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Puvalluqatatiluta, When We Had Tuberculosis

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Puvalluqatatiluta, When We Had Tuberculosis PUVALUQATATILUTA, WHEN WE HAD TUBERCULOSIS PUVALUQATATILUTA, WHEN WE HAD TUBERCULOSIS: ST. LUKE'S MISSION HOSPITAL AND THE INUIT OF THE CUMBERLAND SOUND REGION, 1930–1972 By E. EMILY S. COWALL, DHMSA, M.Sc. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by E. Emily S. Cowall, November 2011 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2011) McMaster University (Anthropology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Puvaluqatatiluta, When We Had Tuberculosis: St. Luke's Mission Hospital and the Inuit of the Cumberland Sound Region, 1930–1972 AUTHOR: E. Emily S. Cowall, DHMSA (Society of Apothecaries), M.Sc. (University of Edinburgh) SUPERVISOR: Professor D. Ann Herring NUMBER OF PAGES: xii, 183 ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the history of Church- and State-mediated tuberculosis treatment for Inuit of the Cumberland Sound region from 1930 to 1972. Pangnirtung’s St. Luke’s Mission Hospital sits at the centre of this discussion and at the nexus of archival evidence and regional Inuit knowledge about tuberculosis. Triangulating information gained from fieldwork, archives, and a community-based photograph naming project, this study brings together the perspectives of Inuit hospital workers, nurses, doctors, and patients, as well as of Government and Anglican-Church officials, during the tuberculosis era in the Cumberland Sound. The study arose from conversations with Inuit in Pangnirtung, who wondered why they were sent to southern sanatoria in the 1950s for tuberculosis treatment, when the local hospital had been providing treatment for decades. Canadian Government policy changes, beginning in the 1940s, changed the way healthcare was delivered in the region. The Pangnirtung Photograph Naming Project linked photos of Inuit patients sent to the Hamilton Mountain Sanatorium to day-book records of St. Luke’s, and culminated in an emotional ceremony in 2009, during which copies of the photographs were returned to survivors or relatives. Information in hospital day books was used to map the yearly distribution of tubercular Inuit in traditional camps, which were progressively abandoned as Inuit in- migrated to Pangnirtung, in response to increased Government incursions and concerns about Arctic sovereignty. Contrary to the pattern for Canadian Arctic Inuit, more tubercular Inuit were treated locally at St. Luke’s than were sent away for treatment to southern hospitals on board the Government-commissioned medical-patrol ship, CGS CD Howe. This thesis underlines the importance of linking archival sources to local Inuit knowledge, in a collaborative, community-based research environment. It also speaks to current concerns about the re-emergence of tuberculosis and the importance of developing culturally-appropriate community initiatives to manage infectious diseases in Nunavut. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Piusiq, ipigiqatautiniq umatitiningatuq tavani unikasaqijasimlarituqmi amisuit akilitaugatik kaujimajaminik, ipigijaminik amma titinaqtuni, tunisilaliqut, tunisijauluti ajinguani puvaluqatatuminini attitugilu, Hamiltonmi puvalutunu najutaulautumi. Taana ajilrini amalu iqaumajamini uqausiqatuti amisuni piujuni saqilaupu, tukisiqatautiluti inutianimi, amma aanianimi tamaani inuit nunangani 1930mi 1972mu tikitugu. Takua utitatilunga uqausirijangi atuutiqalaupu attusimajamini ammalu puvalunimi, tukisititikanituti kangitualumi (panituup kangitualua). Kuujalivunga nunaliit ikajuruumaningini, piqajaujumaninginilu tungananinilu taikunanga oovani ikajulautuni.(translation by Nancy Anilniliak and Noah Maniapik) The tradition of caring for each other is at the heart of this story. Many volunteers contributed their time, knowledge, enthusiasm, and humour. In exchange, the members of the community received a photographic collection naming many tuberculosis patients sent the Hamilton Mountain Sanatorium. Yet, the community photograph naming project and sharing of memories enriched this dissertation in surprising ways by linking many sources of information together toward an understanding of the impact of health and illness throughout the region from 1930–1972. Because of the individuals who never tired of my return visits to talk about what I had discovered, their consultation brought the voice of experience on matters of their own history and enriched the larger purpose in telling the story of tuberculosis in the Cumberland Sound region. I am thankful for this generous outpouring of community participation and the kindness from those who have helped me. The project committee and researchers include: Nancy Anilniliak, Billy Etooangat, Mary Kilabuk, Rosie Veevee, May Akulukjuk Lonsdale, Pudloo Adam Kilabuk, Elijah Nowldlak, and Arna Akulukjuk. I would like to acknowledge all individuals who assisted the committee and research partners in the naming of photographs during committee meetings and the advisory contribution of Noah Maniapik and Monty Yank, as well as David Kilabuk for his photographs of the community celebration. Many agencies and funders provided project support over the years, the Indigenous Health Research Development Program Research Grant and Graduate Scholarship (IHRDP), the Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP) Research Grant, and McMaster University Graduate Scholarship and Field Study funding. Qikqitani Inuit Association provided airfare for a consultation meeting. Parks Canada Agency Nunavut Field Unit provided the generous and ongoing donation of accommodations and meeting rooms, office support services, and the public audiovisual theatre. Finally, the Hamlet of Pangnirtung donated the community town hall meeting space. iv My thesis supervisor, D. Ann Herring, and committee members, Trudy Nicks and T. Kue Young provided me with collegial support, encouragement, and guidance. Professor Emeritus Pauline Mazumdar advised me about the medical-history aspects of my research. I am fortunate to have benefited from the sharing of skills and academic mentorship from these scholars as part of my foundational training. The Head Archivist, Nancy Hurn, and Assistant Archivist, Laurel Parsons, of the Anglican Church of Canada General Synod Archive in Toronto, believed in the importance of this project and provided unwavering support by opening the archive to an agreement that assisted in the development of this one-of-a-kind analysis of St. Luke’s Mission Hospital. The individuals behind the scenes who are the core of my personal life deserve this expression of appreciation for all things given in support, endured, and sacrificed to help me accomplish the community photograph naming project and thesis. Puvaluqatatiluta. Artist: Emily Cowall. Printmaker: Noah Maniapik. ©2011. What we have done for ourselves alone dies with us; what we have done for others and the world remains and is immortal. – Albert Pike v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One. Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Objectives and Purpose of the Research .......................................................................... 3 Structure of the Dissertation ............................................................................................. 5 Chapter Two. From the Archive to the Lived Experience: Research Materials, Methods, and Process ........................................................................................................................... 9 Hospital Day Books ....................................................................................................... 10 Jon A. Bildfell Collection ............................................................................................... 12 The Mountain Sanatorium Inuit Patient Photograph Collection .................................... 13 Situating the Research in Pangnirtung: Relationships Formed in the Past .................... 15 Pangnirtung Research Partnerships ................................................................................ 18 The Pangnirtung Photograph Naming Project ............................................................... 21 Chapter Three. Church and Government Health Services for Northerners, 1894–1950 ... 28 Before the Hospital: The Cumberland Sound Region 1880–1913 ................................. 29 The Medical Mission in Context .................................................................................... 32 Church Medical Services in the Arctic .......................................................................... 37 St. Luke’s Mission Hospital 1930–1931 ........................................................................ 38 Nurses for the Hospital, 1930 ......................................................................................... 44 The Eastern Arctic Medical Patrol and Officers Reports 1922–1940 ............................ 47 The View from the Medical Patrols ............................................................................... 49 Disease, Nutrition, and Trade ......................................................................................... 51 Public Health and the Anti-Tuberculosis Campaign ...................................................... 60 The Hospital in Action: The View from the Day Books ................................................ 64 Sequential Epidemics in 1941 ........................................................................................ 69 vi Tuberculosis ................................................................................................................... 76 The
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