PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/56413 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-04 and may be subject to change. Politics, Ritual and Identity in Indonesia Politics, Ritual and Identity in Indonesia A Moluccan History of Religion and Social Conflict Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Sociale Wetenschappen PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof.dr. C.W.P.M. Blom volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 18 mei 2005 des namiddags om 1.30 uur precies DOOR Farsijana Adeney-Risakotta geboren op 11 februari 1965 te Ambon (Indonesië) PROMOTORES : Prof.dr. F. Hüsken Mw. Prof.dr. L. Visser (Wageningen Universiteit en Research Centre) CO-PROMOTOR : Dr. P.M. Laksono (Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesië) MANUSCRIPTCOMMISSIE: Prof.dr. A.P. Borsboom Mw. Dr. L. Avonius (University of Helsinki, Finland) Dr. Ch. van Fraassen (Universiteit Leiden) POLITICS, RITUAL AND IDENTITY IN INDONESIA: A Moluccan History of Religion and Social Conflict. / Farsijana Adeney-Risakotta Thesis Nijmegen – With ref. – With tables – With maps – With figures – With summary in Dutch © Farsijana Adeney-Risakotta, Yogyakarta (Indonesië), 2005 SUBJECT HEADINGS: Indonesia, Moluccas, Halmahera, politics, social conflict, religion, reconciliation, ritual. LAYOUT AND COVER DESIGN: Era, Nur Muhammad Farda and Farsijana A-R. PRINTED BY: Prima Center, Yogyakarta, Indonesia EMAIL AUTHOR: [email protected] No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without prior written permission from the proprietor Acknowledgements Beginning with a question, this dissertation grew and grew until it became a book. I wrote this dissertation, not just to get a Ph.D. degree, but as a step in my intellectual journey. The lives of many people intersected with mine in the long process of writing this book. I could not have written it without their help. In the process my life became intertwined with the history of Ngidiho, in North Moluccas, Indonesia. I share many pictures that I took of the people in Ngidiho, and other communities in North Moluccas to show visually a social history of a people’s tragedy and their recovery to continue their life. Ever since I first formed the embrio of an idea, Pak Frans Hüsken and Ibu Leontine Visser have guided me to enter the forest of knowledge. Their sharp criticisms and their encouragement strengthened my journey of writing. As my Promotors I owe them, along with Pak P. M. Laksono, a great debt of gratitude for guiding me all the way from the beginning to the end of my studies. Thanks too, to Ibu Cora, Ibu Wiwit, and Pak Bert, who always welcomed me when I showed up at their homes. I am weaving these words of thanks here, in Yogyakarta. However the gratitude behind the words has lived in my heart for so many years. Many thanks to Rev. Jaspert Slob from the Nederlandsche Hervormde Kerk (NHK) who offered me the opportunity to join a pre-Ph.D. programme at the Amsterdam School For Social Sciences Research (ASSR), the University of Amsterdam (UVA) in 1996. My thanks to Mas Wondo and others, including Mrs. Bootsma- Klein, for encouraging me during my stay in Oegstgeest. Thanks also to Anneke, from the Hendrik Kraemer library and to Pak Henk Schuurman for a deep discussion about the work of Dutch missionaries in Halmahera. Pak Jop Ajaiwaila led me to materials about Galela when he was doing his Ph.D. in France. I am glad to acknowledge my families in the Netherlands. My cousins and all of their families from Angkotta-Risakotta in Doesburg, Arhnem and Utrecht welcomed me to visit them away from the busyness of Amsterdam. Sardha Sahebdien became like a sister to me. Brother Steve, Sister Tineke and all the Adeney family in Holland welcomed me into their rich social life in Dordrecht. Thanks for the Zomer family in Staphorst, family Shuurman in Ommen and family Tanasale in Denver. Thanks for the friendship of Sabine Bestelink and Sandra Vries with her family. My road took an unexpected turn when I had to leave Amsterdam to join the bridging program in English language skills at Syracuse University in New York in 1997. Thank you to Peter, Debra, Laura, and Natalie Rogers-Bell, and to Kelly, their dog, who all welcomed me to become a part of their family. Many thanks to Graduate Theological Union which accepted me as a visiting scholar that made a possibility for me to join a seminar on The Comparative Study of Development taught by Prof. Peter Evans at the University of California, Berkeley in the Fall semester of 1997. Thanks to Pak Joe and Ibu Claire Fischer who were like parents to me during my stay in Berkeley. Thanks too, to Rina, Glen, Marion and Peter who accepted me into their family and later, David and Isobel. Mother, Ruth Temple Adeney, who is now 92, was at least able to know that I honour her. Brother Michael and Sister Miriam in Seattle, Washington, Brother John and Sister Carol, in Munchen, Germany, Uncle Harold and Aunt Isobel in England and Cousins Sue and Mark in Amsterdam are also part of the Adeney circle who showed their interest in my research. I returned to Amsterdam in 1998 after over a year’s absence to begin my Ph.D. study at ASSR. Thanks to Mas Tosy, Mbak Mutia, Putri, Astrid, and Ilham, MasYanto and Mbak Wulan. The Dutch East India House, that grand old building that was the centre of Dutch colonialism over Indonesia, became home for me. Thanks to Anneke Dammers for her art exhibition, Bringing their Souls Back Home on 400 Years of the VOC, which expressed what I felt about the new meaning of that building. A place that used to have the aroma of spices spreading through every room has now become an academic home for students from the East and the West. I am grateful to my Professors, Jan Breman, Peter Boomgaard, Patricia Spyer, Peter van der Veer, Abram de Swaan, Greg Baumann, Bert Schift and Anita Hardon. Prof. Henk Schulte Nordholt, who read my work at the ASSR’s staff seminar in Spring 2002, gave me very valuable criticism that strengthened my work. Many thanks to Hans Sonneveld, Jose Komen, Annelies Dijkstra, Albertine van Peursen, Teun Bijvoet, Anneke Dammers and Miriam May. Anneke, Miriam, Teun, Mas Yanto and Mbak Wulan helped me to read documents that were written in old Dutch. I appreciate our Ph.D. class of 1998 and my fellow students in the course with Prof. Immanuel Wallerstein in 1999. Thanks to members of the promotion club for Asia, like Song Ping, Erwan Purwanto, Ruly Marianti, Prof Mario Rutten, Prof O. D. Van den Muijzenberg and Prof Jan Breman. Special thanks are due for my neighbours on the third floor of the East Indian house, including Krystof Obidzinski, Song Ping, Irfan Ahmad, Mangalika de Silva and my former officemate, Mas Pujo Semedi. They got used to seeing me at my desk from early morning to late at night. Marina de Regt, Christian Broer, and Rachel Spronk were student coordinators, who kindly discussed the progress of my work. During the writing, I shared my work at several meetings, including a seminar at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies at University of California, Berkeley in August 29, 2001, the Euroseas Conference in London on September 6-8, 2001, and the workshop on Violence and Social Movement, organised by ESTER in Ostuni, Bari, Italy on November 14-18, 2001. These academic meetings were possible due to the generous support of a major scholarship from WOTRO (Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research) and ASSR – UVA. WOTRO and a travel grant from NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) paid for the travel expenses to my fieldwork in North Moluccas and its neighbouring areas. Thanks to the ESF Asia committee for a travel grant to discuss my work with Dr Timo Kivimäki from NIAS, in Copenhagen. I am especially grateful for the opportunity to use the UVA library and the KITLV library in Leiden. In Yogyakarta, thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Donna Runnells who helped with initial editing. Thanks to Mbak Era from Prima Center, and to Pak Farda and Mas Bayu from the Puspics Centre of the Geography Department at Gadjah Mada University, who drew the maps. Thanks also to PCUSA, which provided a grant for the preparation of my defence. My dissertation defence and promotion to the Ph.D. is conducted at the Radboud University of Nijmegen, which is the institution of my chief promoter Prof. Dr. Frans Husken. Therefore I would like to thank the President of the University of Nijmegen, Prof.Dr. C.W.P.M. Blom. I am greatful for the dedication of the Manuscript Committee, who read the book in less than a month to meet a deadline for the date of examination. Thanks to Prof Dr A. P. Borsboom, Mw. Dr. L. Avonius and Dr. Ch. van Fraassen. The people of Ngidiho, appear throughout my book. No words could express my gratitude to Oom Din, Mama Iana, their extended families, Pak Basirudin Ayub, the Budiman family and all the people in Ngidiho and other villages like Duma. The local governments in Jakarta, Ternate, Manado, Kao, Galela, Tobelo and Ngidiho gave me the necessary research permits. Many thanks to Pak Djidon Hangewa, Pak Hein Manetemo, Pak Frans Manery, Ci Mei, and Ko Seng.