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Subsistence Mapping: an Evaluation and Methodological Guidelines SUBSISTENCE MAPPING: AN EVALUATION AND METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES Technical Paper Number 125 LINDA J. ELLANNA, GEORGE K. SHERROD, AND STEVEN J. LANGDON 1985 Division of Subsistence Alaska Department OP Fish and, Game Box 3-2000 Juneau, Alaska 99802 Page List of Figures . ..*....................................... 1v CHAPERl SUESISTEKE-EMEDLANDAND~CURCEUSEMAPP~G: ImRmmrImANDm .......................... 1 Intrcdutiion ................................... 1 Pmpcseofthemdy ........................... f Methodology .................................... 8 Basic Concepts .......... ....................... 12 Relevance of Subsistence Mapping ............... 19 CHAPTER2 MAPPINGASAmTmXKZy INTHESOCIALSC~: SOME~~=SND~RFTIcAL PERspmIvEs .... ........ ............. .... ......... 23 Relationships Betwan Anthropology and Geography in the Study of Human-Environments ... ........ 23 The RoleofMapping inGeography: Same Human- Environment Examples .... ..................... 30 The Use 0fMappingMethods inAnthropclcgica1 Research . ............... ... .................... 42 Theoretical Perspectives of Study .............. 56 CHAPTER3 SUESISTENCEMAPP~GMETHODOLCGIESINNORTHER~~ NORTHAMERICA: A DESCRIPTION. ...*.... 61 Introduction . ..*...*.................... 61 AnOvemiewof SubsistenceMapping in Northern North America . ...*.... 62 Canadian Land-Use and Occupancy Studies . Alaskan Land.aud Resou.rce.Use Studies . ...*.... 1:: CHAPlER4 SUEkSISTEXEYAPP~G~LM;IEsINNORTHERN NoRTHAMEnIcA: ANE&ATI~ ..................... 156 Introduction ................................... 156 StatmantofPlmblm ........................... 157 Mapping as a Data Gathering Tool ............... 163 Dccmentation ............................. 163 sampling .................................. 164 Tanporal Dimensims ....................... 166 Intensity ................................. 172 Other Technical Considerations ............ 177 Analysis of Mappea Data ........................ 186 Documentation ............................. 186 Tanporal Dimensions ....................... 187 Intensity ................................. 189 Techniques of Analysis .................... 193 ii Data Presentation .............................. 197 Conclusions .................................... 209 CHAPTERS SUBSISTENCEM?JPPING:GUIDELINESFORTHE DEVEW- OF A RESEAfMI TCOL .................... 212 Introduction ................................... 212 The Research Question: When is Mapping an mropriate Tool? ......................... 216 Guidelines for the Collection of Geographic Data .............................. 223 Documentation ............................. 223 Formulation of Pertinent Questions ........ 223 Technical Considerations .................. 227 Sampling .................................. 230 Techniques of Data Collection ............. 233 Techniques of Data Analysis .................... 240 Introduction .............................. 240 Descriptive Analysis ...................... 241 Basic Caqqrative Analysis ................ 242 Quantitative Analysis ..................... 245 Data Presentation .............................. 254 CXAPTEZ6 CONCLUSIONS':THE F'UKJREOF,SUBSISTENCEMAPPING. 261 References . Bl iii LIST OF FIGURES Paqe Figure1 Isarithmic surfaces ofmskrattaken franregistered trapping areas in the Mackenzie Delta, 1949-1950, 1950-1951, ard 1957-1958 (taken fran Walforth 1971). ...*.. 37 Figure2 Trend surfaces of m&rat taken frun registered trappinq areas in the Mckenzie Delta, 1949-1950, 1950-1951, and 1957-1958 (taken fran Walforth 1971). 38 Fiqure3 Residuals to linear trend surfaces of m&rat taken frcm registered trapping areas in the Yackenzie Delta, 1949-1950, 1950-1951, and 1955-1956 (taken from Walforth 1971). 40 Fiqure4 Sprixq (February-March to June) general land-use areas, 1850-1860 (taken from Foote 1961:31). 70 Figure5 Spring lax&use areas utilized mid-March to June, 1950-1960 (taken frm Foote 1961:67). 72 Figure6 The Distribution of beaver harvests in 1973-1974 by Fort George Eatives (taken frm Weinstein 1976:129b). .. 78 Figure7 Distribution of the Fort George bush food harvest frm waterfowl, 1973-1974 (taken fm Weinstein 1976:138b). ..- 79 Figure8 yapped data compilation procedure in -----The Inuit Land USetioCcupa, ?cy Project (taken fran Freeman 1976, v.3:xvii). 87 Figure9 Tuktoyaktuk trapping, 1955 to 1974 (taken fran Reman 1976, v.3:ll). ..-.... 88 Fiqure 10 l'uktoyaktuk hunting, 1955 to 1974 (taken frm Freeman 1976, v.3:12). 89 Figure 11 DoiqRiver F&serve traplines andhuntinqqrounds (huntinqqrounds have notbeen added fromthemap bwaphies) (tdcen frcm Keinstein 1979:126b), . 98 iv Figure 12 DoiqPiver Reservehunting (taken frmBrcdy 1982:161). ..*.......... 99 Figure 13 DoiqPiver Reserve fishing areas (taken frm Brdy 1982:157). 100 Fiqure 14 Doiqfiver Reserve berxypickinq areas (taken frun Brcdy 1982:155). 101 Fiqure 15 DoiqPiver Reserve camping sites (taken frm Brody 1982:159). 102 Figure 16 Traplines registered to Indians, 1979 (taken from Brcdy 1982:lOl). ..e... 103 Fiqure 17 Approximate locations of sumzr fish camps of households frmAMcanuk,Rmmak, Kotlik, I%untainVillaqe, Sheldon Point, andStebbins in 1981 (taken frcm Wolfe 1981:43). ...* 125 Figure 18 Fishing lccations for non-satin fish species, June 1980-&y 1981 of a sample of households from Sheldon Point (n=7) (taken fran Wolfe 1981:117). 126 Fiqure 19 Resource harvestareamap, salrmn and furbearers, Tyonek. ..-. ..*........ 134 Fiqure 20 Resource harvest sites and areas in Section B-3 of the study area (near Hughes on the Koyukuk River) (taken frmNelscn,Yautner, andBane 1982:374). .e.......e.....e.................a........ 139 Figure 21 Distribution of subsistence maps within the study area (taken frcm Nelson, Mautner, and Bane 1982:371). 140 Fiqure 22 Tmditionaltrappinq areas of Kayukon Athabaskans and AnaktuvukPass Inupiat (taken fromNelson, Mautner, ad Bane 1982:58). 141 Figure 23 Mapof the Point Hope reqicn showing the location of known settlment sites, 1800 to 1875 (taken frcm Burch 1981:38). ..o........... 144 Figure 24 Yap of Point Hope region shcwinq typical distribu- tion of the population at the time of freshwater freeze-up, 1800 to 1875 (taken frun Burch 1981:58). 145 V Figure 25 Hap of Point Hape region shtig the direction of typical population mvemnts i.~ Jdy, 1800 to 1875 (taken frm Burch 1981:55). 147 Figure 26 Yap of Point Bopa penin,tula showing the typical spring whale miqraticn route and the location of whalinq crews, 1800 to 1875 (taken frm Burch 1981:24, adapted fran Foote 1964:7). 148 Figure 27 Subsistence~ppinq studyevaluativemtrix. A"+" indicates confomance to a scientific mdel; a "-" irdicates non-conformnce to a scientific model (neither indicates the quality of conformance or non-conformance, which varied widely). (See text for a n-ore detailed description of each category. 1 . 158 Figure 28 Barrow trappinq-huntihq-fishinq area according to the village council, Hay 17, 1947 (taken frcm Sonnenfeld 1956). 200 Fiqure 29 Base map with numbered cultural-biolcqical units used to elicit spatial data via sumey in Case B. 237 Figure 30 Escamples of notations used in reccrdinq subsistence behavior. 239 Figure 31 A schematic of two neiqhborinq traplines Wken from Nalson 1973). 257 Figure 32 The use of a culturally-biolcqically wrtant unit e or area throuqh tine by the prcentaqe of house- holds in the randcmly selected sumey smple (taken fran Ellanna and Sherrcd 1985). 259 vi CHAPTER 1 SUBSISTENCE-BASED LAND AND RESOURCE USE MAPPING: INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT INTRODUCTION The relationships between hunting-gathering peoples and the terrestrial and aquatic environments in which they conduct resource harvest activities increasingly have become the focus of studies emerging from a diversity of disciplines and, interests, including cultural ecology, human ecology, archaeology, cultural and economic geog why, environmental studies, and public administration and .planning. There are two primary explanations for this interest. First, as ecological models have found more widespread applicability in anthropological and related studies, scientists have looked to the adaptive strategies of contemporary hunter-gatherers in the hopes of gleaning insight into human evolution and human economic, social, and ideological change through time and space and having an opportunity to describe "traditional" or "indigenous" hunter-gatherer cultural patterns before such groups have been. engulfed by "modern civi- lization." As aptly described in the 1966 Man the Hunter symposium (published in Lee and DeVore 1968), the geographic distribution of populations which have a subsistence focus based on hunting, fishing, and gathering has diminished over the past five hundred or so years but most dramatically, however, during the last century. This phenom- ena has occurred despite the fact that hunting-gathering had been a successful and persistent adaptive strategy throughout most of human history. Secondly, the facts that hunter-gatherer societies are contem- porarily rare in a global perspective and generally distributed in marginal areas have not diminished the zeal by which extant agro- industrial societies have attempted to either occupy or manage lands and resources on which hunter-gatherers depend, particularly in more recent years. In general, the effects on hunter-gatherer societies of land policies imposed by colonial governments over the past century have included the reduction of territory available to these groups and modification of their traditional systems of tenure in favor of state-controlled systems
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