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Uqalurait: an Oral History of Nunavut, Compiled and Edited by John Bennett and Susan Rowley

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Uqalurait: an Oral History of Nunavut, Compiled and Edited by John Bennett and Susan Rowley REVIEWS • 429 relevant to the northward expansion of human populations topics in more depth will be able to access the relevant during successive temporal and geographical stages. The literature easily. second chapter, “Out of Africa,” summarizes information about the Great Apes and about early human evolution, Robert W. Park through to the expansion of Homo erectus from Africa into Department of Anthropology southern Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago. University of Waterloo “The First Europeans” documents the earliest human oc- Waterloo, Ontario, Canada cupations of significantly northern latitudes approximately N2L 3G1 800000 years ago. This is followed by “Cold Weather [email protected] People,” which deals with the occupation of Europe and adjacent areas by the Neanderthals between 300000 and 30000 years ago. “Modern Humans in the North” jumps UQALURAIT: AN ORAL HISTORY OF NUNAVUT. back in time to the origins of anatomically modern Homo Compiled and edited by JOHN BENNETT and SUSAN sapiens in Africa and then summarizes the archaeological ROWLEY. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, evidence for their colonization of Europe and Asia up to a 2004. ISBN 0-7735-2340-5. xxxii + 473 p., maps, latitude of approximately 60˚ N. The following chapter, colour plates and b&w illus., glossary, bib., index. “Into the Arctic,” documents the period after the last Hardbound. Cdn$49.95. Glacial Maximum approximately 20 000 years ago, which saw the initial spread of people above the Arctic Circle. One of the most pressing heritage concerns in Nunavut That chapter also documents the human occupation of today relates to the precarious status of Inuit oral history Beringia and expansion into the Americas. The final chap- and traditional knowledge. The fount of Inuit cultural and ter, “Peoples of the Circumpolar Zone,” summarizes all of linguistic continuity, this knowledge is no longer being recent Arctic prehistory up to the present day. passed down orally in the seamless manner that character- That brief synopsis of the book reveals one of its ized its transmission only a few generations ago. Many genuine strengths and hints at a couple of its weaknesses. factors now inhibit this natural transfer, the most fre- A real strength is its broad scope and its attempt to quently cited being the gradual withdrawal from a land- understand the human occupation of the high latitudes as based life, a widening “generation gap,” modern schooling part of a process that can be traced far back in human (despite late—perhaps too late—efforts to deliver cultur- biological and cultural evolution. Throughout the book ally relevant curricula), mass media, language loss, and Hoffecker documents cultural developments and biologi- the general distractions of an increasingly urbanized set- cal changes that he believes were critical to human success tlement life. in increasingly cold climates and northern latitudes. The This situation is made more urgent by the inescapable book is also meticulously annotated, with 39 pages of fact that most of Nunavut’s oral history resides unrecorded endnotes and an extensive bibliography. But the grand in the ageing memories of a rapidly diminishing number of scale of the task Hoffecker has set himself, combined with elders whose formative years were spent on the land, at his decision to write a relatively short book, means that arm’s length from the now ubiquitous agencies of southern most of the really important topics are dealt with in a very Canada. Today’s Inuit elders represent the last generation cursory fashion. A book that in just 142 pages discusses with a firsthand link to a virtually vanished way of life, as both the origins of human bipedalism and the migration of yet inadequately documented. the Thule culture into Arctic Canada, plus everything that Faced with this pending loss, a few Nunavut communi- happened in between, really can’t go into any topic in ties, notably Igloolik, Baker Lake, Arviat, and Cambridge adequate detail. That leads to what I perceive as another Bay, have sought, through their historical societies and weakness: it is difficult to identify a large audience for elders’ organizations, to preserve at least some of their oral whom this book would represent an entirely satisfactory heritage by interviewing local elders and recording their treatment of the topic. Readers without any background in responses. Sporadic oral history projects funded over the Arctic prehistory but interested in learning about human years by the governments of the Northwest Territories and occupations of the North will be disappointed by the Nunavut, as well as a number of projects undertaken by limited amount of information on that region in this book. Parks Canada in the Qikiqtaaluk and Kivalliq regions, Conversely, readers who are somewhat knowledgeable have added to the growing, but still meager collection of about Arctic prehistory but interested in learning how Inuit traditional knowledge. humans came to arrive there will probably already be Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut derives much of familiar with the broad story of human evolution and will its content from these disparate initiatives, augmented by find this book to be too much of a survey. interviews conducted by the volume’s compilers, John Despite these criticisms, Hoffecker is to be congratu- Bennett and Susan Rowley. Additional material is drawn lated for taking on such an interesting and ambitious topic. from explorers’ journals, conspicuously from Knud Through the extensive annotations and bibliography, he Rasmussen’s Fifth Thule Expedition, and, refreshingly, has made sure that anyone wishing to explore specific from some later, relatively untapped sources such as the 430 • REVIEWS unpublished transcripts of the Inuit Land Use and Occu- Uqalurait is copiously illustrated throughout, although pancy Study, Maurice Metayer’s Unipkat, and earlier is- the carefully chosen colour prints offered at the start of the sues of the Arctic’s two pedigreed magazines, Inuktitut volume are unfortunately marred by poor reproduction. and Eskimo. The many black-and-white photographs are in most cases The result is an impressive assemblage of traditional particularly well selected, attributed, and captioned, as knowledge incorporating hundreds of attributed quotes well as appropriately integrated with the text. from individual Inuit, albeit in English translation. The Clearly an enormous amount of searching, sorting, and whole text has the imprimatur of an Inuit committee editing went into the compilation of this volume. An established to advise and direct the volume’s compilers. honest attempt has been made to be as representative as Uqalurait’s quotes are often interspersed with brief con- possible; however, doubtless because of the uneven distri- textual links—connective tissue, as it were—supplied by bution of oral history projects, some regions of Nunavut the compilers in an attempt (not always successful) to (Amitturmiut, for instance) have much more to say than provide some textual cohesiveness. The book is organized, others, while the Belcher Islands—curiously part of rather clinically, under two major headings, “Inuit Iden- Nunavut by geopolitical default—are quietly ignored. tity” and “Regional Identity.” The former category incor- In the end, Uqalurait, although far from comprehen- porates numerous themes (the family, animals, hunting, sive, serves very well as a readily accessible compendium leadership, justice, shamanism, and dwellings, to name a of Nunavut oral history and, in doing so, provides some few), while the latter deals mainly with selected seasonal remarkable, much-needed glimpses into many little-known activities of the region. facets of traditional Inuit life and culture. Regrettably, the book’s initial reception is likely to be unfairly compromised by what, for many, will be its John MacDonald somewhat misleading subtitle: An Oral History of Nunavut. Igloolik Research Centre Readers drawn to Uqalurait on this promise, hoping for a P.O. Box 210 more-or-less conventional history in which a flowing, Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada temporal narrative informs the present by illuminating the X0A 0L0 past, are bound to feel let down. Uqalurait’s compilers, [email protected] anticipating this reaction, point out in their thoughtful introduction that the book’s perspective “lies outside the realm of dates and other temporal absolutes” (p. xxvi), and EASTERN ARCTIC KAYAKS: HISTORY, DESIGN, that it adheres to “the Inuit view of life, not as a linear TECHNIQUE. By JOHN D. HEATH and E. ARIMA, with progression but as a cycle”(p. xxxvii). Perhaps; but these contributions by JOHN BRAND, HUGH COLLINGS, HARVEY caveats will not entirely placate readers anticipating the GOLDEN, H.C. PETERSEN, JOHANNES ROSING, and GREG more familiar approach. On the other hand, those subscrib- STAMER. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2004. ing to Northrop Frye’s view that good history is “the social ISBN 1-889963-25-9. x + 161 p., maps, b&w illus., memory of human experience” will be far more accepting, bib., glossary, index. Hardbound. US$45.00. for there is much here about both memory and experience, and all from the Inuit perspective. Editors Heath and Arima are well known to most kayakers, History or not, Uqalurait’s main limitation is the deci- scholars, and scientists around the world studying tradi- sion to focus almost entirely on “the period before Inuit tional and modern Inuit kayaks. They have worked to- adopted Christianity, but after they acquired firearms and gether for over 20 years on Eastern Arctic Kayaks, and the traded regularly with whalers and others” (p. xxvii). In result is truly an important contribution to kayak studies. choosing this perspective, the book’s steering committee It cannot be said that this is the book; nevertheless, their sought “to get to the heart of Inuit culture and to give the numerous lists of articles and the two classics The Bark reader a sense of the richness and completeness of the life Canoes and Skin Boats of North America (Adney and that countless generations lived on the land and sea ice” Chapelle, 1964) and Skinboats of Greenland (Petersen, (p.
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