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The Monumentalization of the Spanish Civil War

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The Monumentalization of the Spanish Civil War Wesleyan University The Honors College How Spain Sees its Past: The Monumentalization of the Spanish Civil War by Lynn Cartwright-Punnett Class of 2007 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors in History and Iberian Studies Middletown, Connecticut April 2007 Acknowledgments Very special thanks to all the experts who have helped me in the formation of this work: Nathanael Greene, who assigned Homage to Catalonia freshman year and advised me senior year; Carmen Moreno-Nuño and Montserrat Iglesias Santos, who led me to historical memory of the Spanish Civil War; Phillip Wagoner, who introduced me to the concept of lieux de mémoire; and Antonio González, who helped me with Lorca and all things Iberian. Thanks to the Davenport Committee for enabling me to do research over the summer, and to Jaime Lipton, Cuchi Pereyra, Katherine Halper, Emilio Silva, Jesús de Andrés, and Beatriz de las Heras Herrero who helped me while there. Thanks to Erhard Konerding who supplied me with feedback and puns. To Katie Barnett and Meg Adams for going to the NYU conference with me. To CML, because he was willing to be acknowledged. To every member of my family who clipped newspaper articles and sent them to me; even if I didn’t end up using them, they were always appreciated. Thanks to Fran for always being ready to drop everything and help me de-stress. Thanks to Gavin and Judith, whose work on their theses kept me honest. Extra thanks to Dan, whose room was my second carrel, and whose music kept me sane. Finally, thanks to all my friends, including all the members of the Alpha Delta Phi, who put up with me and my closed door this year. I knew that something was right when 10 people responded to my desperate email the night before I printed this thesis; you all are amazing. Note: All interviews and sources originally in Spanish have been translated by the author, with help from Antonio González. Table of Contents Introduction: A History of the Second Degree............................................5 History and Historical Memory in 20th Century Spain ......................................... 5 Lieux de mémoire.................................................................................................. 11 The Monumentalization of the Spanish Civil War.............................................. 13 The Alcázar of Toledo.......................................................................................17 An “Impregnable Fortress:” The Siege of the Alcázar....................................... 19 Why a Myth Was Needed ..................................................................................... 22 Deconstructing the Myth? .................................................................................... 31 “The Glorious Remains” ...................................................................................... 42 21st Century Developments: The Future of a Deconstructed Myth ................... 52 Conclusions............................................................................................................ 59 The Valley of the Fallen....................................................................................62 José Antonio and the Falange: Franco’s Bureaucratic Claque .......................... 64 “The Ninth Wonder” ............................................................................................ 73 The Legacy of José Antonio?................................................................................ 79 The Burial of Franco and Subsequent Commemorations.................................. 80 Conclusions: Calculated Ambiguity..................................................................... 83 Memory of Federico García Lorca in Granada: La ruta lorquiana......86 “I Knew They Had Murdered Me”...................................................................... 88 La Huerta de San Vicente: Lorca’s Summer Home ........................................... 92 “As Stratford is For Shakespeare:” Fuente Vaqueros and Lorca..................... 100 El Parque García Lorca: The Burial Site? ......................................................... 113 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 123 Gernika and Guernica: The Legacy of a Bombing.................................126 The Bombing of Gernika and its Aftermath...................................................... 128 The Evolution of a Masterpiece: Picasso and Guernica .................................. 135 Gernika’s Peace Museum ................................................................................... 150 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 156 Conclusion: Sifting the Wheat from the Chaff.........................................159 “Benign Neglect”: The Politics of Memory...................................................... 161 Educating the People.......................................................................................... 168 What Next? The Future of Historical Memory................................................. 173 Bibliography.......................................................................................................177 “Memory is shaped by our changing surroundings and the way we interpret them.” –Michael Richards, historian1 “And it's necessary that we recover and we discover our historical memory. The winners wrote their own history; the losers never had the chance to do so. There is a collective need to recover that memory. A country without memory is a sick country.” – Dulce Chacón, Spanish author2 1 Michael Richards, "From War Culture to Civil Society: Francoism, Social Change and Memories of the Spanish Civil War," History & Memory 14, no. 1/2 (2002), 94. 2 Sylvia Poggioli, "Profile: Spaniards Just Beginning to Confront the Ghosts of Nearly 40 Years of Fascist Rule Under Francisco Franco," NPR: All Things Considered, 2 January 2003. Introduction: A History of the Second Degree Winners decide how to memorialize history. The clearest view of this is in the monumentalization of wars, in war memorials and tombs, for example. But winners do not always get to decide how their monuments will be read years later. What may seem to be a self-evident reference to a very specific historical reality can become distorted with time, as collective memory changes. This is the case in 20th century Spain, which has had multiple regime changes. As political context and collective memory change, monuments must be rethought for their new context or they risk losing relevance. However, there is also a chance that leftover monuments will affect historical understanding, passing on outdated interpretations of the past. Both of these possibilities can be seen in Spanish monuments to the Spanish Civil War, a conflict which has been seen through many different lenses during the 20th and 21st centuries. As political realities have changed, conceptions of history have changed with them. However, while representations of the war have changed forms, the representations of that war in monument form have not always changed accordingly. The result is a landscape littered with anachronism, a collection of monuments that show the full range of interpretations of the Spanish Civil War since the end of the war in 1939. History and Historical Memory in 20th Century Spain During the 20th century, Spain’s government – which had been a monarchy for centuries (apart from a brief interruption in the 19th century) – changed numerous times. By 1930, the monarchy had been discredited for its role in supporting the Miguel Primo 5 de Rivera dictatorship.1 On April 14, 1931, a republic was declared – the Spanish Second Republic. The king, Alfonso XIII, left the country, though he did not abdicate.2 The Republic went through four governments in five years – a provisional centrist government, a leftist and mostly socialist government, a right-of-center government led by the CEDA,3 and a left-of-center Popular Front government.4 During these five years, the country progressively destabilized as the left took over the land, went on strike, and burned churches while the ultra-right committed acts of violence in the streets.5 Finally, the assassination of the monarchist leader José Calvo Sotelo on July 12, 1936 provided the impetus for the military coup that had been looming.6 A board (junta) of generals across Spain started an uprising on July 18, expecting that it would function like a 19th century pronunciamiento.7 Instead, groups of civilians, led by the trade unions and political associations, organized into militias and, with the help of some military units, fought back;8 the uprising had become a civil war between the Nationalists and the Republicans.9 The Spanish Civil War would last almost three years, until victory was 1 Jesús de Andrés and Jesús Cuéllar, Atlas ilustrado de la guerra civil española (Madrid: Susaeta Ediciones, 2005), 15-17, Paul Preston, The Spanish Civil War, 1936-39, 1st Grove Press ed. (New York: Grove Press, 1986). 2 Preston, Spanish Civil War, 17. 3 Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right) 4 de Andrés and Cuéllar, Atlas ilustrado, 21, 23, 31, 33. 5 Preston, Spanish Civil War, 34-36, Michael Seidman, Republic of Egos: A Social History of the Spanish Civil War (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,
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