, 231 Wood, Fernando, 83, 133 Warner, Charles Ardley, 258 Wool, John E., 139 Washington Square, 56, 62 Work ethic, 40–41, 262–263 Washington Square (James), 15 Working class Waterburg, Nelson, 127 changing relations between employers Waterbury, James M., 264 and, 192–195, 274–275 Wealth. See Capital accumulation; Public elites’ response to growing, 175–180 display of wealth free-labor ideology of, 73–74, Weber, Max, 40, 347n.68 158–159, 176–177 Weed, Thurlow, 86 growing economic/political power of, Wells, David A., 190 173–175 Wels, James N., Jr., 64 impact of depression on, 209 Wesslau, Karl, 137 industrialists’ dependence on, 274–275 West Side Association, 174 industries using immigrant, 250 Wetmore, Apollos R., 96 merchant stewardship toward, 70–71 Whig Party, 84, 86 post-Civil War growth of NYC, Whitfield, Louise, 246 172–173 Whitman, Walt, 33 See also Labor relations; Labor strikes; Wholesalers Labor unions cotton/textile trade role by, 23 “Workingmen’s Mass Meeting” (1877), Pearl Street apparel, 29 223–224 Wickham, William H., 215 Worrall, Noah, 76 Wilentz, Sean, 51, 72 Wilson-Gorman tariff bill (1894), 305 Young Men’s Democratic Club, 277 Winslow, Lanier & Co., 27 Yznaga, Consuelo, 260