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The Creation and Inculcation of Martial Masculinity During the Franco Regime in Spain (1939–1975)

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The Creation and Inculcation of Martial Masculinity During the Franco Regime in Spain (1939–1975) University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 6-9-2016 Hombres Normativos: The rC eation and Inculcation of Martial Masculinity during the Franco Regime in Spain (1939—1975) Ian Kent Winchester Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Winchester, Ian Kent. "Hombres Normativos: The rC eation and Inculcation of Martial Masculinity during the Franco Regime in Spain (1939—1975)." (2016). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/84 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ian Kent Winchester Candidate History Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Enrique A. Sanabria, Chairperson Eliza E. Ferguson Melissa K. Bokovoy Rajeshwari Vallury i HOMBRES NORMATIVOS: THE CREATION AND INCULCATION OF MARTIAL MASCULINITY DURING THE FRANCO REGIME IN SPAIN (1939–1975) by IAN K. WINCHESTER B.A., History, University of San Francisco, 2005 M.A., History, University of New Mexico, 2008 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2016 ii HOMBRES NORMATIVOS: THE CREATION AND INCULCATION OF MARTIAL MASCULINITY DURING THE FRANCO REGIME IN SPAIN (1939–1975) by Ian K. Winchester B.A., HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO, 2005 M.A., HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2008 PH.D., HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2016 ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the Franco dictatorship’s construction of normative masculinity through mandatory military service in Spain from 1939–1975. As part of the regime’s efforts to normalize its version of Spanish nationalism, it institutionalized a militarized masculinity in the armed forces. For its sources, the project employs military publications such as autobiographies, journals, training manuals, and magazines as well as courts-martial, service records, and military statistics. Using this rich variety of evidence, the study demonstrates that a gendered conception of the soldier occupied a privileged position in the solidification of the Franco regime’s power, the intended moral regeneration of Spanish society, and the creation of proper Spaniards. This ideal type of man was the martial, masculine, obedient, and pious member of the nation who fulfilled his role as a dutiful husband and father. Utilizing Foucauldian, post-structural, ethnographic, and feminist theories and situating its findings in the context of Spain’s cultural, economic, and social changes during the 1960s and 1970s, the dissertation argues that the regime failed to normalize its version of masculinity. Soldiers utilized alternative forms of knowledge and modes of being that functioned to transform gendered social structures. Paradoxically, however, these transformations helped reinforce patriarchal power. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1 The Context ....................................................................................................................1 Conscription .............................................................................................................6 Historiography of Normative Francoist Masculinity .....................................................9 Sources .........................................................................................................................15 Military Books .......................................................................................................16 Military Print Culture .............................................................................................16 Pedagogical Materials ............................................................................................22 Method & Theory ........................................................................................................22 Temporality ............................................................................................................22 Culture, Society, and Agency ................................................................................24 Power & Discourse Producers ...............................................................................29 Organization & Arguments ..........................................................................................32 CHAPTER I MARTIAL, MASCULINE, AND OBEDIENT MEMBERS OF THE NATION: THE CREATION OF IDEAL SPANISH MEN .........................................37 Introduction ..................................................................................................................37 History of the Francoist Military ...........................................................................38 Normative Francoist Martial Masculinity ....................................................................44 Boys into Men ........................................................................................................44 The Social Function of Military Service ................................................................48 Society and Economics ..........................................................................................51 Military Morality ...................................................................................................57 iv Military Spirit and Virtues .....................................................................................63 The Code of Martial & Masculine Honor ..............................................................69 Discipline/Obedience/Subordination .....................................................................77 Conclusion: A Story of Failure & Success ..................................................................87 CHAPTER II SO[U]LDIERS FOR CHRIST AND MEN FOR SPAIN: THE APOSTOLADO CASTRENSE’S ROLE IN THE CREATION AND DISSEMINATION OF NORMATIVE MASCULINITY ............................................99 Introduction ..................................................................................................................99 Historiography & National-Catholicism ..............................................................106 History, Mission, & Goals ...................................................................................111 Initiatives & Publications .....................................................................................113 Three Discourse Producers ..................................................................................117 The Apostolado Castrense & Normative Masculinity ...............................................120 Making Pious Men ...............................................................................................127 Catholic Morality and Spirit ................................................................................130 Honor & Chivalry ................................................................................................133 Discipline/Obedience/Subordination ...................................................................138 The Apostolado & the Failures of National-Catholicism ..........................................141 Unintended Consequences & Estrangement between Church and State .............143 Miguel Alonso Baquer: Legacy & Reflections of a Discourse Producer ............150 Conclusion .................................................................................................................157 CHAPTER III THOU SHALT AND SHALT NOT: THE CONDITIONING AND CONTROL OF MALE SEXUALITY .........................................................................164 Introduction ................................................................................................................164 v Method .................................................................................................................165 Understandings of Normative Male Sexuality ...........................................................169 Normative Types: The Dutiful Husband & Father vs. The Don Juan .................171 Sexual Education .................................................................................................177 Sexually Transmitted Infections & Prostitutes ....................................................182 Negative Practices: Masturbation & Pornography ..............................................189 Homosexuality .....................................................................................................194 Conclusion: Failure and Success ...............................................................................196 CHAPTER IV REGIMES OF PUNISHMENT: HONOR AND SEXUALITY IN FRANCOIST MILITARY JURISPRUDENCE .........................................................201 Introduction ................................................................................................................201 Acts & Identities: Part I .......................................................................................203 Codes of Military Justice .....................................................................................205
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