Evolution of Meteorological and Oceanographic Observations from Indian Satellite Missions
Atul Kumar Varma Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Group Earth, Oceans, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences Area Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad 380015 (email: [email protected]; Ph.: +91-79-26916045) Need for Satellite Measurements Observational Nowcasting and Numerical Seasonal Forecasts needs for various aviation Weather (up to one season) other applications applications (for Prediction (up to including climate next few hours) 10 days) Extreme Events research Sr Parameter Applications Sr Parameter Applications 1 Clear sky radiances NWP NWP, Cyclone, Air- Atmospheric temperature NWP, Nowcasting, Pollution, 2 6 3-D wind profiles and humidity profiles Cyclone, Thunderstorm Thunderstorm, Nowcasting, Aviation, Monsoon Thunderstorm, cyclone, Sea Surface 3 Atmospheric stability 7 Cyclone, NWP Monsoon Temperature (SST) Land Surface 8 NWP, Heat/Cold Wave Cloud Properties Temperature (LST) * Cloud Phase (CP), Nowcasting, Cyclone, * Effective Cloud Amount 9 Precipitation NWP, Monsoon, (ECA), Disaster Management * Cloud Top Pressure Nowcasting, Cyclone, 10 Soil Moisture NWP, Monsoon 4 (CTP)/ Aviation, Nowcasting, NWP 11 Fog * Cloud Top Temperature Disaster Management (CTT) Aerosol Optical NWP, Air-pollution, * Cloud Effective Droplet 12 Size, Depth (AOD) Climate, Monsoon * Cloud Optical Depth Nowcasting, Cyclone, 13 Lightning NWP, Cyclone, Air- Thunderstorm, Climate Atmospheric motion NWP, Cyclone, 5 vectors / surface winds Pollution, 14 Surface Pressure Thunderstorm, Monsoon Monsoon Accuracy, timeliness, resolution - Spatial and Temporal Requirements Indian Meteorological Geostationary Satellites
INSAT-1A/1B/1C VHRR Apr 1982-Sep 1983 INSAT-1D Aug 1983- 1999 VHRR INSAT-2A/2B July 1988-Nov 1999 INSAT-2E 1990 VHRR VHRR, CCD KALPANA-1 1992/93 1999 VHRR INSAT-3A VHRR, CCD 2002 INSAT-3D 2003 Imager/ Sounder 2013 INSAT-3DR Imager/ Sounder 2016 INSAT-3DS GISAT Imager/ Sounder MX-LWIR/MX-VNIR/ INSAT-4 series Hys-VNIR/Hys-SWIR 2019 Being defined 2019 2022+ Indian Meteorological Low Earth Orbiting Satellites
Bhaskara-1 SAMIR, 2 TV cameras at 600 & 800 nm 1979 Bhaskara-2 SAMIR, 2 TV cameras at 600 & 800 nm Oceansat-1 1981 OCM & MSMR 1999
Oceansat-2 OCM, SCAT and ROSA 2009
SARAL Ka-band Altimeter, radiometer Megha-Tropiques 2013 MADRAS, SAPHIR, ScaRab SCATSAT-1 and ROSA Sactterometer Oceansat-3 2011 2016 Sactterometer, OCM and SSTM 2019 INSAT-3D/3DR
Improved Understanding of Mesoscale Systems
6 Channel IMAGER 19 Channel SOUNDER • Spectral Bands (µm) Resolution • Spectral Bands (µm) Visible : 0.55 - 0.75 1 km Short Wave Infra Red : Six bands Short Wave Infra Red : 1.55 - 1.70 1 km Mid Wave Infra Red : Five Bands Mid Wave Infra Red : 3.70 - 3.95 4 km Long Wave Infra Red : Seven Bands Water Vapour : 6.50 - 7.10 8 km Visible : One Band Thermal Infra Red – 1 : 10.30 - 11.30 4 km • Resolution : 10 km Thermal Infra Red – 2 : 11.30 - 12.50 4 km
Sounder Products Imager Products T/Q – profile, Integrated Ozone Precipitation, AMV (CMV, WVW), OLR, Derived products: Geopotential Height UTH, Fire & Smoke, Fog, SST Layer precipitable water, TPW, Lifted Index, Wind Index, Dry microburst Index INSAT-3D: 82o E INSAT-3DR: 74o E INSAT-3D/3DR derived Meteorological Parameters Snow cover a) Cloud mask Snow depth b) Rainfall Fire c) Sea Surface Temperature Smoke d) Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) Aerosol e) Atmospheric winds Potential evapotranspiration Land surface insolation f) Fog Land surface temperature g) TPW h) CSBT i) Upper Troposphric Humidity (UTH) j) Temperature profile k) Cloud products l) Humidity profile m) Ozone profile and total n) Value added products (thermodynamics indices) Vertical Pressure Levels (40) in hPa : 1000, 950, 920, 850, 750, 700, 670, 620, 570, 500, 475, 430, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 135, 115, 100, 85,70,60, 50, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 INSAT – 3D/3DR/3DS & GISAT
cyclone Phailin Large scale Fog over IGP
Cyclone Cebile in Southern Indian Ocean • INSAT 3D/3DR – New Products
Algorithms for Clear Sky Brightness Temperatures (CSBT), Cloud Top Pressure (CTP), Cloud Top Height (CTH), and TPW are developed. ●GSICS Calibration – operational for INSAT-3D/3DR Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System: ISRO as a member agency providing correction coefficients for INSAT-3D/3DR for generation of climate data records to International community through MOSDAC.
Figure: INSAT-3D Imager Channel Bias before and after GSICS correction coefficients LEO Missions
Megha-Tropiques
SCATSAT-1
SARAL-AltiKa Megha-Tropiques Fr Pol NE∆T Low inclination (20º) 183±0.20 H 2.35 K SAPHIR 183±1.10 H 1.45 K observations of tropics for • Water vapour profile ± •Water vapour • Six atmospheric layers upto 183 2.80 H 1.36K •Clouds 12 km height 183±4.20 H 1.38 K •Cloud condensed water • Resolution: 10 km 183±6.80 H 1.03 K • Swath: 2200 km •Precipitation 183±11.0 H 1.10 K •Evaporation SCARAB Spectral Band (µm) • Outgoing fluxes at TOA 0.55-0.65 (visible) • Resolution: 40 km 0.2-4 (solar) • Swath: 2200 km 0.2-100 (total) 10.5-12.5 (TIR) MADRAS • Swath: 1700 km Fr Pol Pixel NE∆T • Spatial Res.: 18.7 V & H ~ 40 km ~0.5 K • Precipitation and cloud properties • 89 &157 GHz : ice particles in cloud 23.8 V ~ 40 km ~0.5 K tops 36.5 V & H ~ 40 km ~0.5 K • 18 & 37 GHz: cloud liquid water and precipitation 89 V & H ~ 10 km ~0.7 K • 23 GHz : Integrated water vapour 157 V & H ~ 6 km ~1.5 K
Launch Date: 12-Oct-2011 MT-MADRAS CLW OWS TPW MADRAS (SAC Products)
SSM/I (Wentz Products)
TMI (Wentz Products)
• Gohil, B S, R M Gairola, A K, A K Varma, C Mahesh, R K Gangwar and P K Pal, Algorithms for retrieval of Geophysical Parameters from MADRAS and SAPHIR sensors of Megha-TropiquMathures Satellite – Indian Scenario, Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 139: 954–963, 2013. • Varma, A. K., R.M. Gairola, B. S. Gohil, 2007, Retrieval of Geophysical Parameters over Oceans from MADRAS in Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document: Retrieval of Geophysical parameters from Megha-Tropiques, report# ISRO/SAC/MT-UP/Retrieval-01/Nov-2007, pp 27-36.. Rain from MADRAS
Rain associated with a depression on 9 November 2011 over Oman Sea from (a) MADRAS at ~1410 UTC (b) TRMM-3B42 3-hourly averaged from 1200 UTC -1500 UTC (c) TRMM-TMI (2A12) at ~ 1510 UTC (d) TRMM-PR (2A25) at ~1510 UTC and (e) SSMIS (Wentz) at ~1430 UTC. Comparison of daily averaged rain
Correlation MADRAS 3B42 F15 F16 MADRAS 1 0.67 0.56 0.54 TRMM-3B42 0.67 1 0.58 0.64 Global monthly averaged rain rates for November 2011 from (a) MADRAS and (b) TRMM SSMI F15 0.56 0.58 1 0.39 3B42 (c) SSM/I (Wentz). SSMI F16 0.54 0.64 0.39 1
Varma, A. K., D. N. Piyush, B.S. Gohil and P. K. Pal, A radiative transfer calibrated rain retrieval algorithm for MADRAS, Advances in Space Research, 55, 1576-1589, 2015. Megha-Tropiques SAPHIR
Challenges: • Layer averaged relative humidity was operationally retrieved and provided from MT-SAPHIR. • Varying incidence angle across the scan – (00 to 500). • Varying pixel size across scan – 10 km (nadir) – 40 km (pixel# 1 & 182). Weighting Functions SAPHIR: Rain identification and Measurement Rain identification is probabilistic and specific to Scan location and for surface type Over both land and oceans Rainy points that are 11 May 2013 classified as non-rainy and otherwise would contribute only to the very low rain
Rain Measurement is based on difference of and specific to Scan location and for surface type. It is based on RT supported study and is based on difference of Tbs measured at S1 and S6 channels
This provides R= 0.70rms , RMSE = 0.81 mm/h, Bias= 0.04 mm/h Varma, A. K., et al., Rain Detection and Measurement from Megha-Tropiques Microwave hourly hourly Instantaneous 3hourly Sounder, JGR, 121, 2016, averaged MW @ ~2050 hr averaged doi:10.1002/2016JD024907. cyclone Phailin on 11 Oct, 2013 MT-ScaRaB
LW Flux Year RMSD Bias (Wm-2) (Wm-2) 2012 5.25 -2.48
2013 5.36 -2.53
2014 5.60 -2.64
2015 5.53 -2.63
Validation @ 2 lat. × 2 lon. Boxes and Half hour interval; Under sampling is avoided; All scenes, all angles, Day & Night. SW Flux LW Flux ScaRaB/MT Vs CERES/Aqua
SW Flux Year RMSD Bias 2014 2015 (Wm-2) (Wm-2) 2014 2015 2012 24.48 5.87
2013 25.17 6.59
2014 27.93 5.87
2015 28.04 7.59 Radio Occultation
GNSS-RO • MT ROSA products such as T, P, RH and refractivity profile are operationalized at MOSDAC. MT- ROSA products disseminated through GTS to international agencies..
• Planetary RO mission:
• Work on retrieval of atmospheric profiles (T, P, H2SO4) on Venusian atmosphere from Akatsuki mission continuing. SCATSAT-1: • IMS-2 Bus • Ku-Band (13.515 GHz) Pencil beam Scatterometer • Ground resolution: ~50 km x 50 km • Swath: 1440 Km • Polarization: HH and VV • Wind Direction: O-360 deg with accuracy of 20 deg • Wind Speed: 4 -24 m/s with accuracy of 10% or 2m/s • Wind Vector is Retrieved with high accuracy • High Resolution Wind (~6.25 km) is also being retrieved • A new algorithm is developed for the retrieval of winds under rainy conditions. • Retrieved winds are used to generate ocean currents.
Cyclone: OCKHI
High Resolutio n winds SCATSAT-1 Rain Corrected Measurements
Range L2B 25 km (3-30 m/s) WS BIAS WS RMSE WS URMSE NP(#) (*106) (V.1.1.3A Oct, 2016-Jul, 2017) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) Rain free 0.02 1.10 1.10 124.21 Rain flagged – w/o Corr. 2.12 3.79 3.16 5.98 Rain flagged – With Corr. -0.07 1.93 1.93 5.96
Rain-Free Rainy SARAL-AltiKa
SARAL – SAtellite for Argos and ALtiKa AltiKa – Ka band Altimeter ARGOS – Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite – data collection platform Sunsynchronous orbit Launch date: 25 Feb 2013 FUTURE INDIANGEO SATELLITES: (GISAT) Launch Schedule: ~2019, Geostationary orbit, 83E MX-VNIR: Multispectral - Visible Near Infrared, HySI-VNIR: Hyperspectral Imager - Visible Near Infrared, HySI-SWIR: Hyperspectral Imager - Short Wave Infrared, MX-LWIR: Multispectral - Long Wave Infrared.
GISAT Scan scenario Scan area for two scan scenario (5 & 10 ) Band Ch SNR/ IFOV Range Channels NEdT (m) (m) (m)
MX- 4 > 200 50 0.45 - B1: 0.45-0.52 VNIR 0.875 B2: 0.52-0.59 Every 10 B3: 0.62-0.68 minute B4: 0.77-0.86 interval B5N: 0.71-0.74 B6N: 0.845-0.875 HyS- 60 > 400 500 0.375 < 10 nm VNIR - 1.0 30-minutes triplet every 6 hour for winds HyS- 150 > 400 500 0.9 - < 10 nm SWIR 2.5 • Tropical Cyclone MX- 6 NEdT 1500 7.0 – CH1: 7.1-7.6 • Nowcasting • Ozone wind LWIR < 13.5 CH2: 8.3-8.7 • Cloud properties • Total Ozone • SO2 Monitoring 0.15K CH3: 9.4-9.8 • SST/LST CH4: 10.3-11.3 • Rainfall • Atmospheric turbulence CH5:11.5-12.5 • Radiance Assim • Fog application CH6: 13.0-13.5 • Winds • Climate application Proposed PMR: Required Configurations Freq. Pol. NEDT Beam Utilization Spatial Band Justification (GHz) Width Res. width (in °) (Km) (MHz) 6.6 V+H 0.5K 2° SST and WS 38 * 62 350 SST and ocean wind speed variability is generally muted below the 50-60 km range.. 10.65 V+H 0.5 K 1.6° SST and 31 * 50 200 wind speed 18.7 V+H 0.5K 1° Oceanic RR 19 * 31 200 Require ~30 km or better foot print size to characterize variability in ocean wind and 23.8 V 0.5K 0.8° IWV, WV 15 * 25 400 correction in humidity parameters and get realistic ocean rain RR retrievals distributions. 36.5 V+H 0.5K 0.8° CLW, Ocean 15 * 25 500 RR, WS 89 V+H 0.5K 0.3° RR over land 5 * 9 2500 Require 10 km or better footprint size to /oceans, WS adequately characterize isolated convective rain. 157 V+H 1.5K 0.3° Ice at cloud 5 * 9 1200 tops, cloud microphysics 183 V 1.5K 0.19o Light rain, 3.3*5 1000 A footprint of ~5 km allow the detection of small- snowfall, scale light rain or snowfall that is invisible at the UTH lower frequency channels with larger footprint
Swath=~1400km; Scan Rate=18 Channel observations to be resampled at 10 km spacing Altitude=725km along-scan with coincident pixel centres for all low and mid-frequency channels (similar to MADRAS). Proposed TSU Channel specifications Sl. Channel Centre Channel Polarization Weighting function peak NEΔT(K) No. Name Freq. (GHz) Bandwidth altitude at nadir/scan-edge (NF=5dB) (MHz) 1 TS1 23.8 300 V, H Window+ water Vapor 0.27 2 TS2 31.5 300 V, H Window+ water Vapor 0.27 3 TS3 50.3 300 V, H Surface emissivity upto 1km 0.27
4 TS4 52.9 300 V, H 1km/ 2km 0.27 5 TS5 53.4 300 V, H 3km/ 4km 0.27 6 TS6 54.4 300 V, H 7km/9 km 0.27 7 TS7 54.95 300 V, H 10 km/11 km 0.27 8 TS8 55.5 300 V, H 13 km/14 km 0.27 9 TS9 56.65 300 V, H 16 km/18 km 0.27 10 TS10 57.55 100 V, H 26 km/28 km 0.47 11 TS11 58.8 300 V, H 18 km/19 km 0.27 12 TS12 59.38 240 V, H 21 km/22 km 0.3 13 TS13 58.39 60 V, H 29 km/30 km 0.6 14 TS14 56.97+0.02 20 V, H 32 km/33 km 1.06 15 TS15 56.97-0.02 20 V, H 30 km/32 km 1.06 16 TS16 59.59+0.01 10 V, H 36 km/38 km 1.5 17 TS17 59.59-0.01 10 V, H 39 km/40 km 1.5 Proposed HSU Channel specifications Ch. Centre Channel Polarizatio Weighting function Sensitivity No Frequency Bandwidt n peak altitude at (K) (GHz) h (MHz) nadir/scan-edge 1 89 3000 V, H Surface 0.42
2 183.31±0.96 300 V, H 8 km/10 km 1.33 3 183.31±2.8 600 V, H 5 km / 7 km 0.94 4 183.31±5.8 700 V, H 3 km / 5 km 0.87 5 183.31±11.5 900 V, H 2 km / 4 km 0.77 6 6 183.31-15.7 1000 V, H 1 km / 3 km 0.73
More Future Sensors • C & Ku band scatteromter • Ka-band Radar Altimeter • GNSS-R METEOROLOGICAL & OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA & INFORMATION SERVICES FROM MOSDAC
Multi Mission Satellite KALPANA1 , INSAT3A Planned Missions Data Repository OCEANSAT-2, MEGHA-TROPIQUES INSAT-3DS SARAL-ALTIKA, INSAT3D /3DR GISAT Near Real-Time SCATSAT-1 and EUMETCAST SCATSAT-2
Disdrometer, MicroRain Radar, GPS Sonde, Sun Photometer, CAL-VAL – In situ Data Automatic Weather Station, Agromet Station, Automatic Rain Gauge, Hyper Spectral Radiometer, Fluorometer, Radio Sonde. Weather Forecast, Cyclogenesis, Cyclone track & Intensity, Sea State Weather Information Forecast, All India Heavy Rain nowcast and forecast, Cloud burst Services over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, All India Heat/Cold wave forecast , Ocean State forecasting Sea Ice Occurrence probability, Global Ocean surface Currents, Science Products Wave based REnewable energy, Inland water height, River Discharge Tools & Utilities Mobile App, Visualisation and Analysis for multi-mission data SMART: Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography Research and Research and Training Training WWW.APMC2016.ORG 25 Sample Satellite Data Products
NDVI SST Sector Product WINDS Full Disk Visible
3A / KALPANA / 3D / 3DR / 3D / KALPANA / 3A
– INSAT INSAT Visible band Total Ozone TPW
Asian sector SARAL ALTIKA SARAL
Relative humidity SSH Anomaly
Profile
Humidity
INSAT 3D 3D SOUNDER INSAT MEGHA TROPIQUES MEGHA
Mean sea surface Daily long wave flux from SCARAB 26 Thanks