Award Winner Bryan Stevenson on Truth & Reconciliation
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Falange Maintained in the Western Hemisphere
This book is made possible by the work of hundreds of brave, selfless, devoted men and women in Latin America, the United States, North Africa, and Axis Spain. Many of them are my friends. Many of them I know only by their efforts. Many of them are anonymous soldiers in the ranks of the republican Spanish People's Army, scattered, without uniform, throughout the world. "Spain is the key to two continents.'' There are times when a writer can gratefully acknowl- edge by name the persons who helped him most in the crea- -HERMANN GOERING,I 93 6 tion of a book. There are other times when such acknowl- "The great unity of the Axis includes Nazis, edgments would be like a kiss of death. Such are the times Fascists, and Spanish Falangistas. There is no we know today: a time which sees the armies of the Axis longer any distinction between Fascism, Naz- alive and intact. To reveal the names of many of the brave ism, and Falangismo." people who helped me-to reveal their names while Hitler sits in Berlin as a ruler rather than as a prisoner in a death -BENITO MUSSOLINI,September 30, I 942 cell-would be to betray them to the mercies of Axis killers "Many thanks to you and the German peoples. everywhere. May your arms triumph in the glorious under- I am thinking particularly of people like the girl Josefina, whose hair turned gray in twelve hours during a Nazi as- taking of freeing Europe from the Bolshevik terror." sault on Cartagena in 1937, and who today is making the -FRANCISCOFRANCO to Adolf Hitler, Decem- invaders of her native land pay a fantastic price for their crimes. -
University of Cincinnati
! "# $ % & % ' % !" #$ %$ !' &' ( )' !! ' *+# ,!-./ 01 ' "# ' '% $$(' 2&(3 4,( 3 553 4 6 3 Terzioska Use and Abuse in the Educational Apparatus during Franco's Regime in Spain: (1936-1951) A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D) in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures 2009 by Jasmina Terzioska B.A. Purdue University (Indiana) 2000 M.A. Loyola University at Chicago (Illinois) 2002 Committee Chair: Dr. Connie Scarborough Committee Members: Dr. María Paz Moreno, Dr. Carlos Gutiérrez. Abstract: This dissertation investigates the use the abuse in the educational apparatus during the most crucial two decades of Franco’s dictatorship in Spain (1936-1951). These years were the most difficult, including programs, curriculum, textbooks, students, and faculty, as it endured the most control. By analyzing approved textbooks, national newspaper articles, and illustrations of this specific period, this dissertation closely investigates the new implementations and changes in the educational system after the Spanish Civil War. It also explores how Spanish literature was taught, introduced and used, especially the Poema de Mío Cid. This medieval epic served as coursework for Franco’s primary school in order to mimic the process of nation building. For the propagandistic use of the literary works, we highlight Eco’s theory on text interpretation, which -
Memory and Film in Post-Dictatorial Spain" (2014)
Connecticut College Digital Commons @ Connecticut College Self-Designed Majors Honors Papers Self-Designed Majors 2014 Unveiling the Monster: Memory and Film in Post- Dictatorial Spain Juan Pablo Pacheco Bejarano Connecticut College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/selfdesignedhp Part of the European Languages and Societies Commons, and the Film and Media Studies Commons Recommended Citation Pacheco Bejarano, Juan Pablo, "Unveiling the Monster: Memory and Film in Post-Dictatorial Spain" (2014). Self-Designed Majors Honors Papers. 10. http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/selfdesignedhp/10 This Honors Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Self-Designed Majors at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Self-Designed Majors Honors Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author. Unveiling the Monster: Memory and Film in Post-Dictatorial Spain Fig. 1. Francisco de Goya, El sueño de la razón produce monstrous (The sleep of reason produces monsters), 1799, Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain An Honors Thesis presented by Juan Pablo Pacheco To Professor Luis González, Ph.D. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in the Major Field Connecticut College New London, Connecticut May 2014 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………..2 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………4 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..6 2. Haunting Spain through Deformed Pasts: Historical Memory, Cinema and the Gothic and the Grotesque………………………………………………………...........11 Critical Memories: Beyond Forgetting and the Moral Imperative of Remembrance……….12 Representing Abject Pasts: Film, Narrative and Historical Memory………………………..22 The Gothic and the Grotesque: Radical Possibilities of Cinematic Aesthetics.............…….26 3. -
Dan Kier 2016
University of Bristol Department of Historical Studies Best undergraduate dissertations of 2016 Dan Kier History as a Battleground’: The Spanish Civil War, Nationalist Visual Sources, and the Manipulation of History for Political Purpose. The Department of Historical Studies at the University of Bristol is com- mitted to the advancement of historical knowledge and understanding, and to research of the highest order. Our undergraduates are part of that en- deavour. Since 2009, the Department has published the best of the annual disserta- tions produced by our final year undergraduates in recognition of the ex- cellent research work being undertaken by our students. This was one of the best of this year’s final year undergraduate disserta- tions. Please note: this dissertation is published in the state it was submitted for examination. Thus the author has not been able to correct errors and/or departures from departmental guidelines for the presentation of dissertations (e.g. in the formatting of its footnotes and bibliography). © The author, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the prior permission in writing of the author, or as expressly permitted by law. All citations of this work must be properly acknowledged. HIST33101 UG DISSERTATION 65548 HISTORY AS A ‘BATTLEGROUND’: The Spanish Civil War, Nationalist Visual Sources, and the Manipulation of History for Political Purpose. Fig. 1. (Above) Fig. 2 (Below) 1 HIST33101 UG DISSERTATION -
The Monumentalization of the Spanish Civil War
Wesleyan University The Honors College How Spain Sees its Past: The Monumentalization of the Spanish Civil War by Lynn Cartwright-Punnett Class of 2007 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors in History and Iberian Studies Middletown, Connecticut April 2007 Acknowledgments Very special thanks to all the experts who have helped me in the formation of this work: Nathanael Greene, who assigned Homage to Catalonia freshman year and advised me senior year; Carmen Moreno-Nuño and Montserrat Iglesias Santos, who led me to historical memory of the Spanish Civil War; Phillip Wagoner, who introduced me to the concept of lieux de mémoire; and Antonio González, who helped me with Lorca and all things Iberian. Thanks to the Davenport Committee for enabling me to do research over the summer, and to Jaime Lipton, Cuchi Pereyra, Katherine Halper, Emilio Silva, Jesús de Andrés, and Beatriz de las Heras Herrero who helped me while there. Thanks to Erhard Konerding who supplied me with feedback and puns. To Katie Barnett and Meg Adams for going to the NYU conference with me. To CML, because he was willing to be acknowledged. To every member of my family who clipped newspaper articles and sent them to me; even if I didn’t end up using them, they were always appreciated. Thanks to Fran for always being ready to drop everything and help me de-stress. Thanks to Gavin and Judith, whose work on their theses kept me honest. -
Francoism, Censorship, and the Evolution of the Catalan Public Sphere, 1938-55
Francoism, Censorship, and the Evolution of the Catalan Public Sphere, 1938-55 Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Graduation “with Research Distinction in History” in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University By Jeffrey Barckert The Ohio State University May 2021 Project Advisors: Dr. Elizabeth Bond, Department of History Dr. David Hoffmann, Department of History Barckert 2 Contents Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 3 I. The Spanish Peoples: Francoism and Catalan Nationalism ………………………………………………………………………… 9 II. The Press Law of 1938 and Censorship from Above ………………………………………………………………………… 20 III. Franco’s First Journalists: The Public Sphere in Catalonia During the ‘Axis Era’ ………………………………………………………………………… 30 IV. From One Order to Another: Transitioning to the ‘NATO Era’ ………………………………………………………………………… 46 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………… 64 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………… 67 Barckert 3 Introduction In 1946, the United Nations was tasked with the job of rebuilding a world devastated by war. One of the initial questions faced by the new body was the role that Spain would play in a new Europe and, indeed, a new international order. General Francisco Franco had taken over Spain six years earlier with his victory in the Spanish Civil War, thanks in large part to the assistance of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, and had ruled over an authoritarian regime that had grown increasingly internationally isolated ever since. Franco would hold onto rule in the country -
Spanish Cinema During the Final Year of the Civil War: the Republicans' Last Documentaries and Francoist Triumphalism
Bulletin of Spanish Studies Hispanic Studies and Researches on Spain, Portugal and Latin America ISSN: 1475-3820 (Print) 1478-3428 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbhs20 Spanish Cinema during the Final Year of the Civil War: The Republicans' Last Documentaries and Francoist Triumphalism Magí Crusells To cite this article: Magí Crusells (2012) Spanish Cinema during the Final Year of the Civil War: The Republicans' Last Documentaries and Francoist Triumphalism, Bulletin of Spanish Studies, 89:7-8, 23-38, DOI: 10.1080/14753820.2012.731554 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14753820.2012.731554 Published online: 27 Nov 2012. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 314 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cbhs20 Bulletin of Spanish Studies, Volume LXXXIX, Numbers 7Á 8, 2012 Spanish Cinema during the Final Year of the Civil War: The Republicans’ Last Documentaries and Francoist Triumphalism MAGI´ CRUSELLS Universitat de Barcelona Introduction Cinema played an important role as a vehicle for propaganda during the Spanish Civil War. The films produced by the Republicans and the Nationalists had two things in common: first, a desire to assert their side’s legitimacy and the legality of their actions in defence of the country; and second, a desire to pour scorn on the enemy. Examples of the latter abound in the language used: Republican productions branded the military rebels as ‘fascists’, ‘traitors without honour’, ‘ferocious beasts’, while the Nationalist films called the Republicans ‘reds’, ‘Marxist swine’, or ‘ragmen of the Popular Front’. -
De Quesada, Alejandro, the Spanish Civil War, 1936-39, 1
Men-at-Arms The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (1) NationalistNationalil s t Forces Forces "MFKBOESPEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUFECZ4UFQIFO8BMTI"MFKBOESPEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUFECZ4UFQIFO8BMTIEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUEC4UI 8MI Men-at-Arms . 495 The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (1) Nationalist Forces Alejandro de Quesada . Illustrated by Stephen Walsh Series editor Martin Windrow THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936–39 (1) NATIONALIST FORCES INTRODUCTION he Spanish Civil War was the curtain-raiser to World War II, and the major focus of international attention in Europe in the late T1930s. It was fought between the rebel Nationalist army led by Gen Francisco Franco (‘right wing’, and aided by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and some foreign volunteers from conservative countries), and the army of the Spanish Republican government (‘left wing’, and aided by the Communist Soviet Union and many volunteers from liberal democracies). The war involved the most modern weapons then available – particularly aircraft, both operating in direct support of ground forces and bombing enemy-held towns. Like all civil wars, it was fought ferociously by both sides and caused immense suffering to civilians. From a Spanish population of about 24 million, at least General Francisco Franco y 500,000 people died in this Bahamonde (see Plate A1). A bitter war of attrition and former officer of Regulares in Morocco, in 1920 Franco was the in the repression that original second-in-command of followed it. When the the Spanish Foreign Legion under Nationalists secured victory LtCol José Millán Astray, and they installed a dictatorship during the Rif War (1921–26) his that lasted from April 1939 personal courage, leadership and application to duty saw him rise until November 1975 – from major to brigadier-general. -
And Kenneth Waltz( Neo-Realism) Are Main Proponents
INTERNATIONAL RELATION Meaning, Nature, Scope, Evolution and Approaches POLITICAL SCIENCE EXAM HELP Analysis of Past year’s papers Meaning, Nature, Scope, and Significance of International Relations (IR) WHAT IS IN Evolution of IR STORE? Approaches to IR Major contributors PAST YEAR’S QUESTIONS Q1. Discuss the significance and evolution of International Relations as a discipline. Why do you think that IR should be inter-disciplinary in nature? Q2. state system is nothing but Westphalian system. Explain the level of analysis concept of IR Q3. Discuss the development and significance of IR as a discipline Q4. Discuss the nature, and scope of IR. do you think that IR should be inter-disciplinary in nature? Q5 explain the post Westphalian phase of IR International Relation: Meaning • Study of relationship and interactions between countries, nature and consequences of such relationship. • Both a condition- facts of international politics, the actual conduct of relations among nations through diplomacy based on foreign policy, cooperation, conflict and war among them and field of study to understand and explain nations’ acts and behavior in international state system • International relations and politics are generally understood as a set of actions, reactions and interactions between sovereign states, through the medium of their foreign policies. • Study of the global state system. • State system: The organization of humankind into sovereign states ; Palmer and Perkins "It is the pattern of political life in which people are separately organized into sovereign states that must manage to get along together” in the anarchic world order. • Study of events, phenomenon, issues, organizations, structures, conflict, and cooperation beyond the boundaries of nation-state • For example : study of global conflict, violence & war, peace & cooperation, global trade & business, migration, refugee, terrorism, climate change, energy crisis, hunger & poverty, etc Definitions • Hans Morgenthau : Struggle of power among states in International system. -
The Falange Española: a Spanish Paradox
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 211 10th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (RAIS 2018) The Falange Española: A Spanish Paradox James Slaven Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, [email protected] ABSTRACT: "The Falange Española: a Spanish Paradox" discusses the Falange Española, a fascist political party in interwar Spain, and its power during various periods: before the Spanish Civil War and after the Spanish Civil War. First, the paper examines how the Falange Española remained a fringe movement during the time of the Second Republic, looking specifically at: the overcrowding of the political right, the lack of finances, the political mergers, etc. It then examines how the party rose to power following the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936 and the Decree of Unification in 1937, looking specifically at: membership statistics, military strength, Falangist legislation under the Franco regime, etc. The paper concludes that the party was simultaneously at the height of its power and yet the most distant from implementing its vision of a Falangist state. KEYWORDS: Spain, Fascism, Falange Española, Political Party, Civil War Introduction On October 29, 1933, José Antonio Primo de Rivera founded a fascist political party in Madrid, Spain, called Falange Española (FE). This research essay will argue that the Falange remained an insignificantly small political party until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936 and the Decree of Unification in 1937, when it was simultaneously at the height of its power and yet the most distant from implementing its vision of a Falangist state. Specifically, this essay will explore why the Falange struggled to achieve electoral success within the Second Republic, 1931-1939, and signs that it was merely just surviving within the parliamentary democratic system. -
Representations of Women in Postwar Spain
Representations of Women in Postwar Spain: Gender and Performance in Recent Novels and Films Rachel Elaine Finney Hopewell, VA Bachelor of Arts, University of Tennessee at Martin, 1996 Master of Arts, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, 1999 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese University of Virginia December 2017 ii © Copyright by Rachel Elaine Finney 2017 iii ABSTRACT This study explores how women’s lives in postwar Spain are represented in recent (largely from the 21st century, with a few notable exceptions) novels and films. With almost all of the featured narratives here centering on women’s lives in the decades immediately following the Spanish civil war (mostly the 1940s, during the time of the most oppressive reprisals), special attention is given to Francoist social policies as they related specifically to women. By viewing gender as both a social construct as well as a performance, the reader will note how more recent fictional versions of Spanish women’s postwar experiences manage to create an opportunity for contestation, for agency, for pushing back against the social norms that strove to restrict women in their tightly scripted gendered roles in Franco’s New Spain. The introductory chapter opens with a rehearsal of the highlights of key issues in Spanish women’s lives in the years preceding the war, during the Second Republic, and then during the war itself. The lives of both Nationalist and Republican key players such as Dolores Ibárruri (la Pasionaria), Pilar Primo de Rivera, Victoria Kent, and Mercedes Sanz Bachiller are briefly highlighted. -
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Rubén Darío, Fascist? Francoist readings of Modernismo Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5k58t91j Journal Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 94(2) ISSN 1475-3839 Author González, Carlos Varón Publication Date 2017-02-01 DOI 10.3828/bhs.2017.11 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California “Rubén Darío, fascist? Francoist readings of Modernismo” Abstract: Este artículo rastrea la presencia del poeta nicaragüense Rubén Darío en la crítica literaria y la cinematografía española durante el periodo 19391944. La importancia de su poesía, su cosmopolitismo y su origen nacional y racial planteaban un desafío a la comprensión de la cultura que tenía el primer Franquismo. Tanto la crítica literaria como el cine de propaganda recurrieron a él para legitimar y sostener sus respectivos programas estéticopolíticos. El esfuerzo por repensar su lugar frente a la cultura española revela las facciones y las ansiedades estéticas, históricas y políticas del campo cultural peninsular de los cuarenta y subraya la importancia de Darío como significante de la modernidad en lengua española. This article traces the presence of Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío in Spanish literary criticism and film (19391944). The significance of his poetry, cosmopolitanism, nationality, race ands modernist aesthetics pose a challenge to an early Francoist understanding of culture. Both literary criticism and propaganda film resorted to him as a way to legitimize and advance their respective aesthetic and political agendas. The struggle to rethink his position visàvis Spanish culture reveals a series of factions and anxietiesaesthetic, historical, and political in naturepertaining to the peninsular cultural field of the 1940s.