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Phonetic Transcription and Analysis /Ø∂µ¨ª∞™ ªπ®µ∫™π∞∑ª∞∂µ ®µ´ ®µ®≥¿∫∞∫ J.C. Wfppw, Urkzfvwkx} Csppfhf Lsresr 1. Introduction Pjsrfxkd xvarwdvktxksr kw xjf ywf sg tjsrfxkd w}qcspw xs vftvfwfrx wtffdj wsyrew. Iefapp}, fadj wsyre kr a wtsofr yxxfvardf kw vftvfwfrxfe c} a {vkxxfr tjsrfxkd w}qcsp, ws aw xs gyvrkwj a vfdsve wyggkdkfrx xs vfrefv tswwkcpf xjf addyvaxf vfdsrwxvydxksr sg xjf yxxfvardf. Tjf xvarwdvktxksr w}wxfq {kpp kr hfrfvap vfgpfdx xjf tjsrfxkd arap}wkw kqtswfe c} xjf xvarwdvkcfv sr xjf qaxfvkap. Ir tavxkdypav, xjf djskdf sg w}qcsp wfx {kpp xfre xs vfgpfdx efdkwksrw acsyx (k) wfhqfrxaxksr sg xjf parhyahf eaxa are (kk) kxw tjsrfqkdk~axksr sv tjsrspshkdap xvfaxqfrx. Ir tvadxkdf xjf waqf eaxa wfx qa} cf xvarwdvkcfe kr qsvf xjar srf {a}. Dkggfvfrx xvarwdvktxksr w}wxfqw qa} cf attvstvkaxf gsv ekggfvfrx tyvtswfw. Sydj tyvtswfw qkhjx krdpyef efwdvktxkzf tjsrfxkdw, xjfsvfxkdap tjsrspsh}, parhyahf tfeahsh}, pf|kdshvatj}, wtffdj are parhyahf xjfvat}, dsqtyxfvk~fe wtffdj vfdshrkxksr are xf|x-xs-wtffdj w}rxjfwkw. Eadj sg xjfwf jaw kxw s{r vfuykvfqfrxw. 2. Phonetic symbols Fsv qswx tjsrfxkdkarw, xjf w}qcsp wfx sg djskdf kw xjf aptjacfx sg xjf Irxfvraxksrap Pjsrfxkd Awwsdkaxksr, ors{r aw xjf Irxfvraxksrap Pjsrfxkd Aptjacfx (IPA). Tjkw kw a wfx sg acsyx a jyrevfe aptjacfxkd w}qcspw (f.h. -, .) xshfxjfv {kxj a jaregyp sg rsr-aptjacfx w}qcspw (f.h. xjf pfrhxj qavo /) are acsyx xjkvx} ekadvkxkdw (f.h. xjswf f|fqtpkgkfe kr x0,0 12)2 . Tjf} avf wyqqavk~fe sr xjf IPA Cjavx (gkh. 1) are tvfwfrxfe, xshfxjfv {kxj hykefpkrfw gsv xjfkv ywf, kr xjf IPA Harecsso (Nspar are Ewpkrh, 1999), {jkdj vftpadfe xjf favpkfv Pvkrdktpfw cssopfx (Jsrfw, 1949). ®µ∫™π∞∑ª∞ $++ ´∂™ Tjf IPA kw rsx xjf srp} tjsrfxkd aptjacfx kr ywf. Ssqf wdjspavp} xvaekxksrw efzkaxf kr xvkzkap tavxkdypavw (f.h. c} xjf ywf sg 8 kr tpadf sg IPA 9, sv } gsv IPA m), sxjfvw kr a wycwxarxkap ryqcfv sg xjf w}qcspw ywfe (f.h. xjf Darkwj ekapfdx aptjacfx, gkh. 2: Jfwtfvwfr, 1890). Wjfvf xjf psdap parhyahf, sv xjf parhyahf cfkrh xayhjx, kw {vkxxfr kr a rsr- Laxkr wdvktx, tjsrfxkd w}qcspw gsv tfeahshkdap sv pf|kdshvatjkd tyvtswfw qa} cf cawfe sr xjf psdap wdvktx, f.h. C}vkppkd (gkh. 3) sv oara (gkh. 4). Ezfr {jfvf xjf psdap parhyahf kw {vkxxfr kr xjf Laxkr aptjacfx, IPA w}qcspw qkhjx cf myehfe yrgaqkpkav are ywfv-yrgvkfrep}. Tjyw kr Erhpkwj-wtfaokrh dsyrxvkfw ~j kw sgxfr ywfe aw ar krgsvqap w}qcsp dsvvfwtsrekrh xs IPA @, {jkpf kr Tyvof} A qkhjx cf ywfe vaxjfv xjar IPA 9. Ssqf ekdxksravkfw akqfe ax raxkzf wtfaofvw sg Erhpkwj axxfqtx xs wjs{ xjf tvsryrdkaxksr sg a {sve frxkvfp} c} gspps{krh xjf dsrzfrxksrw sg xjf Erhpkwj svxjshvatj} (a tvadxkdf tfvjatw cfxxfv xfvqfe BvfwtfppkrhC vaxjfv xjar BxvarwdvktxksrC). Ir tvadxkdf xjfwf dsrzfrxksrw avf krwyggkdkfrx: gsv f|aqtpf, Erhpkwj wtfppkrh esfw rsx krekdaxf {sve wxvfww, are xjfvf kw rs yraqckhysyw {a} sg krekdaxkrh dfvxakr zs{fp uyapkxkfw. Ss svekrav} wtfppkrh dsrzfrxksrw qa} cf wyttpfqfrxfe c} xjf ywf sg ekadvkxkdw kr wydj w}qcspw aw D (= IPA aF), sv kreffe a wtvkropkrh sg IPA w}qcspw wydj aw G. Oxjfv ekdxksravkfw ywf frxkvf xvarwdvktxksr w}wxfqw cawfe sr ae-jsd ekadvkxkdw, ywkrh wydj w}qcspw aw Ï (= IPA fF). Bfx{ffr 1970 are 2000 kr Bvkxakr, xjsyhj rsx kr xjf Urkxfe Sxaxfw, xjfwf rsr-wxareave w}wxfqw {fvf pavhfp} wyttparxfe kr hfrfvap pf|kdshvatj} c} xjf ywf sg IPA. Urxkp xjf vfdfrx efzfpstqfrx sg dsqtyxfvw acpf xs jarepf pavhf djavadxfv wfxw, ayxjsvw sg tvkrxfe qaxfvkapw {js {arxfe xs ywf IPA jazf sgxfr gadfe x}tshvatjkdap ekggkdypxkfw, wkrdf rsr-wtfdkapkwx tvkrxfvw {sype sgxfr cf yracpf xs tvszkef xjf wtfdkap w}qcspw. Skrdf xjf 1990w xjkw tvscpfq jaw ekwattfavfe, aw gkvwx dywxsqk~fe wkrhpf-c}xf tjsrfxkd gsrxw are xjfr qypxk-c}xf Urkdsef gsrxw jazf cfdsqf azakpacpf, xshfxjfv {kxj xjf attpkdaxksrw xjax dar ywf xjfq (Wfppw, 2003). Nfzfvxjfpfww, xjfvf avf ®µ∫™π∞∑ª∞ $++ ´∂™ qar} dkvdyqwxardfw L wydj aw fqakp L yrefv {jkdj xjf vscywx xvarwqkwwksr sg wtfdkap w}qcspw darrsx cf vfpkfe ytsr. Tjfvf kw wxkpp a tpadf, xjfvfgsvf, gsv {a}w sg vftvfwfrxkrh tjsrfxkd w}qcspw ywkrh rsxjkrh cyx xjf ASCII djavadxfv wfx. Orf {kefp} ywfe ASCIIk~axksr sg xjf IPA kw SAM PA (gkh. 5; Wfppw, 1997; {{{.tjsr.ydp.ad.yo/jsqf/waqta). Fsv xjf vfqakrefv sg xjkw avxkdpf kx kw awwyqfe xjax xvarwdvktxksr {kpp cf cawfe sr xjf IPA. Aw {kpp cfdsqf dpfav, js{fzfv, xjfvf kw rs yrkuyf BIPA xvarwdvktxksrC gsv a parhyahf: vaxjfv, xjfvf qa} cf wfzfvap w}wxfqw, app ywkrh xjf IPA aptjacfx are app fuyapp} wdkfrxkgkd. 3. Impressionistic vs. systematic Or gkvwx f|tswyvf xs ar yrors{r parhyahf, sv ar yrors{r ekapfdx sg a gaqkpkav parhyahf, xjf gkfpe{svofv esfw rsx ors{ {jax wsvx tjsrfxkd qaxfvkap kw hskrh xs cf frdsyrxfvfe. Urefv xjfwf dkvdyqwxardfw, a tjsrfxkdapp} yrxvakrfe scwfvzfv {kpp cf pkofp} xs vfgfv xjf krdsqkrh eaxa xs xjf ors{r tjsrfxkd daxfhsvkfw sg jfv s{r gkvwx parhyahf, sv xs xjswf sg wsqf sxjfv parhyahf {kxj {jkdj wjf kw gaqkpkav. Tjf xvakrfe scwfvzfv, sr xjf sxjfv jare, dar kefapp} vfgfv krwxfae xs hfrfvap tjsrfxkd daxfhsvkfw. (Tjf tyvtswf sg tjsrfxkd fav-xvakrkrh kw tvfdkwfp} xs fwxacpkwj wydj parhyahf-kreftfrefrx, hfrfvap-tjsrfxkd daxfhsvkfw kr xjf tjsrfxkdkarCw qkre.) Tjkw kw ar kqtvfwwksrkwxkd xvarwdvktxksr (Acfvdvsqckf, 1964: 35). Aw xjf wsyre w}wxfq kw krzfwxkhaxfe, ar} kqtvfwwksrkwxkd xvarwdvktxksr kw wycmfdx xs vfzkwksr. Cjavadxfvkwxkdw xjax {fvf krkxkapp} khrsvfe sv szfvpssofe qa} tvszf xs cf tjsrspshkdapp} vfpfzarx; dsrzfvwfp}, wsqf djavadxfvkwxkdw xjax {fvf rsxkdfe are rsxaxfe qa} tvszf xs cf tjsrspshkdapp} kvvfpfzarx. Tjyw gsv f|aqtpf a Eyvstfar tvseydkrh ar kqtvfwwksrkwxkd xvarwdvktxksr sg ar Aywxvapkar parhyahf qkhjx ax gkvwx szfvpsso a ekwxkrdxksr wydj aw apzfspav zw. vfxvsgpf| tpadf ({jkdj xjfr ®µ∫™π∞∑ª∞ $++ ´∂™ xyvrfe syx xs cf vfpfzarx) {jkpf ekwxkrhykwjkrh zskdfe zw. zskdfpfww tjsraxksr ({jkdj xjfr xyvrfe syx xs cf kvvfpfzarx). Aw xjf wsyre w}wxfq cfdsqfw dpfav, xjf arap}wx kw kr a tswkxksr xs vftpadf xjf ae-jsd kqtvfwwksrkwxkd xvarwdvktxksr c} a w}wxfqaxkd xvarwdvktxksr xjax vfgpfdxw xjf wxvydxyvf sg xjf parhyahf yrefv efwdvktxksr. A qa|kqapp} ravvs{ xvarwdvktxksr f|tpkdkxp} krekdaxfw app xjf tjsrfxkd efxakp xjax kw azakpacpf. A cvsae xvarwdvktxksr kqtpkdkxp} wxaxfw qydj sg xjkw efxakp kr xjf dsrzfrxksrw gsv krxfvtvfxkrh xjf w}qcspw, {jkpf offtkrh xjf xvarwdvktxksrw sg adxyap parhyahf qaxfvkap (xjf xf|x) pfww dsqtpkdaxfe. Tjfvf avf x{s qakr gadxsvw xs cf dsrwkefvfe: xjf djskdf sg djavadxfvw (wkqtpf zw dsqtavaxkzf) are xjf ryqcfv sg djavadxfvw (tjsrfqkd zw appstjsrkd). Wf dsrwkefv xjfwf kr xyvr. 4. Simple vs. comparative Fsv tvadxkdap tyvtswfw kx kw kqtsvxarx xjax a xvarwdvktxksr w}wxfq gsv a parhyahf cf oftx wkqtpf. Tjf w}qcsp x, tavx sg xjf cawkd ps{fv-dawf Rsqar aptjacfx, kw wkqtpfv xjar wydj w}qcspw aw x0,0 xS sv x0S0 . Tjfvfgsvf, {jfr a parhyahf jaw srp} srf zskdfpfww tpswkzf kr xjf apzfspav avfa, kx kw attvstvkaxf xs w}qcspk~f kx x, vaxjfv xjar xs dsqtpkdaxf xjf xvarwdvktxksr c} eftps}krh xjf qsvf dsqtpf| w}qcsp. Tjyw kx kw attvstvkaxf xs ywf xjf waqf w}qcsp /x/ gsv S{fekwj ({jfvf xjf wsyre ws efrsxfe kw x}tkdapp} efrxap are awtkvaxfe), Erhpkwj (apzfspav, awtkvaxfe), Fvfrdj (efrxap, yrawtkvaxfe) are Dyxdj (apzfspav, yrawtkvaxfe) L fzfr xjsyhj xjf gkvwx xjvff dsype qsvf Btvfdkwfp}C cf {vkxxfr x0S0 , xS, are x0 0 vfwtfdxkzfp}. Ix kw qsvf fggkdkfrx xs wxaxf xjfwf krxfvtvfxaxkzf dsrzfrxksrw srdf srp}, vaxjfv xjar xs vftfax xjf krgsvqaxksr fzfv} xkqf xjf w}qcsp kw ywfe. Ig, js{fzfv, xjf S{fekwj wsyre kw {vkxxfr x0S0 , fxd., xjf xvarwdvktxksr w}wxfq kw kr xjkw vfwtfdx dsqtavaxkzf. Skqkpavp}, xjf gkzf zs{fpw sg Gvffo avf vftvfwfrxfe aw k f a s y, fzfr xjsyhj tjsrfxkdapp} xjf wfdsre are gsyvxj qa} {fpp cf kr xjf avfaw ®µ∫™π∞∑ª∞ $++ ´∂™ awwsdkaxfe {kxj xjf hfrfvap-tjsrfxkd w}qcspw U are . vfwtfdxkzfp}. Tjf gkzf zs{fpw sg Jatarfwf qa} apws cf {vkxxfr wkqtp} aw k f a s y, fzfr xjsyhj xjf pawx kw x}tkdapp} yrvsyrefe are vfwfqcpfw davekrap [W] (Ooaea 1999). Lfxxfvw sg xjf cawkd Laxkr aptjacfx avf wkqtpfv xjar sxjfv pfxxfvw: e kw wkqtpfv xjar Y sv Z, {jkpf k kw wkqtpfv xjar F. M svf wycxp}, 9 kw dsrwkefvfe wkqtpfv xjar [ sv \, {jkpf G kw wkqtpfv xjar ar} sg ] ^ _ ` a. Nfzfvxjfpfww, kr parhyahfw {jfvf 9 are [ avf ekwxkrdx, f.h. Pspkwj, csxj w}qcspw avf vfuykvfe; wkqkpavp}, csxj G are a avf vfuykvfe kr Darkwj. Lfxxfvw {kxjsyx ekadvkxkdw avf wkqtpfv xjar pfxxfvw {kxj ekadvkxkdw. (Sff xjf dawf sg S{fekwj x0S0 acszf.) Csrwsrarxap ekadvkxkdw avf ywyapp} yrrfdfwwav} kr xjf cvsae xvarwdvktxksr sg a parhyahf. Tjf Avackd Ba}r dar vfawsracp} cf {vkxxfr b fzfr c} xjswf {js cfpkfzf kx xs cf a tjav}rhfapk~fe hpsxxap wxst [cd] (Tjfp{app are SaCaefeekr, 1999). Tjf vaxjfv {kef krzfrxsv} sg zs{fp w}qcspw gyvrkwjfe c} xjf IPA qfarw xjax ekadvkxkdw gsv vakwkrh, ps{fvkrh, dfrxvapk~krh are ws sr dar rsvqapp} cf ekwtfrwfe {kxj kr cvsae xvarwdvktxksr. Ahakr, ekadvkxkdw qa} cf rfdfwwav} kr parhyahfw {jfvf xjf} w}qcspk~f a tjsrfqkd dsrxvawx, aw kr xjf dawf sg Fvfrdj rawapk~fe zs{fpw, 12 2 fxd. Ix kw x}tshvatjkdapp} wkqtpf xs xvarwdvkcf xjf Erhpkwj dsrwsrarx kr vfe aw v, fzfr xjsyhj tjsrfxkdapp} kx kw ar attvs|kqarx vaxjfv xjar a xvkpp. Ix {sype cf dsqtavaxkzf xs {vkxf kx e. Euyapp}, kx kw dsqtavaxkzf xs {vkxf xjf Fvfrdj dsrwsrarx kr vyf aw f sv g; kx kw wkqtpf xs {vkxf kx v, aw kr xjf wtfdkqfr (gkh. 6, gvsq Paww} 1958). Byx kr ar addsyrx sg xjf dsrxvawxkzf tjsrfxkdw sg Erhpkwj are Fvfrdj xjf dsqtavaxkzf w}qcspw qkhjx cf attvstvkaxf. IPA w}qcspw gsv zskdfpfww tpswkzfw, wydj aw t x o, qa} cf vfhavefe aw yrwtfdkgkfe {kxj vfwtfdx xs tswwkcpf awtkvaxksr.
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