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The Impact of the Netherlandish Art on Persian Miniature in Safavid Era 1588

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The Impact of the Netherlandish Art on Persian Miniature in Safavid Era 1588 The impact of the Netherlandish art on Persian Miniature in Safavid era 1588 - 1722 by Forough Sajadi Supervisor Professor Antoni Ziemba Warsaw of University Department of history February 2020 1/93 Abstract This dissertation focuses on the impact of Netherlandish art on the development of Farangi Sāzi in the Safavid period during 1588-1722. This impact was examined in two parts: first, examining a group of the Europeanized artworks that were executed by Persian royal painters, and second, the sojourn of eleven Netherlandish painters in Persia, specifically the service of three painters in the royal library. The study will then argue to what extent these two stories are correlated or independent.\ Key words: Muhammad Zamān, ʿAli Quli Jabbādār, Farangi Sāzi, Safavid painting, Netherlandish art. 2/93 Acknowledgement I wish to show my gratitude to my supervisor, professor Antoni Ziemba, who sustainably supported me during my Ph.D. research since February 2014. I would like to pay my special regards to professor Frans Grijzenhout at the University of Amsterdam, who allowed me to carry out my research at Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age (ACSGA) during 2017-2018. Moreover, I owe a special debt of gratitude to the Andrew Mellon Foundation and the Rijksmuseum. Within September 2018- September 2020 Rijksmuseum hosted me as the Andrew Mellon Fellow, wherein I was honored to have two advisors; Dr. Gregor Weber and Dr. Jan de Hond. Relying on the financial support of the Andrew Mellon foundation I could visit different collections worldwide and examine my case studies. Also, I would like to recognize the invaluable assistance that I got from my immediate family, in particular, my mother Zahra, my sister Sarah and my friend Dr. Soheil Damangir who generously supported me within six years of my Ph.D. research. 3/93 Table of Content Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter One The impact of the Netherlandish art on Persian Miniature in Safavid era 1588 - 1722 ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1: Historic backdrop ............................................................................................................ 7 1-2: Approach ....................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 From Shāh ʿAbbās I (r.1588-1629) to Shāh Sultān Husayn (r.1694-1722) ............ 14 2-1: Safavid: Pre-ʿAbbās Period .......................................................................................... 14 2-2: Shāh ʿAbbās I and his successors ................................................................................. 20 2-3: ʿAbbās’successors ......................................................................................................... 22 2-4: Shāh Sultān Husayn (1694-1722) ................................................................................. 25 Chapter three Farangi Sāzi: Roots and development ............................................................... 27 3-1: Farangi Sāzi: definition and background ...................................................................... 28 3-1-1: Sādeqi Beyg (died. 1609-10) ..................................................................................... 30 3-1-2: Rizā ʿAbbāsi (c. 1565-1635) ..................................................................................... 33 3-1-3: Shāfi ʿAbbāsi (died 1670s) ........................................................................................ 35 3-1-4: ʿAli Quli ..................................................................................................................... 37 3-1-5: Muhammad Zamān .................................................................................................... 40 3-1-5-1: Muhammad Zaman and European art .................................................................... 41 3-2: Case studies ................................................................................................................... 45 4/93 3-3: Patron of the Europeanized art ...................................................................................... 51 Studying the European artworks .......................................................................................... 53 Chapter Four The age of discovery: Netherlandish painters in Persia ..................................... 56 4-1: Sources: VOC archive .................................................................................................. 57 4-2: Sojourn of the painters .................................................................................................. 58 4-2-1: Jan Luicassen Hasselt (died after 1653) .................................................................... 58 4-2-1: Travel to Persia ...................................................................................................... 60 4-2-1-1: Hasselt in the royal library ................................................................................. 61 4-2-1-2: Hasselt and Shāh Safi ......................................................................................... 66 4-2-1-3:Jan Luicassen Hasselt’s artworks ........................................................................ 68 4-2-2:Joost Lampen (d.1617) ............................................................................................... 71 4-2-3: Barend Van Sichem (died c. 1639) ............................................................................ 73 4-2-4: Hendrick van Lochorst (died after 1648) .................................................................. 74 4-2-5: Phillips Angel (died c. 1664-5) ................................................................................. 75 4-2-6: Romaijn (died after 1655) ......................................................................................... 77 4-2-7: Michael Sweerts (1618-1664) ................................................................................... 77 4-2-8: Jan de Hart (died after 1660) ..................................................................................... 77 4-2-9: Adriaen Gouda (d. 1667) ........................................................................................... 78 4-2-10: Hofstede van Essen (died after 1703) ...................................................................... 78 4-2-11: Cornelis de Bruijn (d.1726-7) .................................................................................. 78 4-2-11-1: De Bruijn in Persia ........................................................................................... 80 Chapter Five Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 84 5/93 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 89 6/93 Chapter One The impact of the Netherlandish art on Persian Miniature in Safavid era 1588 - 1722 The aim of this thesis is examining the impacts of the Netherlandish art on Persian painting in the Safavid period the interval between the reign of Shāh ʿAbbās I during 1588-1629 to the reign of Shāh Sultān Husayn within 1694-1722. The hypothesis of this research relies on two sets of phenomena that occurred in this interval: (1) reproducing a group of the Europeanized artworks by Persian royal painters and (2) sojourn of eleven Netherlandish painters in Persia. This research examines each of these phenomena separately at first step, then it scrutinizes whether or not there is a correlation between these two stories. Following the discussion, I will argue whether there was a tutorial connection between any of the Netherlandish painters in Persia and royal Persian painters? whether one can pinpoint the impact of Netherlandish art on the development of Europeanized painting or it should be generally considered as European art? 1.1: Historic backdrop In 1978 Willem Floor and later in 2013 and 2015 Gary Schwartz researched the sojourn of the Netherlandish painters in Persia. Based on them, in the Safavid period, eleven painters traveled 7/93 to Persia. Their names and the time of their residency are as follow; Jan Luicassen Hasselt (1617-c.1640s), Joost Lampen (c.1630), Barend van Sichem (1635-1639), Hendrick Boudewijn van Lockhorst (1643-1647), Philips Angel (c.1650-55), Romaijn (c.1655), Jan de Hart (c.1657), Adriaen Gouda (1660-61) Michiel Sweerts (1660s), Hofstede van Essen (c.1693) and Cornelis de Bruijn (1703-1705). Of those three painters; Hasselt, Lockhorst, and Angel joined the royal workshop of three kings of Persia during the 1610-1650s. Meanwhile, in the 1630s the Persian court requested Dutch East India Company (VOC) for painting equipment. The same documents say that during 1653, the Dutch talented painter, Philips Angel established an atelier in Isfahan. After a while, in 1664 a French traveler, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1689), who visited the Persian court wrote: “...the king [Shāh ʿAbbās II] has learned how to draw very well from two Dutch painters, one named Angel and the other Lokar, whom the Dutch Company had sent”. 1 Meanwhile, turning the seventeenth century until the end of the Safavid
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