/$%(//,1* 2) 6281'6 3+21(0,& $1' 3+21(7,& 75$16&5,37,21
%HIRUHZHJHWGHHSLQWRWKHWUDQVFULSWLRQRIVRXQGVLQ(QJOLVKZHPXVW VD\ WKDW WKH PRGHO DFFHQW WKDW KDV EHHQ DGRSWHG LQ WKH GHVLJQ RI WKLV FRXUVH LV WKDW RI 53 5HFHLYHG 3URQXQFLDWLRQ 53 FRUUHVSRQGV WR URXJKO\ VWDQGDUG %ULWLVK (QJOLVK,WV VSUHDG DPRQJ WKH %ULWLVK SRSXODWLRQ LV QRWO DUJH HQRXJK EXW LW LVZ LGHO\ GHVFULEHG LQ WKH ELEOLRJUDSK\:H FRXOG VD\ WKDW ZH KDYH DGRSWHG WKH %ULWLVK (QJOLVK DFFHQW ZKLFK LV PDQ\ WLPHV LGHQWLILHGZ LWK53 LQ WKHE LEOLRJUDSKLFDO VRXUFHV
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
1 See http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/
)LJXUHQR,3$FKDUW $FNQRZOHGJHGWRWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO3KRQHWLF $VVRFLDWLRQ 'HSDUWPHQWRI7KHRUHWLFDODQG$SSOLHG/LQJXLVWLFV6FKRRORI (QJOLVK$ULVWRWOH8QLYHUVLW\RI7KHVVDORQLNL7KHVVDORQLNL *5((&(
7KH ,3$ FKDUW VKRZV DOO SRVVLEOH V\PEROV WR UHSUHVHQW HYHU\ VRXQG LQ HYHU\ ZRUOGO DQJXDJH 2QO\ VRPH RI WKHP DSSO\ WR (QJOLVK 7KH SURFHGXUHLVVLPSOHHYHU\V\PEROVWDQGVIRUDVLQJOHVRXQG7KHUHDUH XVXDOO\W\SHVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDVH[SODLQHGEHORZ
3KRQHPLF5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ
7KHSK RQHPLF UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ DOVR NQRZQ DVSKRQRORJLFDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQSKRQRORJLFDOWUDQVFULSWLRQSKRQRORJLFDOODEHOLQJ DLPVDWUHSUHVHQWLQJVRXQGVDVWKH\EHORQJWRRQHODQJXDJH7KDWLVLW UHSUHVHQWVWKHSKRQHPHVHPSOR\HGLQ WKHSURGXFWLRQRIDZRUGRUDQ XWWHUDQFH 7KLV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LV YHU\ JHQHUDO DQG DEVWUDFW DV LW FRQVLGHUVVRXQGVLQWKHLUGLVWLQFWLYHZD\6SHFLILFGHWDLOVDUHQRWVKRZQ $SKRQHPLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLVDOZD\VPDGHEHWZHHQVROLGL³´
'©G=4SQLÚ]I4V,©QH,6QI'L¨41JO8©V4NVQ©Z¯ÚOGNQ©WL ÚQMX]f,Q©I4NWx]'¨QMXÚMoÚN©WD,P]PH,Q©WH,Q]x©,1JO ,6©Z¯ÚG]KYE,©N¥P'H©WcS©,PSoÚWf©IcUQ©W¯ÚP]NQ©V ,GG©IUH6QG©,QWUVW,1QG©,1JO,6©Z¯ÚG]©VLÚPWELS©W ,NM8OO,©MXÚVIOZHQ©VHQV,W,YUHP©E4UV,1©V¥EG=HNWVOD,N© VHNVx©EU8W6Wf©IU,NZQWO,'©G=4SQLÚ]Z,O©oÚOV8NP ©ED,Q©WXÚ¥QU,©OH,W,G©,1JO,6©W¯ÚP]xNU,©H,W,1©QMXÚ©Z¯ ÚG'W©K4]©Q8©PLÚQ,1,Q©,1JO,6
3KRQHPLFWUDQVFULSWLRQIRU
³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