'Abd Al-Hasan B. Ahmad Jamal Al-Layl, Sayyid 240 'Abd Al-Qadir

Index

‘Abd al-Hasan b. Ahmad Jamal al-Layl, Alaska Purchase, the 139 Sayyid 240 ‘Alawi b. ‘Ubaydallah 236 ‘Abd al-Qadir 166, 167, 168, 169 Albania 262 ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke Sergei al-‘Aydarus, Sayyid 238 150, 154 ‘Abdallah Ba Kathir, Shaykh 239 Alexander I, Tsar 139, 143 ‘Abduh, Muhammad 130–1, 171–2, Alexander III, Tsar 149 175, 182 Alexander, Michael 37 Abdülhamid II, Sultan 170–1, 181 Alexandria, Patriarchate of 252 abolitionism 8, 34–5, 86 Algeria 175, 191 Abu Hasan 239 Algiers 164, 166–7 Abu-Lughod, Janet 111 ‘Ali, the fourth caliph 234 ABVP (Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi al-Jazeera 127, 135 n. 58 Parishad – All India Sudent Alkalai, Judah 65, 66 Association) 347 All India Sudent Association (ABVP acculturation 188–9 Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Acquaderni, Giovanni 103 Parishad) 347 Action for a United World 331 Allah, Shah Wali 114 activism 16 Allen, John 333 Adler, Nathan 55, 73 Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift 30 Adrianople, threaty of 143 Alliance Israélite Universelle 8, 8–9, 9, al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din 112, 130, 70, 71, 73, 73–4, 99, 269, 273; 165, 171–2, 172–5, 175, 176, 181 agenda 196; committees 192–3; Afghanistan: British invasion of 173; education programme 188–90, Soviet invasion of 129–30, 130 190–1; establishment 187–8; Africa 308; Islam in 123–4; missionary French dominance 288 n. 17; activity 31–3; Pentecostalism 41; growth 64–8; Hebrew name scramble for 39 200–1; mission 188; in Tunis Afrikaners 298, 311 190–1, 191–3, 193–4, 196, Agudat Yisrael 68, 291 n. 55 196–7, 198 Ahl-i Hadith, the 116, 117, 119 Alliance of the Reformed Churches Ahl-i Quran, the 116, 117 299 Ahmad b. Abu Bakr b. Sumayt, All-India Muslim League 121–2, Sayyid 240 129 Ahmad b. ‘Isa al-Muhajir, Sayyid al-Manar 9–10, 171–2, 175–81, 182, 236 241 Ahmad Khan, Sayyid 116, 118, 120, al-Qaida 112 121–2 al-Rabita al-‘Alawiyya 243 Ahmadiyya, the 124 Al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqa 171–2, 172–5 Aimilianos of Simonopetra, 258 American Bible Society 30 Aksakov, Ivan 140, 144 American Hindu Anti-Defamation al-Aqsa Mosque 130 Coalition (AHADC) 354

365 366 Index

American Revolution 85 Bak, Israel 61, 69 Amnesty International 306 Bak, Nissan 61 Amsterdam 57, 60 al-Bakri, Mustafa 114 Anderson, Benedict 269, 349 Balfour Declaration 271, 275, 277 Anglicans 26, 148; Conference of Balkans 252 Bishops 299 Bangladesh 126 Anglobalization 33 Bankimchandra 120 Anglo-Jewish Association 71, 188, 288 al-Banna’, Hasan 175 n. 17 Banten War 238 Anglophone globalization 24 Baptist Missionary Society 28, 29, Anjuman-i Khuddam-i Kaaba 129 32, 33 Antar Rashtriya Sahayog Parishad Baptist World Alliance 42 (ARSP – Indian Council for Barbir, Khadija 179 International Cooperation) 346 Barsky, Vassily 255 anti-colonial violence 238–9 Bartal, Israel 66 Anti-Defamation League 354 Bartholomaios I, Patriarch 260–3 anti-Jesuit campaign 86 Basil the Great, St 256 anti-Semitism 57, 58, 100, 273–4, 281, Bayly, Christopher 3, 84–5 283–4, 336, 354 Bazili, K. M. 145, 146 Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Beg, Moazzam 129–30 Protection Society 8 Begleri, G. P. 155 Antonii, Archbishop 149 Beirut 177, 179 Apartheid 311 Belgian Congo 39 Appleby, R. Scott 13–4, 319–38 Belgium 95, 97, 103 ‘Aqil, Sayyid Muhammad b. 243, 244 Bellemare, Alexandre 183 n. 6 Arab Brotherhood Society 182 Benedict XVI, Pope 319, 334, 335 Arab culture 199 Benezet, Anthony 34 Arab nationalism 202–3 Bennison, Amira K. 9–10, 71, 75, Arab Revolt, the 244 163–82, 209, 269 Arabism 170 Berlin 29 archaic globalization 23 Bethlehem 157 Arsenii (rector of the Moscow Beyer, Peter 3 Theological Academy) 154–5 Bharat Sewa (Service of India) 347 Arslan, Shakib 175 Bharatiya Swayamsevak Sangh Ashkenazi Jews 54, 58, 62, 74, 272 (BSS – Indian Volunteer Corps) Athanasios the Athonite, St 258 345 Athenagoras I, Patriarch 258–9, 260 Bhide, Lakshman Shrikrishna 345 Athos, Mt, Orthodox conﬂict over Bible, the, translations 31 257–9 Bin Laden, Osama 112, 127, 129, 130, al-‘Attas, Sayyid ‘Umar Salim 243 131, 135 n. 58 AWAAZ 347, 349–50 Blair, Tony 327 al-‘Aydarus, Sayyid Muhammad 241 Blandford, Sister Edith 91 Azariah, V. S. 34 Bleichröder, Gerson von 56 Bludova, Countess Antonina 148 Ba Kathir, Shaykh ‘Abdallah b. Board of Delegates 55 Muhammad 240–1 Board of Deputies 55 Backus, Isaac 25 Bolotov, V. V. 149 Badis, Ibn 175 Bolshevik Revolution 157 Baghdad 68 Borneo 238 Index 367

Bradley, Joseph 150 Caritas Internationalis 330, 341 n. 17 Brazil 330, 331, 340 n. 16 Casanova, Jose 294 British and Foreign Bible Society 29, Casaroli, Archbishop Agostino 328–9 30 Cathedral of the Resurrection, British Empire 7, 28–30, 35, 116, Moscow 141 123–4 Catholic Agency for Overseas Brown, Dan 82 Development 341 n. 17 Brussels World Conference 289 n. 27 Catholic Emancipation 95 Buddhism 2, 11, 12, 120; activist Catholic Enlightenment, the 85–7 typology 207; charity networks Catholic Foreign Mission Society 322 221; Chinese 220; and India 211; Catholic identity 88 Indic 210; Japanese 206, 207–13, Catholic International, the 82–106, 216–21, 224; Japanese delegation 319–38; administrative structures to World’s Parliament of Religions 336–7; aggiornamento (‘updating’) 212–3; Japanese orientations 321–2; anti-modernism 105; 207–8; Korean 221–4; Mahayana appeal 338; and capitalism 326–8; 210; missionaries 10, 209; the Catholic Revival 88–90, 96; as publishing 213–5, 223; in Taiwan civil society 319; the common 216–21; temples 208; Theravada good 339 n. 6; and communism 210; three treasures 208; 325–6, 328–9; congregations 90–2; transnational activists 10, 206–24; the Counter-Reformation 83–4, in the West 207; and Western 105; criticisms of 335–6; the Curia Buddhology 210–2; world religion 336; deﬁnition 83; demographics status 207; zhaijiao 216 335; elite 95; European Buddhism Promotion Society (Pulgyo semi-periphery 97; evangelization Chinheunghoe) 223 322–4; and the French revolution Buddhism-sympathizers 206–7 87–8; geography of 96–9, 105; Buddhist modernism 215 geopolitics 103–5; hierarchy Buddhist nationalism 123 333–4, 338; inculturation 321, 322; Buddhist public 213–4 inﬂuence 338; Jansenism 85–7, Buddhology 210–2 88, 89, 105; John Paul II’s legacy Bulgarian atrocities 17 334–5; liturgical movement 321; Bunyan, John, Pilgrim’s Progress 31 migration and 96; mission 322–4; bureaucratic organization 11 missionaries 84, 89–90, 92–4, 104; Burton, Richard 33 mobilization for the Pope 99–102; Burundi 337 non-governmental organizations 13–4, 325, 330–2; orders 90–2, Cahen, Isidore 74 332–3; philanthropy 94–5; Caliphate, the 8, 11, 129, 163, 176, political Catholicism 95–6, 102–3; 184 n. 42, 244–5 post-Cold War developments Calvinist International, the 24–5 337–8; precursors 82–8, 105–6; Calvinist tradition 28 public sphere 325; Republic of Cameroon 39 Letters 86; resources 338; Camondo, Abraham 67–8 ressourcement 321; Romanization Campus Crusade for Christ 43 101–2, 106; and the Second World Canada 348, 350, 353, 354, 358–9 War 325; shortage of priests 335; Canadian Hope 354 social Catholicism 102–3; social capitalism, papacy and 326–8 doctrine 327–8; solidarity 339 Carey, William 28 n. 6; subsidiarity 339 n. 6; 368 Index

Catholic International, the – continued churches: and civil society 293–5, 296, transnationalism 319, 328–37; 297, 314; as supra-national and Vatican II 319, 320–5; community 295–8 women’s participation 92, 101; civil society 2, 270; Catholic the Zouaves 100–1 International as 319; and Catholic Medical Mission Board 331 churches 293–5, 296, 297, 314; Catholic Near East Welfare Association deﬁnition 4; global 2, 2–3, 4, (CNEWA) 330–1 15–6; and the Jewish Catholic power 106, 326 International 54–7 Catholic principles 342 n. 35 Clarence-Smith, William 12–3, 75, Catholic Reformation, the 83 233–46 Catholic Relief Services 330, 334 Clark, Christopher 5, 7, 23–43, 282 Catholic Revival, the 88–90, 96 Clarkson, Thomas 34 Catholic World Mission 331 Clement of Chilandar 258 Catholicism: cardinals 339 n. 8; and clerical authoritarianism 15 civil society 294; clerical Clinton, Bill 327 authoritarianism 15; CND 42 congregations 8; democratization Cohn, Albert 62 282; persecution 7, 87–8; Cold War 253–4, 259, 306, 325–6 politicization 8; religious orders 6; colonial religion, spending 32 and Russian Orthodoxy 148–9, colonialism 71, 116 155; transnationalism 319 Committee of the Female Servants of Caughey, James 32 the Nation (Rashtra Sevika Samiti) Cazès, David 9, 186–90, 192, 196 347 Central Khilafat Committee 129 Committee of Union and Progress 182 Chabad movement 56, 285 communal institutions 1 chalukah 60, 69 communications revolution 1, 7, charity 270 15, 23 Chau, Adam Yuet 10, 206–24 Communion 331–2, 332 Chemla, Abraham 195–6, 198 communism: fall of 262; papacy and Chicago, World’s Parliament of 325–6, 328–9 Religions 17, 37–9, 104, 212–3 Community of Sant’Egidio 332, 334, Chief Rabbi 55 336 China 33, 41, 115; Buddhism in Congo reform movement 17 214–5, 220, 221; language 214 congregational model 90–2 China Inland Mission 32 congregationalization 13, 15, 307–14 Chinese Buddhist Association 220 Congressional India Caucus 352 Christian Foundation for Children Constantine VI, Patriarch 260 and Aging 331 Constantinople 141, 152–3, 155; Christian School Brothers 90 see also Istanbul; fall of 252 Christian Student Movement 298 Constantinople, Church of 264–5 Christian unity 295 Constantinople, Patriarch of 140, 252 Church Missionary Society 28, 29, consumerist culture 327 30, 33 conversions 27, 29, 31, 38 Church of the Intercession on the Coptic Church 252 Moat (St Basil’s Cathedral), Cordaid 341 n. 17 Moscow 141 corporate voluntarism 6 Church World Service 301–2 Council of Trent 83 Index 369

Counter-Reformation, the 5, 83–4, Dimitrios I, Patriarch 260 105, 141 diplomacy: informal 278, 280; Crémieux, Adolphe 73, 74 non-state 272; papal 82–3, 98, Crimea, the 145 106, 319, 328–9 Crimea Affair, the 281 discrimination 7, 353–4 Crimean War 62, 148 divine revelation 38 Crowther, Samuel Ajayi 33, 34 Dixon, Simon 10, 139–57 cultural transfer 90, 97, 163–4 Djermek 61 culture wars 101 Doctors’ Plot, the 281 Curia, the 336 Dominicans, the 90 cybershakhas 359–60 Dostoevskii, Fedor 140 Cyprus 263 Droste zu Vischering, Countess Maria Czechoslovakia 326 91 Dulles, John Foster 295 Damascus 178–9 Dutch Protestant churches 297–8, Damascus Affair, the 17, 55, 59, 60, 303–4, 305, 307, 309–13 74, 187, 188 Darby, John Nelson 32 East Africa 345 Davidson, Henry 25 East Asia 209, 214 De Smet, Pieter-Jan 92–3 East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 206 decentralization 14, 15 East Germany 311 Declaration on Religious Liberty ecclesiastical internationals: and civil (Dignitatis Humanae) 321 society 293–5; contested moral decolonization 198 authority 305–7; internal Dekel-Chen, Jonathan 13, 69, 72, 74, divisions 306–7; lack of consensus 269–87 307; limits 305–14; loss of democratization 14, 15, 102, 285; inﬂuence 309; and migration Catholic 282; Jewish International 312–3; particularism 306; 275, 282; philanthropic Protestant 292–314; Protestantism internationalism 275–6, 279, 282; congregationalization 307–14; Protestant 282 regional 295; rise of 298–304; and Dennis, James 29, 30 secularization 305; strengths 308; Deoband school, the 116–7, 123 supra-national community 295–8; Deoras, Balasaheb 346, 351 women’s participation 309 Derong (Buddhist monk) 219–20 ecumenical movement 301–2 descendants of the Prophet 12–3, ecumenical unity 13, 292–3 233–46 Edinburgh World Conference (1910) Dharma Sansads (Dharma 31 parliaments) 356 education 127 Dharmapala, Angarika 120, 215, 227 Edwards, Jonathan 27 n. 15 Edwards, Timothy 27 di Castelnuovo, Giacomo 191–3, 196, Egypt 114, 115, 126, 127; Al-‘Urwa 196–7 al-Wuthqa banned 172–3; diaspora networks 84; Hadrahmi sada freemasonry in 168–9, 174–5; 12–3, 233–46; Hindu 345–6, Jam‘iyyat al-Khayriyya 349–50, 360–1; Jewish 57, al-Islamiyya 242; nationalism 186–203, 271; Orthodox 252, 253, 175; Orthodox Church 252 256 Elperding, Henri 100 Dimitrios, Patriarch 261 empire, expansion of 7, 11 370 Index

Enlightenment, the 6, 8 Gandhi, Mahatma 346 Episcopal Conference of Africa 337 Garrison, William Lloyd 35 Escrivá, Josemaría, St 333 GATE (Gift from Africa to Europe) 313 Essaouira relief fund 60 Gaudium et Spes (‘Pastoral ethnoreligious nationalism 343 Constitution on the Church in Europe, expansionism 164 the Modern World’) 321 European Economic Community 297 Gedeon, Manuel 257 European Union 305 Gereformeerde Kerken 304 Evangelical Alliance, the 37, 65, 99 German Empire 32–3 evangelical revival, Protestant 23 German-Jewish Enlightenment Evangelical United Front 36 (Haskalah) 61 Evﬁmii, Archimandrite 154 Germany 39, 69; Jewish press 58, 60–1 Gilman, Nicholas 26 Fadl b. ‘Alawi b. Sahl, Sayyid 238, 244 Gilsenan, Michael 245 Faith and Order movement 40 Giussani, Fr Luigi 332, 341 n. 30 Federation of Hindu Associations 354 global Christianity 43 Fergusson, David 307–8 global civil society 2, 2–3, 4, 15–6 Filaret, archbishop of Riga 145–6, 147 global consciousness 2 Filippov, Tertii 140 global government 300 Finney, Charles 32 Global Hindu Electronic Network First Balkan War 258 (www.hindunet.org) 359 First Vatican Council 100, 299, 320 global Hinduism 355–6, 361 First World War 11, 39, 40, 105, 112, global public sphere 2 164, 179, 182, 188, 275 global religious consciousness 9 Flak, Shalom 196, 198 globalization 1–17 Fliedner, Theodor 36 glocalization 312 Focolare 331, 332 Gobat, Samuel 29 Fodio, Uthman dan 115 Golgotha 153 France: ‘Abd al-Qadir’s visit 168; the Golitsyn, Prince A. N. 139–40 Catholic Enlightenment 85–7; the Golwalkar, M. S. 344, 346, 348, 351 Catholic Revival 89; Catholicism Good Shepherd Sisters 90 97, 105; conquest of Algiers 164, Gordon, David 63 166–7; conquest of Tunisia 196–9, Gorskii, A. V. 147 200; Jewish population 55; Orders Graetz, Michael 65–6 and Congregations 90; universal Graham, Bruce 350 suffrage 69; Western Jewish model Graham, Stephen 153–4, 157 188–9 Great Britain: bans Al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqa Franciscans, the 90 172–3; Catholic Emancipation 95; Francke, August Hermann 25 colonial religious spending 32; Frankel, Jonathan 58 Dharma Sansads (Dharma Frankl, Ludwig August 62 parliaments) 356; emigration Franklin, Jacob 62 31–2; Gujarati community 355; freemasonry 168–9, 174–5 Hindu immigration 345, 346; French Empire 7, 11 Hindutva organizations 354; the French Revolution 7, 55, 87–8, 105, HSS 345–6; invasion of 282 Afghanistan 173; Jewish elite 69; Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia 36 Jewish leadership 188; Jewish Fry, Elizabeth 36 population 55–6; Jewish press 58, fundamentalism, Protestant 43 59; occupation of Palestine 277; Index 371

Operation Hindu Vote 354; Hibat Tsiyon, the 198 Protestant interest 26; al-Hibshi, Sayyid Muhammad 244 russophobia 160 n. 36; Sangh Higashi Honganji, the 210–1 Parivar in 347, 349, 355, 358–9; Hijaz railway, the 171, 179, 181 xenophobia 353–4 Hindu Conference of Canada 354 Great Depression, the 277 Hindu Forum UK 354 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Hindu identity 352, 356–7 224 Hindu nationalism 343, 344–6, 348–9, Greece 257, 258 349–50, 360 Greek Orthodox Church 14 Hindu revivalism 121–2, 123 Greek War of Independence 139 Hindu Students Council (HSC) 348 Green, Abigail 1–17, 53–75, 273, 276 Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS – The Greenpeace 306 Hindu Volunteers Corps) 345 Gregory of Nyssa, St 255 Hinduism 2, 11, 38, 120; see also Grover, Chamanlal 345 Sangh Parivar, the; Arya Samaj Gumilevskii, Aleksandr 150 updeshaks (activists) 344; defence organizations 353–4; diaspora Hadith, the 112, 114, 117 345–6, 349–50, 360–1; family Hadrahmi sada: anti-colonial violence links 346; global 355–6, 361; 238–9; benevolent associations Intenet presence 359–60; 242; contribution 245–6; diaspora International 343–62; 12–3, 233–46; divisions 241; Islamophobia 360; and education 241; and holy war multiculturalism 352–3; 237–9; and Islamic modernism nationalism mainstreaming 351; 241–4; judicial role 240–1; rise of political culture 351; 236–7; and the Shariﬁan radicalization 351–2; Semitization Caliphate 244–5; spread of 236–7; of 356–7; women’s participation status 234–6; and Suﬁsm 239–40; 347 voluntarism 233; Wahhabi attacks Hindutva ideology 345 237 Hinton, John Howard 35 Haindava Keralam 360 Hirsch, Baron Maurice de 275 Hajj, the 9, 126 Hirsch, Samson Raphael 73 Halevanon 68–9 historians 2–4 Hali, Altaf Husain 131 historical experience, diversity of 2 Hamagid 63–4 HIV/AIDS prevention 331, 341 n. 17 Hammerskjöld, Dag 306 Hodgson, Marshall 163 Han Yong-un 223–4 Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig 293 Hasan b. Ahmad al-‘Attas, Sayyid 238 Holocaust, the 198, 202, 276, 279, 336 Hasidism 56, 57 Holy Land; see also Israel; Palestine: Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) Orthodox pilgrimages 255–6; in movement 194–6, 197–9, 201 Russian culture 143–8; Russian Hausdorf, Azriel Selig 64 Orthodox pilgrims 151–3, 256 Hazan, Moses 61–2 Holy Land Relief Fund 62, 64 Hebrew 63, 195, 198 Holy Sepulchre, Church of the 154, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society 275 157 Hehir, J. Bryan 320 holy war 6 Herz, Elisa Lippet 62, 70 Homs 177 Hess, Moses, Rome and Jerusalem 65 Huguenot diaspora 24 Hesychasm 141 human rights 88, 302, 320, 329, 337 372 Index humanitarian intervention 269 Inquisition, the 57 Hungary 326 Insha’ Allah, Mawlawi Muhammad Huntingdon, Samuel 17, 82, 173 180 Husayn, Sharif 244–5 Interchurch Aid 301–2 Interchurch Peace Council (IVK) 304, IACPA (Indian American Center for 310–1 Political Awareness) 352 Interchurch World Movement 40 ICCO (Nederlandse Interkerkelijke interculturalism 14, 254–9 Coördinatie Commissie international community 9 Ontwikkelingssamenwerking) 304 International Institute for Islamic identity: Catholic 88; Hindu 352, Thought 126 356–7; Jewish 54, 71, 74; International Missionary Council 293, religious 1 299 identity politics 121–3 international organizations 4 Ignat’ev, Count N. P. 140 international politics, role of ijtihad 164, 165, 167, 181 religion 1 Ilyas, Muhammad 118 internationalism 2, 4, 23, 104, 278–83, imperial competition 39–40 284–5; and nationalism 139–57 Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society Internet, the 127, 359–60, 361 142, 149, 150–7 Ioannis I Tzimiskis 258 Imperial Palestine Society 10 Iqbal, Muhammad 112, 116, 120, 131; Imperial Way Buddhism 208 Reconstruction of Religious Thought imperialism 32–4, 65, 72, 102, 104–5, in Islam 119 112, 169–70, 181, 198, 200, 201, Iraq 129 206 Irish diaspora 96 India 27, 29, 38, 115, 126, 299, 361; Iriye, Akira 4, 294, 295 Al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqa banned Iron Curtain, the 254 172–3; and Buddhism 211; the Islam 111–32; see also Muslim Emergency (1975–77) 346; jihad internationalism; Age of Western 238; missionary activity 33; Domination 115–6, 116–25; ahl Muslim community 121–3, al-bayt 234–6; in America 124–5; 127–8, 172, 351–2, 363 n. 25; benevolent associations 242; partition 122–3, 344–5; connectivity 125–32; cultural untouchables 351–2 transfer 163–4; danger of Indian Council for International divisions 172, 173; discrimination Cooperation (Antar Rashtriya 7; egalitarianism 235; emergence Sahayog Parishad - ARSP) 346 of political identity 111–2, 121–3; Indian National Congress 129 expansion of 123–6; the Indian nationalism 13 Hadrahmi sada 233–46; Hadrahmi Indian Volunteer Corps (Bharatiya sada contribution 245–6; Swayamsevak Sangh BSS) 345 Hadrahmi sada judicial role Indic Buddhism 210 240–1; and holy war 237–9; Indonesia 125, 127, 244, 244–5, 297–8 Indian jihad 237–9; the inner Indo-Ottoman Colonization Society transformation 111, 116–21; 129 internal transformation of 71–2; industrialization 9, 96–7 knowledge networks 112–6; mass industrious revolutions 84–5 literacy 127; modernists 6; Innokentii, bishop of Khar’kov 144–5, mysticism controversies 239–40; 149 naqib 235; NGOs 126; in Pakistan Index 373

122–3; personal responsibility Empire 207; expansionism 214; before God 118–9; politicization Imperial Way Buddhism 208; 8; press 128; Protestant introduction of Buddhism 207; missionaries and 119–20; reforms language 213–4; Meiji Restoration 114–5, 116–21, 130, 166, 181, 208, 210, 224; reformist 241–4; as religious International Buddhism 209; regimist Buddhists 131–2; religious orders 6; renewal 208–9; State Shinto 208, 209; 164; revelation in 114; and the Tokugawa shogunate 208, 224; Shariﬁan Caliphate 244–5; in and Western Buddhology 210–2 South Asia 119–20, 121–3; spread Japonisme 207 of 7, 112; umma-consciousness Java 242, 243 127–31; unity 174; universalism Java War (1825–30) 237 163, 167; voluntarism 233; world Jerusalem 61, 62, 62–3; British system 111, 112–6; worldview consulate established 144; Greek 111, 132 clergy 155; interdenomination Islamic aristocracy 233 rivalries 156–7; Russian mission in Islamic Conference 112, 130 147–8, 152; Russian Orthodox Islamic dress 128 pilgrims 146–7, 151–3 Islamic modernism 165, 167–8, 171–2, Jerusalem School, the 53 176, 181, 182, 241–4 Jesuits, the 82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91–2, Islamic Relief Worldwide 126 92–3 Islamists 119 Jewish Agency 286 Islamophobia 360 Jewish Colonization Society 275 Israel 202, 271, 277, 280 Jewish diaspora 57, 186–203, 271 Istanbul 57, 128, 176, 177, 234; Jewish emancipation 187, 201 see also Constantinople Jewish ﬁnanciers 56 Italy 11, 98–9, 105, 193, 200 Jewish identity 54, 71, 74 Iyer, Ravi 357 Jewish International 9, 11, 53–75; advocacy groups 276, 286; Jaffrelot, Christophe 13, 343–62 background 54–7; Cazès and Jamaat-i Islami, the 123, 126 186–90, 192, 196; centre 66–7, Jamaica 32 283; chalukah 60; and civil society James, John Angell 35 54–7; collectors for the Land of Jam‘iyyat al-Islah wa-l-Irshad Israel 57; and colonial al-‘Arabiyya (Arab Association for competition 191–3; Reform and Guidance) 243 commonalities 54; community of Jam‘iyyat al-Khayriyya al-Islamiyya action 269, 273; democratization 242, 243 275, 282, 285; diaspora support Jansenism 85–7, 88, 89, 105 57; East European target 273–8; Japan 10, 11, 12, 33, 149; Buddhism emergence of transnational 206, 207–13, 216–21, 224; associations 64–70; establishment Buddhist orientations 207–8; 283; female participation 70–1; Buddhist public 213–4; Buddhist fundraising committees 57; publishing 213–4; Buddhist generational activity 276; Hebrew missionaries 209; colonization of and 195; impact 202–3; informal Korea 221–4; colonization of diplomacy 278, 280; Taiwan 216–21; delegation to interconnectedness 54; internal World’s Parliament of Religions competition 285–6, 286–7; and 212–3; education system 213; internationalism 278–83, 284–5; 374 Index

Jewish International – continued movement 56; secularization 194; Jewish elite and 69–70; limits Sephardi 54, 62; statelessness 74; 283–4; linguistic communities 59, traditionalists 53; Ultra-Orthodox 63; and local Jewish nationalism 194–5, 196; voluntarism 56, 57, 196–9; modern 269–87; modern 72; vulnerability 71 transnational activism 286; and jihad 164, 165, 166–7, 181, 237–9 Muslim reformism 190–1; Jinling Sutra Printing Press 215 national solidarity 280; new Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 122–3 features 72; non-state diplomacy Joachim III, Patriarch 140 272; Oriental Jewries 67–8; John Paul II, Pope 15, 294, 320, 326–8, Orthodox 68–70; periphery 66–7; 328–30, 334, 336, 340 n. 16; philanthropic innovation 276–8; Centesimus Annus 326, 340 n. 16; philanthropic internationalism Evangelium Vitae 327, 340 n. 16; 269–87; philanthropic legacy 334–5; Veritatis Splendor mobilizations 270–3; 340 n. 16 popularization 274–5; press John XXIII, Pope 319, 320, 320–1; 58–64, 69, 73, 272; public opinion Pacem in Terris 320 mobilization 59–60; public sphere Joint Distribution Committee 275, 57, 58, 72, 273; religion and 73–5; 278, 279, 281 religious internationalism Jones, Sir William 210 186–203; rise of 57–64; secular Joseph II, Emperor of Austria 86 282–3; secularization 73; Junta (Governing Committee of the shtadlanut (intercessions) 274; Jewish Congregation of Tangier) Western Jewish reformism 193, 66–7 193–6, 197–8; women’s participation 276; Zionist Kahn, Alexander 276 historiography 74 Kalischer, Zvi Hirsch 65 Jewish international conspiracy 281 Kapur, Devesh 349–50 Jewish internationalism: and Muslim Karina 341 n. 17 reformism 198; Western Jewish Kasahara Kenju 210–1 reformism 198, 200 al-Kawakibi, ‘Abd al-Rahman 166–7, Jewish nationalism 195, 202; local 171, 175, 176, 181 196–9 Keane, John 3 Jewish question 57, 272, 284 Keddie, N. 174, 184 n. 29 Jewish relief 8 Kemal, Mustafa 172 Jewish status 187–8 Kennedy, James C. 13, 292–314 Jewishness 73, 272 Kenya 345 Jews 13; American 55; Ashkenazi 54, Kerk in actie programme 311 58, 62, 74, 272; British 55–6; Khalid Baghdadi, Mawlana 115 charity 57, 60; communal Khalwatiyya, the 114 autonomy 55; European 53; Khayr al-Din al-Tunsi 190–1, 191 experience 53–4; French 55–6; Khilafat movement 129, 182 homeland 271–2, 280; identity Khilnani, Sunil 356–7 54, 71, 74; lack of religious Khitrovo, V. N. 150; Orthodoxy in the hierarchy 55; leadership 55–6; Holy Land 150 local activism 54–5; maskilim Khumayni, Ayat Allah 116 195, 198–9, 200; modernizers 53; Kikuyu Conference, the 39 persecution 7; philanthropy 66–7, Kitromilides, Paschalis M. 14, 252–66 72; politicization 8; Reform Kolonisationsverein für Palästina 64–6 Index 375

Korea 10, 221–4 Malaysia 238 Kosovo crisis 17 Malteser International, 331 Kraemer, Hendrik 297–8, 303 Mandeville, Peter 352 Kursheedt, Gershom 62 Mansurov, B. P., Orthodox Pilgrims in Palestine 148 LaHaye, Tim 43 Mariapolis centres 331 Lakhani, Seeta 358 Maritain, Jacques 321 Lambeth Conferences 42 Marshall, Louis 276 Lamennais, Félicité de 88 Marui Keijiro 217–8 Lamoricière, Christophe de 101 Marxism 320 Latin American 322, 335 mass migrations 7 Lausanne, Treaty of 259–60 Mather, Cotton 25, 26, 27 Lavigerie of Carthage, Cardinal 104 Mawdudi, Mawlana 116, 117, 119, 123 Laymen’s Missionary Movement 40 Maxim, Patriarch 262 League of Nations Union, 42 Maximos V, Patriarch 260 Ledger-Lomas, Michael 5, 7, 23–43, Maximum Impact Short-Term Mission 42 282 Mecca 114, 164, 176, 179, 234 Leeser, Isaac 73 Medina 114, 234 Legionaries of Christ 331 mega churches 43 Lehmann, Matthias 74 Mehta, Suketu 353 Lehren, Zvi Hirsch 60 Meldola, David 73 Lele, Jayant 350 Mendelsohn, Adam 59 Leo XIII, Pope 102, 103, 105, 339 n. 3 Merode, Mgr de 101 Leonid, Archimandrite 148 Methodist World Council 299 Leont’ev, Konstantin 140 Methodists 28, 42 Lewis, George 27 migrant churches 312–3 liberalism 56 migration 312–3, 317 n. 59; Catholic Liberation 331–2, 332 96; Islamic 124–5; Protestant ‘Life and Work’ ecumenical 24–6, 31–2 conference 299 Miliutin, Dmitrii 156 Lifschitz, Jacob Halevi 63 missionaries 8, 24; Buddhist 10, 209; literacy 127, 213 Catholic 84, 89–90, 92–4, 104; Lithuania 67 conversions 29, 31; faith 33; London Missionary Society 29, 32, 33 impact 33–4; journals 93–4; long-distance nationalism 349–50, Orthodox 139; Protestant 27, 360 29–31, 32–4, 39–40, 41, 119–20, Louis Napoleon 168 299; Russian Orthodox 149; Lubich, Chiara 331 societies 28–9, 29–30, 30–1; Luce, Henry 314 n. 2 student 39–40 Lurje, Haim 64, 66, 67 mobilization 2, 16–7 Lutheran World Federation 42 modern Muslim, the 175–81 Lutherans 26 Mohammed-Arif, Aminah 352 Moliner, Christine 352 Ma Ming Hsin 115 monasticism 254, 256–9; female 152 Madras 27 Monteﬁore, Judith 70 madrasas 117–8 Monteﬁore, Sir Moses 60, 61, 62, 64, Mahayana Buddhism 210 67, 69, 73 Maistre, Count Joseph de 88 Moody, Dwight 32 majlis 178 Moravian Brethren 25, 26 376 Index

Moreno, Garcia 101–2 Muslim 175–81; Muslim elite and Morley-Minto Councils 121–3 176–7; origins 166–9; Morroco 164 Ottomanism 170–1, 178; Mortara, Edgar 37 philanthropy 169, 178, 180–1; Mortara Affair, the 17, 59, 99, 187, 188 political modernization 165; press Moscow: Cathedral of the 168, 171–2; religious connection Resurrection 141; Church of the and 174; welfare societies 177; Intercession on the Moat (St women’s participation 179–80 Basil’s Cathedral) 141 Muslim personality 113 Moscow Slavonic Benevolent Muslim reformism, and Jewish Committee 140 internationalism 190–1, 198 Moskovskie vedomosti (Moscow Herald) 151 Nadezhdin, N. I. 143 Mott, John 31, 40, 41, 298 NanjoBuny¯ u¯ 210–2, 215 Mount of Olives 153 Napoleon 55, 87, 115 Mozambique civil war 332 Naqshbandiyya, the 114 Muhammad, the Prophet 112; Nasi, Donna Gracia 57 descendants 233–46, 234–6 National Association of Asian Indian Muhammad b. Salih al-Zawawi, Sayyid Descent 352 239 National Hindu Students Forum Muhammad Ma‘ruf b. Ahmad Abu (NHSF) 347 Bakr b. Salim, Sayyid 239 nationalism 16, 39–40, 201, 255–6, Muhsin b. ‘Ali al-Hinduan, Sayyid 262–3; Arab 202–3; Egypt 175; 239–40 ethnoreligious 343; Hindu 343, Müller, Max 211, 215 344–6, 348–9, 349–50, 360; multiculturalism 352–3 Indian 13; and internationalism Mumbai attacks, 2008 17 139–57; Jewish 195, 202; Korean Muratori, Ludovico 85 222; local Jewish 196–9; Murav’ev, Andrei Nikolaevich 145, long-distance 349–50, 360 146, 157; History of the Church of nationhood 16, 55 Russia 139; Journey to the Holy nation-state, the 11 Places in 1830 143–4 NATO 297 Murray, John Courtney 321 Nederlandse Interkerkelijke Muslim Aid 126 Coördinatie Commissie Muslim Brotherhood 8, 126, 175 Ontwikkelingssamenwerking Muslim International Congresses 130 (ICCO) 304 Muslim internationalism 163–82; see Neelkanth 364 n. 39 also Islam; al-Manar and 175–81, Neo-Suﬁs 235–6, 237, 238 182; Al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqa and Nesselrode, Count Karl 144, 147 171–2, 172–5; background 163–6; Netter, Charles 68–9 civic organizations 177–8; New Mission Churches 312–3 embryonic civil society 168–9; Newman, John Henry 156 engagement with Europe 164–5; Nicephorus II Phokas 258 and European Imperialism Nicholas II, Tsar 151 169–70; and freemasonry 168–9, Nicodemism 24 174–5; and Islamic modernism Niger purge, the 34 165, 167–8, 171–2; and Islamic Nikodemos, Patriarch 155 renewal 164; majlis and 178; Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Konstantin military reform 165; the modern 148, 152 Index 377

Nikolai (Russian Orthodox Orthodoxies 252–3, 265; and missionary) 149 nationalism 255–6, 262–3; Nikon, Patriarch 141 patriarchates 252; pilgrimage non-governmental organizations 254–6; post-Cold War initiatives (NGOs) 4, 16; Catholic 13–4, 325, 259–66; poverty 145; premodern 330–2; Islamic 126 interculturalism 254–9; Protestant non-state diplomacy 272 threat to 145–6; revival 262; non-state internationalism 270 tradition 265–6; under the Turkish Norov, A. S., Journey to the Holy Land in Republic 259–60; World Council 1835 143–4 of Churches participation 260 Nouvelles Ecclésiastiques 86 Orthodox commonwealth 14 nuclear disarmament 42 Orthodox East, in Russian culture Nursi, Said Bediuzzaman 115 143–8 Nygren, Anders 302 Orthodox International: formation 139; post-Cold War initiatives Obama, Barack 234 259–66 Occident, The 60 Ostpolitik 326, 328 Oeuvre de la Propagation de la Foi 93 Ottoman Empire 8, 55–6, 124, 128, Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance 93–4 143, 163, 164, 176, 181, 190, 253, Oeuvre pour la Propagation de la Foi 269; conquest of Palestine 255; 97, 98, 100 dissolution of 257–8; Islamic Onaiyekan, John, archbishop of Abuja modernism in 168; Jewish press 337 69; Jewish women 71; and Opus Dei 82, 332–3, 334, 336 Muslim internationalism 170–1 organisations, diversity of 2 Ottomanism 170–1, 178 Organization for Rehabilitation of Overseas Friends of the Bharatiya Jews through Training (ORT) 274, Janata Party (OFBJP) 347 275 Oxford University 211 Organization of the Islamic Conference 130, 130–1, 132 Pacific War 206 organizations, names 17 Pahang War 238 Oriental Jewries 67–8 Paige, Louis-Adrien Le 86 Oriental Spiritualism 207, 211, 212–3 Pakistan 122–3, 126 Orthodox Church 139–57, 252–66; Palästina-Verein 150 anachoresis 256; Arab-speaking Palestine 61, 299; see also Holy Land; 252; canonical leadership 262–3; Arab population 154; British the Church of Constantinople occupation of 277; Imperial 264–5; and civil society 294; and Orthodox Palestine Society 149, the Cold War 253–4, 259; 150–7; Ottoman conquest of 255; diaspora communities 252, 253, Russian 142, 154–5, 157; in 256; divisions 155–6; Eastern 142; Russian culture 143–8; and Ecumenical Patriarchate 259–63, Russian Orthodoxy 141 266; environment and ecological Palestine Exploration Fund 150 symposia 261–2, 266; and the fall Palestinskii sbornik 158 n. 16 of communism 262; al-Palimbani, ‘Abd al-Samad 237 intercommunion 145; Palmer, Phoebe 32 international network 253; pan-Islamism 127–31, 165, 170, 171, internationalism 254; 181 monasticism 254, 256–9; national pan-Slav ideology 140 378 Index participation 16 319–20; and capitalism 326–8; Pasha, Ibrahim 61 and communism 325, 328–9; Patijn, C. L. (‘Conny’) 300, 303 defence of 8; diplomacy 82–3, 98, Paul, King of Greece 259 106, 319, 328–9; foreign policy Paul VI, Pope 320, 325–6, 328, 339 328–9; and the French revolution n. 8; Evangelii Nuntiandi 322–4; 87; identification with 103; Populorum Progressio 324 independence 101–2; infallibility Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Elena 148 of 100; jubilees 9; mobilization Pentecostalism 15, 41–2 for 99–102, 319; modernization, peoplehood 269 98–9; moral authority 104; power Persatuan Arab Indonesia 244 82; role 98; and transnationalism persecution 7, 24 334 Persian famine 67, 70 Porfirii, Archimandrite 147–8 Peter I, Tsar 139 Potter, Philip 308 Peter’s Pence 8, 100 Poun Keungyeop 222 philanthropic internationalism 5; Prague 58 Catholic 94–5; decision-making press, the 7; Arabic 168; Islamic 128; 279; democratization 275–6, 279, Jewish 57, 58–64, 69, 73, 272; 282, 285; East European Jews Muslim 171–2 273–8; informal diplomacy 278, printing 7, 26, 27, 30, 126–7 280; innovation 276–8; and internationalism 278–83, 284–5; Prochaska, Frank 70 Jewish 57, 66–7, 72, 269–87; Protestant Buddhism 120 limits 283–4; mobilizations Protestant ecclesiastical internationals 270–3; Muslim 169, 178, 180–1; 292–314; and civil society 293–5; Orthodox 139–40; Protestant congregationalization 307–14; 35–6; shtadlanut (intercessions) contested moral authority 305–7; 274; target communities 270–1; internal divisions 306–7; limits Zionist movement and 280 305–14; local church activism Philippson, Ludwig 54–5, 56, 60, 309–13; loss of influence 309; and 60–1, 62, 73 migration 312–3; mobilization Pietism 141 difficulties 308–9; particularism pilgrimage 6, 10, 98, 101, 126, 146–7, 306; rise of 298–304; and 151–3, 254–6 secularization 305; strengths 308; Pius IX, Pope 98, 102, 148 supra-national community 295–8; Pius X, Pope 105 women’s participation 309 Pius XI, Pope 325 Protestant fundamentalism 43 Pius XII, Pope 325 Protestant International, the 9, 23–43; Pobedonostsev, K. P. 150 and abolitionism 34–5; American Pogodin, Mikhail 140 revivalists 32; Anglophone Poland 148, 194, 326, 328, 330, 334, leadership 31–2; anti-Catholicism 339–40 n. 11 27; decline of 41–3; political Catholicism 95–6, 102–3 industrialization of 27–32; political identity, Islamic 111–2, 121–3 internal tensions 36–7; politicization 8 missionaries 27, 29–31, 32–4, Pontremoli, Esdra 73 39–40, 41, 119–20, 299; Poor School Sisters 90 missionary societies 28–9; and Pope and the papacy: anti-Jesuit nationalism 39–40; origins 24–7; campaign and 86; authority philanthropy 35–6; transnational Index 379

solidarity 27; World’s Parliament religious identities 1 of Religions 37–9 religious mobility 6 Protestantism: congregationalization religious revivals 6–7 of 307–14; definition 23; religious self-identification 74 democratization 282; evangelical religiously inflected voluntarism 2 revivals 6; fragmentation 297; Rerum Novarum ‘on the condition of globalizing 28–31; internal the workers’ 103 secularization 14; migration 24–6, revelation 114 31–2; persecution 7; politicization revolution 1 8; threat to Orthodox Church Richard, Timothy 215 145–6 Rida, Muhammad Rashid 9–10, 130–1, Psalms, the 266 165, 171–2, 175–81, 181, 181–2, public opinion mobilization, Jewish 241, 243, 245 press 59–60 Rights of Man 88 public sphere: Catholic 325; Jewish Robertson, Pat 353 57, 58, 72, 273 Robinson, Francis 5, 72, 111–32, 209, publishing, Buddhist 213–5, 223 269 Pulgyo Chinheunghoe (Buddhism Rockefeller, J. D. 40 Promotion Society) 223 Romania 262, 290 n. 39 Pushkin 143 Roman Catholic see Catholic ... Putnam, Robert 294 Rome 97–8, 101–2 Rosenthal, J. A. 61 Qajar Iran 164 Rothschild, Betty de 70 Quakers 35 Rothschild, Evelina de 70, 71 Quran, the 112–3, 114, 117 Rothschild, Lionel de 61 Rothschild, Nathaniel 290 n. 39 racism 33, 303, 352 Rothschild family 56, 272, 274, 278, Raich,S.E.143 281, 283, 284 railways 31, 180 Rülf, Isaac 67, 73 Rajagopal, Arvind 350, 353, 357 Russia 10; see also Soviet Union; Ramjanmabhoomi movement 356–7 anti-Jewish violence 283–4; Rashid Efendi Karami 177, 178 Jerusalem mission 147–8, 152; Rashtra Sevika Samiti (Committee of Jewish community 273–4, 277–8, the Female Servants of the 278; Jewish elite 69; Jewish press Nation) 347 58, 63; Orthodox Church 253; Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pogroms 188; view of the (RSS – National Volunteer Corps) Orthodox East 143–8; 343, 344–5, 346, 349, 355–6, 360 voluntarism 150 Ray, Jonathan 74 Russian Civil War 157 Red Crescent Mission 129 Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Red Cross 65 Jerusalem 142 Redemptorists, the 90 Russian Orthodox Church 11 Reformation, the 23 Russian Orthodoxy 139–57, 253; and reformist Buddhism 209 Catholic aggression 148–9, 155; regimist Buddhists 208–9 female monasticism 152; foreign Religions of the Book 2 influences 141; Imperial religious authority 106 Orthodox Palestine Society 149, religious belonging 2 150–7; missionaries 149; origins religious function system 3 139–42; and Palestine 141–2; 380 Index

Russian Orthodoxy – continued Schlesinger, Akiva Joseph 68 and pan-Slav ideology 140; School of Oriental and African Studies pilgrim narratives 143–4; pilgrims (SOAS), London 351, 351–2 151–3, 256; rapprochement with Scottish Catholic International Aid Anglicanism 148; recreation of Fund (SCIAF) 341 n. 17 the Holy City 141–2; shrines Second Vatican Council (‘Vatican II’) 152; view of the Orthodox East 13, 319, 320–5, 339 n. 2 143–8 Second World War 42, 198, 202, 203, Russian Palestine 142, 154–5, 157 245, 260, 275, 297, 298, 300, Russian Revolution 253–4, 258 301–2, 325 Rwandan genocide 336 Secours Catholique 341 n. 17 secularization 14, 73–4, 194, 282–3, Sabhas, Singh 120 297, 305 Sabherwal, L. M. 348 Senegal 125–6 Sachs, Moses 64 Senkovskii, Osip 143–4 Sacred Heart Sisters 90, 91 Sephardi Jews 54, 62 sada; see Hadrahmi sada Service of India (Bharat Sewa) 347 Salih b. ‘Alawi Jamal al-Layl (Habib Seven Years War 85 Salih), Sayyid 239 Sewa Bharti 347, 348 Salvation Army, the 32 Shah, Sonal 361 Samman, Muhammad 115 Shamil 166 Sanctuary Movement 312 Shanhui (Buddhist monk) 218–9, 220 Sangh Parivar, the 13, 15, 343–62; see Shanzhi (Buddhist monk) 218–9 also Hinduism; American 347–8, sharia law 112, 123, 173, 240–1, 363 350; British 347, 349; Canadian n. 25 348, 350; development of 344–6; Shariﬁan Caliphate, the 244–5 ethnoreligious events 356; Shastri, Jagdish Chandra (Sharda) 344, funding 350; Intenet presence 345, 348 359–60, 361; limits 362; Shia Muslims 119, 132, 164, 173, 234 mainstreaming 351; message Shihab, ‘Ali b. 241–2 357–9; mission 357; modus Shihab, Sayyid Abu Bakr b. ‘Abd operandi 343–4, 355–60; and al-Rahman 241 multiculturalism 352–3; political Shi‘ism 163 culture 351; promotion of Hindu Shimonoseki, Treaty of 216, 222 identity 356–7; regionalism 355; shtadlanut (intercessions) 274 role 360–1; scope 343; Sieveking, Amalie 36 sociopolitical context 351–4; Sikhism 120, 123, 358 spread of 345; state patronage Silber, Michael 68 361; structure 346–9, 350–1; Silberman, Eliezer Lipmann 63 success 349–51; women’s al-Sindi, Muhammad Hayya 114 participation 347 Singapore, 243 Sankey, Ira D., Sacred Songs and Solos Singh, Rajendra 349, 351 32 single-issue campaigns 7–9 Sanskrit Studies 210–2 Sino–Japanese War, First 216 al-Saqqaf, Sayyid Muhammad b. Sirhindi, Shaykh Ahmad 114 ‘Umar 241 slaves and slavery 33, 86, 104 al-Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-Aziz b. ‘Abd Smirdin, A. F. 144 al-Rahman 245 Smith, George Adam 156 Schiff, Jacob 274, 276, 278 Smith, Sydney 28 Index 381

Sneersohn, Zvi Haim 64 Student Volunteer Movement 40 social Catholicism 102–3 Student Volunteer Movement for Social Gospel, the 36 Foreign Missions 39 Society for the Promotion of Sturge, Joseph 35 Christianity among the Jews 29 Sudan 173 Society for the Propagation of the Sudarshan, K. 351 Faith 8 Suﬁsm 113–5, 117, 125–6, 234, 235–6, Society for the Propagation of the 236, 239–40 Gospel 28 al-Suhrawardi, Abu Hafs 113 Society for the Restoration of the Sunni Muslims 119, 132, 163, 164, Crown to its Former Glory 68 173, 244 Society of St Vincent de Paul 94–5, 97, supra-national community, churches 98 as 295–8 Solidarity 326, 328, 330, 339–40 n. 11 Surkitti, Ahmad b. Muhammad 243 South Africa 303, 304, 311 Suzuki, D. T. 212–3 South Asia, Islam in 119–20, 121–3 swayamsevaks 346 South Asian Journalists Association Sword of Truth (SAJA), 361 (www.swordoftruth.com) 359 South Seas Buddhism 218 Syria 67, 179 South Seas Buddhist Association 218, 220 Tablighi Jamaat, the 116, 118, 121, Southeast Asia 348; Islamic 124, 126 benevolent associations 242 Tahir, Abu 114 Southeastern Europe 252–66; and the Taiwan 10, 216–21 Cold War 253–4; monasticism Taiwan Buddhist Association (Taiwan 256–9; national Orthodoxies fojiao zonghui) 219 252–3; post-Cold War initiatives Taiwan Buddhist Middle School 219 259–66; premodern Orthodox Taiwan Buddhist Secondary School interculturalism 254–9 220 Sovereign Order of Malta 331 Taiwan Buddhist Youth Association Soviet Union 115, 326; see also Russia; 220 collapse of 337; Crimea Affair 281; Taixu 220 Doctors’ Plot 281; invasion of Takvim-i Vekayi 168 Afghanistan 129–30, 130; Jewish Tangier 66–7 community 274, 277–8, 278, 283, Tanzimat 190–1, 201 284; Stalinist regime 281 tawhid 164 Spain 105 Taylor, Charles 3 Spanish–Moroccan war 188 Taylor,J.Hudson32 Spektor, Isaac Elhanan 63 Taymiyya, Ibn 119 Spener, Philipp Jakob 25 telegrams 180 Sri Lanka 126 terminology 5 Stalin, Josef 82, 281 Tetuan 189–90 Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn 141–2 Thanwi, Ashraf Ali, Bihishti Zewar (The state formation 53 Jewels of Paradise) 118 state patronage 361 Thapar, Romila 356–7 Stead, William 104 Theoktist, Patriarch 262 steamships 180 Theravada Buddhism 210 Stop Funding Hate and Human Rights Therwath, Ingrid 13, 343–62 Watch 349–50 Third Way, the 327 382 Index

Time 292–3, 314 n. 2 immigration 25, 26; Protestant Tokyo 149 revivalists 32; Reed-Johnson Act Tonnerre, Clermont 73 277; Sangh Parivar in 347–8, 350, Touro, Judah 62 358–9; xenophobia 353–4 transnational campaigns 7–9 Universal Declaration of Human transnational organizations 1 Rights 302 transnational solidarity 27 universal suffrage 69 transportation revolution 31 universalism 56 Tripoli 177, 178 US Catholic Conference 328 Trocaire 341 n. 17 USINPAC (United States India Political Troitskii, I. E. 140 Action Committee) 352–3 Tsur, Yaron 9, 71–2, 186–203, 272, ‘Uthman b. ‘Abdallah b. ‘Aqil b. 273, 276, 284 Yahya, Sayyid 238, 240, 242 Tunis 9, 284; Arab culture 199; Cazès in 186–90, 192, 196; colonial Valuev, P. A. 148–9 competition in 191–3; colonial van Asbeck, Baron F. M. 296, 303 domination 196–9; Italian-Jewish van den Heuvel, Albert 311 community 192, 193, 196–7; van Gennip, Jos 308 Jewish community 186–203, 192, Vatican Councils: First 100, 299, 320; 194; local Jewish nationalism Second 13, 319, 320–5, 339 n. 2 196–9; Muslim reformism 190–1; Vedas, the 210 Western Jewish reformism and vegetarianism 216, 218 193–6, 197–8 Venn, Henry 33 Tunisia 186; French conquest of Viaene, Vincent 1–17, 319 196–9, 200 Vincent de Paul, St 8 Turkey 264 Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) UK 347, Turkish Republic 259–60 349, 356, 357, 358 Turkism 170, 172 Vishva Hindu Parishad, of America 348 Uganda 345 Visser ‘t Hooft, W. A. 293, 296, 297, Ulama 112–3, 117, 119–20, 125, 300, 301–2, 303, 308 173–4, 235 Vivekenanda 120 umma, the 112, 131–2, 170, 172–3, 176, 181, 269 voluntarism 2, 150; corporate 6; umma-consciousness 127–31 Islamic 233; Jewish 56, 57, 72 United Nations 297, 300, 302, 305, 306 al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd United States of America: abolitionism 114–5, 235 34, 35; Evangelical United Front Wahhabism 6, 235 36; Hindu Non Resident Indians Wali Allah, Shah 116 (NRI) 357; Indian-American Warburg, Felix 276 groups 352–3; Islam in 124–5; Weber, Max 82 Jewish establishment 283; Jewish Weigel, George 326 population 55; Jewish press 58; welfare societies, Muslim 177 mega churches 43; Wesley, John 25, 27, 28, 31; Thoughts multiculturalism 352–3; on Slavery 35 philanthropic organizations 276; West, the: Buddhism in 207; place in the Catholic Buddhology 210–2; domination International 104; Protestant of Islam 116–25; Japanese Index 383

Buddhist missionaries 209; rise world culture 2 of 71 World Jewish Congress 9, 286 Western Jewish model, France 188–9 World Lutheran Federation 295, 301, Western Jewish reformism 193, 193–6, 302, 305 197–8, 198, 200 World Methodist Council 42 Westminster Confession, the 28 World Missionary Conference 9, 299 Whiteﬁeld, George 27, 28 World Muslim League 126 Williams, George 147 world religions 2 women: and abolitionism 35; Catholic World’s Alliance of Young Men’s International participation 92, Christian Associations 37 101; ecclesiastical internationals World’s Parliament of Religions, participation 309; Jewish Chicago 17, 37–9, 104, 212–3 International participation 70–1, 276; Muslim internationalism participation 179–80; Sangh xenophobia 353–4 Parivar participation 347 World Alliance for the Promotion of Yang Wenhui 214–5 International Fellowship through Yi Hoe-gwang 222–3 the Churches 40 Young Ottomans, the 170 World Alliance of Reformed Churches Yugoslavia 326 301, 305, 308, 311 World Assembly of Muslim Youth 126 World Conference on Population and al-Zabidi, Murtada 115 Development 335 al-Zahir, Sayyid ‘Abd al-Rahman 237–8 World Council of Churches 260, Zhennan Buddhist Learning Centre 295–7, 300, 302–3, 305, 306, 308, (Zhennan xuelin) 218 309; Church in Society Zinzendorff, Count Nicolaus Ludwig conference 303; Programme to 25 Combat Racism 303; statement Zionist historiography 74 on Baptism, Eucharist and Zionist movement 53, 198, 202, 275, Ministry 302; Third Assembly 279, 280, 285 (1961) 292–3, 301 Zionist national narrative 53