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Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with Descriptions of Four New Species from China Zoological Systematics, 41(1): 64–81 (January 2016), DOI: 10.11865/zs.201604 ORIGINAL ARTICLE A revision of Chinese species of Mesopolobus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with descriptions of four new species from China Hui Xiao1, Lei Sun2, Tianyang Jiao1, 3, Zi Li1, 3 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-mail: [email protected] 2Plant Protection College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China 3College of Life Sciences, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Abstract Twenty-five species of Mesopolobus Westwood are recognized from China, of which four species are reported as new to science, M. tongi Xiao, sp. nov., M. changbaicus Xiao, sp. nov., M. equivenae Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. and M. beilingicus Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. and fifteen species are newly recorded from China. A key to Chinese Mesopolobus and illustration of external features of the species are provided. Key words Mesopolobus, China, new species, new record. 1 Introduction The genus Mesopolobus was described based on the species M. fasciiventris Westwood by Westwood (1833). It is one of the largest genera of Pteromalidae. About 123 valid species were reported, of which 86 are known from the Palearctic Region, 21 from the Nearctic Region, 9 from the Oriental Region, 8 from the Australasian Region, 9 from the Afrotropical Region and 3 from the Neotropics (Noyes, 2014). Most species of Mesopolobus are parasitoids of insect pests, and play an important role in biological control. Insects attacked by Mesopolobus include dipterous (mainly cecidomyiid), hymen- opterous and coleopterous gallmakers and larvae developing in seeds of plants and stems of grasses (Bouček, 1988). There are also records parasitizing on Hemiptera (Delphacidae, Psyllidae) and some genera of Lepidoptera. Even some species can parasitize species of its same genus, Mesopolobus aequus (Walker) and M. arcanus Askew (Raatikainen, 1961; Raatikainen, 1970; Herting, 1977; Askew & Blasco-Zumeta, 1997). Hosts recorded in the genus include 5 orders, 43 genera and more than 300 species (Noyes, 2014). Till now, only 6 species are recorded form China (Herting, 1976; Yang & Gu, 1995; Yang, 1996; Sun et al., 2005). In this study, 25 species of Mesopolobus from China are identified, including 4 new species and 15 newly recorded species: M. tongi Xiao, sp. nov., M. changbaicus Xiao, sp. nov., M. equivenae Sun & Xiao, sp. nov., M. beilingicus Sun & Xiao, sp. nov., M. aequus (Walker), M. agropyricola Rosen, M. albitarsus (Walker), M. anogmoides Graham, M. aspilus (Walker), M. minutus Dzhanokmen, M. keralensis Sureshan & Narendran, M. nobilis (Walker), M. prasinus (Walker), M. rhabdophagae (Graham), M. semenis Askew, M. teliformis (Walker), M. tibialis (Westwood), M. tortricidis Kamijo and M. typographi (Ruschka). 2 Materials and methods urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9AAF42BB-D96D-4B3F-BE8E-8FCD05D4EA7D Received 10 May 2015, accepted 10 September 2015 Executive editor: Fuqiang Chen 64 © Zoological Systematics, 41(1): 64–81 Revision of Mesopolobus from China 65 All the materials were swept using an insect net and preserved in 75% ethanol. They were subsequently air-dried, point-mounted, and examined with a LEICA M10 stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken by using a Nikon Multizoom AZ100 system, and plates of illustrations were compiled using Adobe Photoshop® software. All type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS). Other cited museum is the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (BMNH). Morphological terminology follows that of Bouček (1988), Gibson et al. (1997) and Gibson (2009). Body length (i.e. length of body excluding the ovipositor sheaths) is measured in millimeters (mm), but other measurements are relative. Abbreviations of morphological terms used are: fun—funicular segment; POL—posterior ocellar distance; OOL— ocellocular distance; Gtn—gastral tergum. 3 Taxonomy Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833 Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833: 443. Type species: M. fasciiventris Westwood. Mesopolobus Westwood: Rosen, 1958: 203–240; Graham, 1969: 638–681; Liao et al., 1987: 71; Bouček, 1988: 432–433; Baur et al., 2007: 387–397; Pujade, 1994: 63–73; Yang, 1996: 185–188. Synonymy: Platymesopus Westwood, 1833: 444; Platyterma Walker, 1834a: 303; Amblymerus Walker, 1834a: 303; Eutelus Walker, 1834b: 351; Xenocrepis Förster, 1856: 64; Selitrichus Rondani, 1877: 196; Asemantus Förster, 1878: 51; Syntomocera Förster, 1878: 52; Disema Förster, 1878: 54; Zacalochlora Crawford, 1913: 251; Urielloides Girault, 1913: 106; Paranogmus Girault & Dodd, in Girault, 1915: 318 Anogmoidea Girault, 1924: 174; Baeoponerus Masi, 1924: 222; Euamblymerus Hincks, 1944: 37; Ahlbergiella Rosen, 1955: 88; Isoptrynea Szelényi, 1982: 381; Sturovia Bouček, 1961: 86. Diagnosis. Body green with luster; antenna 13-segmented, antennal formula 11353 or 11263; antennal insertion clearly below centre of face; right mandible 4-toothed and left mandible 3-toothed. Head occiput not margined; pronotum reticulate and posterior edge with conspicuous shiny strip, pronotal collar with abrupt edge but not carinate; notauli incomplete; scutellum without frenal line; propodeum usually with median carina complete, and plica developed or at least in posterior third, spiracles elongate; mesepisternum with upper triangular areas smooth; fore wing with speculum extending to marginal vein; costal cell on upper surface bare; gaster sessile. Biology. Most species of the genus parasitize pupae of sawflies (Symphyta), Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. For example, M. mayetiolae (Gahan) lays eggs in pupa of Mayetiola destructor (Gahan, 1933), and M. subfumatus (Ratzeburg) attacks pupae of sawflies (Kamijo, 1982). Some species develop as parasitoids in egg of host, such as M. superansi Yang & Gu was recorded from eggs of Dendrolimus superans (Butler) (Yang & Gu, 1995), M. verditer (Noton) from eggs of Diprion simile (Drooz et al., 1985). Some species develop as ectoparasitoid, such as M. typographi (Ruschka) ectoparasitizing on Tomicobia seitneri (Ruschka) (Graham, 1969). Others develop as facultative hyperparasitism, such as M. subfumatus (Ratzeburg), M. fagi Askew & Lamp, etc (Noyes, 2014). Distribution. Widespread in the world. 3.1 Key to the Chinese species of Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833 1. Marginal vein short, only 1.1–1.2 times as long as stigmal vein; lower face with striate or densely emgraved striate; gaster at most 2 times as long as broad ...................................................................................................................................................... M. albitarsus Marginal vein as least 1.4 times as long as stigmal vein; lower face reticulation ................................................................................. 2 2. Antennae inserted above lower ocular line; antennal toruli to clypeal margin slightly shorter than it to middle ocellus; pronotum with collar slightly margined ................................................................................................................................................. M. aequus Antennae inserted below or at lower ocular line; antennal toruli to clypeal margin distinctly shorter than it to middle ocellus; pronotum with collar margined ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 3. Fore wing with basal cell hairy on 1/3–1/2 part ............................................................................................................ M. anogmoides Fore wing with basal cell bare or several hairs .................................................................................................................................... 4 4. Antennae with 2 anelli and 6 funicular segments ................................................................................................................................. 5 Antennae with 3 anelli and 5 funicular segments ................................................................................................................................. 7 5. Postmarginal vein almost as long as marginal vein; basal cell hairy on 1/4–1/3 part .................... M. equivenae Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. Postmarginal vein shorter than marginal vein; basal cell bare .............................................................................................................. 6 6. Clypeal margin emarginate in the middle; malar area with white hairs in male ................................................................ M. tortricidis Clypeal margin not emarginate; malar area without white hairs ........................................................................................... M. tibialis 66 Xiao et al. 7. Body small, nomally shorter than 1.5 mm, at most 1.5 mm .................................................................................................................. 8 Body relatively big, at least bigger than 1.5 mm .................................................................................................................................. 9 8. Postmarginal vein at most as long as stigmal vein ........................................................................................................... M. keralensis Postmarginal vein distinctly longer than stigmal vein; male with a brown spot under stigmal
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