The Information Explosion of the Nineteenth Century and Adaptation in the Press, 1840-1892
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Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2015 “we Send Our News By Lightning . .”: The Information Explosion Of The inetN eenth Century And Adaptation In The rP ess, 1840-1892 Timothy L. Moran Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Moran, Timothy L., "“we Send Our News By Lightning . .”: The nforI mation Explosion Of The ineN teenth Century And Adaptation In The rP ess, 1840-1892" (2015). Wayne State University Dissertations. 1362. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1362 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. “WE SEND OUR NEWS BY LIGHTNING . .”: THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND ADAPTATION IN THE PRESS, 1840-1892 by TIMOTHY L. MORAN DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2015 MAJOR: HISTORY (Early American) Approved By: ____________________________________________ Advisor Date ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ © COPYRIGHT BY TIMOTHY L. MORAN 2015 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION To two fiercely intelligent women, Margaret Ann Reed Moran and Aimée Angèle Masquelier Moran Whose love, support, and continuous quest for knowledge always inspire and challenge. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was made possible with support from a number of entities and individuals. It is a particular honor to have worked so closely with Dr. Marc W. Kruman. As a former graduate student of C. Vann Woodward and himself a formidable expert on Nineteenth Century American History, Marc has always been able to identify another crucial source or another critical article that were vital to this work. He has found promise in the most unlikely places, delivered encouragement and opportunities, and been willing to apply the “steel toed boot” when it was necessary. Nobody could ask for a better advisor or a better colleague. Dr. Kidada Williams, Dr. Elizabeth Faue, and Dr. Frederick Vultee have served as a kind and scrupulous committee. Their close reading and firm attention as well as their constructive suggestions have made this a much better work at every turn. The completion of this dissertation in a timely manner was made possible through a generous Doctoral Dissertation Completion Fellowship from the Wayne State University Humanities Center. The Humanities Center and its director, Dr. Walter F. Edwards, have helped sustain many graduate projects with funding but also by opening the center to summer dissertation writing sessions. Much of Chapter Four of this work was written there in Summer 2014. Research for this dissertation was partly funded with awards in 2014 and 2011 from the Joanne Nicolay Family Foundation; in 2015 and 2012 from the Dr. Gerald Dreslinski Graduate Research Award; and in 2013 from the Joe L. Norris Award through the Wayne State University Department of History. The author received important travel funding from both the Wayne State University Humanities Center and from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and its Department of History that allowed participation in important conferences where initial research results could be tested and presented, including the Social Science History Association Annual Meeting in Chicago, IL, in November 2013, and iii the Annual Symposium on the 19th Century Press, the Civil War, and Freedom of Expression in Chattanooga, TN, in 2014. The writer is grateful for university support as well, including receipt of the Graduate Professional Scholarship (2010), a Graduate Research Assistantship (2011), and Graduate Teaching Assistantships that made it possible to focus exclusively on academic work in progress. While this project received much research support, the generosity of Cindy Krolikowski, Learning and Research Services Librarian and subject specialist for History at the Wayne State Purdy/Kresge Graduate Library, is particularly noted. The welcome of Jeffrey M. Flannery, Head of Reference & Reader Services, and his staff at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, and of the Curators and support staff at the Newberry Library in Chicago, made archival research at these institutions a pleasure. In addition to the committee, academic colleagues including Profs. Hans Hummer, Andrew Port, Eric Ash, and Denver Brunsman provided encouragement. Gayle McCreedy’s staff support was vital. Finally, I would note the support of the History Graduate Students’ Association, especially Elizabeth Ryan, Beth Fowler, and Maria Wendeln. Their mentorship enriched the entire process. iv Table of Contents Dedication __________________________________________________________________________ ii Acknowledgements ___________________________________________________________________ iii List of Figures _______________________________________________________________________ vi Chapter 1 Introduction ________________________________________________________________ 1 Chapter 2 The Change Brought by War __________________________________________________ 24 Chapter 3 Media Framing of a Social Crisis ________________________________________________ 59 The Riots in History ______________________________________________________________ 64 The News Framing _______________________________________________________________ 68 Chapter 4 News by Lightning – the Telegraph and Networking ________________________________ 82 Telegraphic Diffusion ____________________________________________________________ 91 Effects of the Civil War ___________________________________________________________ 97 Postwar Network Consolidation ___________________________________________________ 110 Chapter 5 Examining Newspaper Coverage – Immigration __________________________________ 115 The Study_____________________________________________________________________ 116 Appearing in the News __________________________________________________________ 120 Chapter 6 Shifting the Power Center of The Associated Press ________________________________ 139 Creation of Exclusive Link between Western AP and Southern AP ________________________ 156 Chapter 7 Rise of Professionalism _____________________________________________________ 176 Chapter 8 Conclusion _______________________________________________________________ 198 Appendix A _______________________________________________________________________ 209 References _______________________________________________________________________ 219 Abstract __________________________________________________________________________ 235 Autobiographical Statement __________________________________________________________ 237 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Diffusion of Innovation _______________________________________________________ 92 Figure 2: Immigration Intent v. Coverage Character and Type ________________________________ 121 Figure 3: Intent, Character and Type - Foreign Immigrants __________________________________ 130 Figure 4: Intent, Character and Type - Domestic Emigrants _________________________________ 131 Figure 5: Intent, Character and Type - Irish ______________________________________________ 131 Figure 6: Intent, Character and Type - German ___________________________________________ 132 Figure 7: Intent, Character and Type - Italian ____________________________________________ 132 Figure 8: Intent, Character and Type - Other European ____________________________________ 133 Figure 9: Intent, Character and Type - Chinese ___________________________________________ 133 Figure 10: Intent, Character and Type - Religious Groups ___________________________________ 134 vi 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Our Fathers gave us liberty, But little did they dream, The grand results that flow along This mighty age of steam; For our mountains, lakes and rivers, Are all a blaze of fire, And we send our news by lightning, On the telegraphic wire1 The advent of canals, postal roads, steam navigation, and steam railways changed the entire pace of American nineteenth century life, from that of a walking society to one which began to travel at speeds that exceeded a gallop on a horse. The rise of the corporation and the industrial revolution created new models for the application of speedy communication. Perhaps most important of all, the telegraph fundamentally changed communication expectations, making information transfer over distance into a near-real-time experience. Historian Daniel Walker Howe has illustrated the American adulation of new technology in his book, What Hath God Wrought, and writes of “The communications revolution [that] gave a new urgency to social criticism and to the slavery controversy in particular.”2 Newspapers of the era form a record of the vast adjustment to possibilities and expectations that were inherent in this communications revolution. News media of the time were changed by technology in much the same way that twenty-first century media have been altered by the advent of universal Internet connections. This project reexamines an extended period of journalism that has often been dismissed as a mere commercializing of the Press.