Special Senses IUSM – 2016
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12 Retina Gabriele K
299 12 Retina Gabriele K. Lang and Gerhard K. Lang 12.1 Basic Knowledge The retina is the innermost of three successive layers of the globe. It comprises two parts: ❖ A photoreceptive part (pars optica retinae), comprising the first nine of the 10 layers listed below. ❖ A nonreceptive part (pars caeca retinae) forming the epithelium of the cil- iary body and iris. The pars optica retinae merges with the pars ceca retinae at the ora serrata. Embryology: The retina develops from a diverticulum of the forebrain (proen- cephalon). Optic vesicles develop which then invaginate to form a double- walled bowl, the optic cup. The outer wall becomes the pigment epithelium, and the inner wall later differentiates into the nine layers of the retina. The retina remains linked to the forebrain throughout life through a structure known as the retinohypothalamic tract. Thickness of the retina (Fig. 12.1) Layers of the retina: Moving inward along the path of incident light, the individual layers of the retina are as follows (Fig. 12.2): 1. Inner limiting membrane (glial cell fibers separating the retina from the vitreous body). 2. Layer of optic nerve fibers (axons of the third neuron). 3. Layer of ganglion cells (cell nuclei of the multipolar ganglion cells of the third neuron; “data acquisition system”). 4. Inner plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the second neuron and dendrites of the third neuron). 5. Inner nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the bipolar nerve cells of the second neuron, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells). 6. Outer plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the first neuron and dendrites of the second neuron). -
Current Trends in Ophthalmology Autonomic Regulation of The
Review Article Current Trends in Ophthalmology Autonomic Regulation of the Function of the Vitreous Body and Retina Lychkova AE1*, Severin AE2, Torshin VI2, Starshinov YP2, Sdobnikova SV3, Ashrafov RA4, Ashrafova SR4, Golubev YY5 Golubeva GY6 and Puzikov AM1 1Department of Health, Moscow’s Clinical Research Center, Moscow, Russia 2Russian People’s Friendship University, Moscow, Russia 3Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia 4Center for Laser Surgery, Moscow, Russia 5Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia 6City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia *Correspondence: Lychkova Alla Edward, Department Head of the Moscow’s Clinical Research Center, DZM, Shosse Enthusiasts 86, 111123, 11-1-53, Amundsen 129343, Moscow, Russia, Tel: (+7) 962-965-4923; E-mail: [email protected] Received: May 08, 2018; Accepted: June 25, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018 Abstract The data of the literature on the structure and physiology of the vitreous body and the retina in normal and pathological conditions are presented. The mechanism of vitreous detachment and its role in the development of vitreoretinal proliferation are described. Described adren-choline-peptide and NO-ergic mechanisms in signal transduction of the vitreous body and retina. Pharmacological and surgical methods of treatment of vitreoretinal proliferation are briefly described. Keywords: Vitreous body; Retina; Detachment; Vitreoretinal proliferation Introduction density of collagen fibers and a greater concentration of hyaluronic acid as compared to the central part. Cortical Vitreous Body (VB) is a transparent, colourless, gel- gel is comparatively more stable and more resistant to like mass containing water with an admixture of salts, age-related changes [1]. The VB contains two channels sugars, hyaluronic acid, a network of collagen fibers II, IX, (optociliary and lenticular) and three rows of cisterns, a XI types and few cells (mainly phagocytes, contributing to bursa premacularis and a precapillary space [1,3-5]. -
Permeability of the Retina and RPE-Choroid-Sclera to Three Ophthalmic Drugs and the Associated Factors
pharmaceutics Article Permeability of the Retina and RPE-Choroid-Sclera to Three Ophthalmic Drugs and the Associated Factors Hyeong Min Kim 1,†, Hyounkoo Han 2,†, Hye Kyoung Hong 1, Ji Hyun Park 1, Kyu Hyung Park 1, Hyuncheol Kim 2,* and Se Joon Woo 1,* 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; [email protected] (H.M.K.); [email protected] (H.K.H.); [email protected] (J.H.P.); [email protected] (K.H.P.) 2 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (S.J.W.); Tel.: +82-2-705-8922 (H.K.); +82-31-787-7377 (S.J.W.); Fax: +82-2-3273-0331 (H.K.); +82-31-787-4057 (S.J.W.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: In this study, Retina-RPE-Choroid-Sclera (RCS) and RPE-Choroid-Sclera (CS) were prepared by scraping them off neural retina, and using the Ussing chamber we measured the average time– concentration values in the acceptor chamber across five isolated rabbit tissues for each drug molecule. We determined the outward direction permeability of the RCS and CS and calculated the neural retina permeability. The permeability coefficients of RCS and CS were as follows: ganciclovir, 13.78 ± 5.82 and 23.22 ± 9.74; brimonidine, 15.34 ± 7.64 and 31.56 ± 12.46; bevacizumab, 0.0136 ± 0.0059 and 0.0612 ± 0.0264 (×10−6 cm/s). -
Localization of S-100 Protein in Mulier Cells of the Retina— 1
Reports Localization of S-100 Protein in Mulier Cells of the Retina— 1. Light Microscopical Immunocytochemistry G. Terenghi,* D. Cocchia,f F. Micherti,f A. R. T. Pererson4 D. F. Cole,§ S. R. Bloom,11 ond J. M. Polok* S-100 is an acidic brain protein previously found to be pres- constituent and could be involved in the functions ent in glial cells of the brain and the nervous system of gut of normal and diseased retina10"; their identification and respiratory tract. Immunocytochemistry at the light by the use of a suitable marker is thus of primary microscopical level localized immunoreactivity for S-100 in relevance. In this study, we report on the immuno- the Mulier cells in the retina of rat, guinea pig, and Chinese cytochemical visualization at light microscopic level hamster. The Mulier cells represent the main glial com- ponent of the retina, with a structural role in the support of Mulier cells in the mammalian retina by using the and insulation of neurons and sensory elements. The use presence of S-100 protein as a marker for glial cells. of S-100 protein as an immunocytochemical marker of Materials and Methods. Albino rats (n = 5), guinea Miiller cells may be useful in the study of pathologic con- pigs (n = 5), and Chinese hamsters (n = 4) were used. ditions of the retina where glial cell proliferation could re- The animals were killed by exsanguination under flect the index of neuronal injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis ether anaesthesia; the eyeballs were removed and im- Sci 24:976-980, 1983 mediately processed. -
Extraocular Muscles Orbital Muscles
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES ORBITAL MUSCLES INTRA- EXTRA- OCULAR OCULAR CILIARY MUSCLES INVOLUNTARY VOLUNTARY 1.Superior tarsal muscle. 1.Levator Palpebrae Superioris 2.Inferior tarsal muscle 2.Superior rectus 3.Inferior rectus 4.Medial rectus 5.Lateral rectus 6.Superior oblique 7.Inferior oblique LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIOS Origin- Inferior surface of lesser wing of sphenoid. Insertion- Upper lamina (Voluntary) - Anterior surface of superior tarsus & skin of upper eyelid. Middle lamina (Involuntary) - Superior margin of superior tarsus. (Superior Tarsus Muscle / Muller muscle) Lower lamina (Involuntary) - Superior conjunctival fornix Nerve Supply :- Voluntary part – Oculomotor Nerve Involuntary part – Sympathetic ACTION :- Elevation of upper eye lid C/S :- Drooping of upper eyelid. Congenital ptosis due to localized myogenic dysgenesis Complete ptosis - Injury to occulomotor nerve. Partial ptosis - disruption of postganglionic sympathetic fibres from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Extra ocular Muscles : Origin Levator palpebrae superioris Superior Oblique Superior Rectus Lateral Rectus Medial Rectus Inferior Oblique Inferior Rectus RECTUS MUSCLES : ORIGIN • Arises from a common tendinous ring knows as ANNULUS OF ZINN • Common ring of connective tissue • Anterior to optic foramen • Forms a muscle cone Clinical Significance Retrobulbar neuritis ○ Origin of SUPERIOR AND MEDIAL RECTUS are closely attached to the dural sheath of the optic nerve, which leads to pain during upward & inward movements of the globe. Thyroid orbitopathy ○ Medial & Inf.rectus thicken. especially near the orbital apex - compression of the optic nerve as it enters the optic canal adjacent to the body of the sphenoid bone. Ophthalmoplegia ○ Proptosis occur due to muscle laxity. Medial Rectus Superior Rectus Origin :- Superior limb of the tendonous ring, and optic nerve sheath. -
Openoptix NCLE Study Guide V0.2
OpenOptix NCLE Study Guide Ver. 0.2 This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. 6/15/2009 1 About This Document The OpenOptix NCLE Study Guide, sponsored by Laramy-K Optical has been written and is maintained by volunteer members of the optical community. This document is completely free to use, share, and distribute. For the latest version please, visit www.openoptix.org or www.laramyk.com. The quality, value, and success of this document are dependent upon your participation. If you benefit from this document, we only ask that you consider doing one or both of the following: 1. Make an effort to share this document with others whom you believe may benefit from its content. 2. Make a knowledge contribution to improve the quality of this document. Examples of knowledge contributions include original (non-copyrighted) written chapters, sections, corrections, clarifications, images, photographs, diagrams, or simple suggestions. With your help, this document will only continue to improve over time. The OpenOptix NCLE Study Guide is a product of the OpenOptix initiative. Taking a cue from the MIT OpenCourseWare initiative and similar programs from other educational institutions, OpenOptix is an initiative to encourage, develop, and host free and open optical education to improve optical care worldwide. By providing free and open access to optical education the goals of the OpenOptix initiative are to: • Improve optical care worldwide by providing free and open access to optical training materials, particularly for parts of the world where training materials and trained professionals may be limited. • Provide opportunities for optical professionals of all skill levels to review and improve their knowledge, allowing them to better serve their customers and patients • Provide staff training material for managers and practitioners • Encourage ABO certification and advanced education for opticians in the U.S. -
The Distribution of Immune Cells in the Uveal Tract of the Normal Eye
THE DISTRIBUTION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN THE UVEAL TRACT OF THE NORMAL EYE PAUL G. McMENAMIN Perth, Western Australia SUMMARY function of these cells in the normal iris, ciliary body Inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases of the and choroid. The role of such cell types in ocular eye are not purely the consequence of infiltrating inflammation, which will be discussed by other inflammatory cells but may be initiated or propagated authors in this issue, is not the major focus of this by immune cells which are resident or trafficking review; however, a few issues will be briefly through the normal eye. The uveal tract in particular considered where appropriate. is the major site of many such cells, including resident tissue macro phages, dendritic cells and mast cells. This MACRO PHAGES review considers the distribution and location of these and other cells in the iris, ciliary body and choroid in Mononuclear phagocytes arise from bone marrow the normal eye. The uveal tract contains rich networks precursors and after a brief journey in the blood as of both resident macrophages and MHe class 11+ monocytes immigrate into tissues to become macro dendritic cells. The latter appear strategically located to phages. In their mature form they are widely act as sentinels for capturing and sampling blood-borne distributed throughout the body. Macrophages are and intraocular antigens. Large numbers of mast cells professional phagocytes and play a pivotal role as are present in the choroid of most species but are effector cells in cell-mediated immunity and inflam virtually absent from the anterior uvea in many mation.1 In addition, due to their active secretion of a laboratory animals; however, the human iris does range of important biologically active molecules such contain mast cells. -
Inferior Rectus Paresis After Secondary Blepharoplasty
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.68.8.535 on 1 August 1984. Downloaded from British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1984, 68, 535-537 Inferior rectus paresis after secondary blepharoplasty EDUARDO ALFONSO, ANDREW J. LEVADA, AND JOHN T. FLYNN From the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University ofMiami School ofMedicine, Miami, Florida, USA SUMMARY A 52-year-old woman underwent a secondary cosmetic blepharoplasty for repair of residual dermatochalasis. Afterthis procedure vertical diplopia was noted. Ultrasound examination and the findings at operation were consistent with trauma to the inferior rectus muscle. We present this as an additional complication of cosmetic blepharoplasty. Numerous complications ofblepharoplasty have been The patient was examined by an ophthalmologist reported. They include blindness, orbital and eyelid and observation was recommended. One year later haematoma, epiphora, ectropion, lagophthalmos, she was examined by a second ophthalmologist in ptosis, incision' complications, scar thickening, Munich. A left hypertropia of 260 and exotropia of incomplete or excessive removal of orbital fat, 12° were found, and both inferior recti were thought lacrimal gland injury, exposure keratitis, and corneal to be involved. The patient could fuse only in gaze up ulcer. '-" Disturbances of ocular motility are and left. On 21 October 1981 she underwent a 5 mm uncommon, but superior oblique palsy,2 inferior recession ofthe right superior rectus muscle combined oblique injury,- superior rectus incarceration in the with release of conjunctival scar inferiorly, myotomy to ofthe inferior rectus muscle, and insertion of a Teflon wound,4 and restriction secondary retrobulbar http://bjo.bmj.com/ haemorrhage5 have been reported. -
Ciliary Zonule Sclera (Suspensory Choroid Ligament)
ACTIVITIES Complete Diagrams PNS 18 and 19 Complete PNS 23 Worksheet 3 #1 only Complete PNS 24 Practice Quiz THE SPECIAL SENSES Introduction Vision RECEPTORS Structures designed to respond to stimuli Variable complexity GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Transducers Receptor potential Generator potential GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Stimulus causing receptor potentials Generator potential in afferent neuron Nerve impulse SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Stimulatory input Conscious level = perception Awareness = sensation GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Information conveyed by receptors . Modality . Location . Intensity . Duration ADAPTATION Reduction in rate of impulse transmission when stimulus is prolonged CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Stimulus Modality . Chemoreceptors . Thermoreceptors . Nociceptors . Mechanoreceptors . Photoreceptors CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Origin of stimuli . Exteroceptors . Interoceptors . Proprioceptors SPECIAL SENSES Vision Hearing Olfaction Gustation VISION INTRODUCTION 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye Nearly half of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information Optic nerve is one of body’s largest nerve tracts VISION INTRODUCTION The eye is a photoreceptor organ Refraction Conversion (transduction) of light into AP’s Information is interpreted in cerebral cortex Eyebrow Eyelid Eyelashes Site where conjunctiva merges with cornea Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure Eyelid Medial commissure (a) Surface anatomy of the right eye Figure 15.1a Orbicularis oculi muscle -
Shape of the Posterior Vitreous Chamber in Human Emmetropia and Myopia
City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Gilmartin, B., Nagra, M. and Logan, N. S. (2013). Shape of the posterior vitreous chamber in human emmetropia and myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 54(12), pp. 7240-7251. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-12920 This is the published version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/14183/ Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-12920 Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Visual Psychophysics and Physiological Optics Shape of the Posterior Vitreous Chamber in Human Emmetropia and Myopia Bernard Gilmartin, Manbir Nagra, and Nicola S. Logan School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom Correspondence: Bernard Gilmartin, PURPOSE. To compare posterior vitreous chamber shape in myopia to that in emmetropia. School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK, METHODS. -
The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: a Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye
Running Head: THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 1 The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: A Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye Evan Sebastian A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2010 THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ David A. Titcomb, PT, DPT Thesis Chair ______________________________ David DeWitt, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Garth McGibbon, M.S. Committee Member ______________________________ Marilyn Gadomski, Ph.D. Assistant Honors Director ______________________________ Date THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 3 Abstract The human eye has been the cause of much controversy in regards to its complexity and how the human eye came to be. Through following and discussing the anatomical and physiological functions of the eye, a better understanding of the argument of origins can be seen. The anatomy of the human eye and its many functions are clearly seen, through its complexity. When observing the intricacy of vision and all of the different aspects and connections, it does seem that the human eye is a miracle, no matter its origins. Major biological functions and processes occurring in the retina show the intensity of the eye’s intricacy. After viewing the eye and reviewing its anatomical and physiological domain, arguments regarding its origins are more clearly seen and understood. Evolutionary theory, in terms of Darwin’s thoughts, theorized fossilization of animals, computer simulations of eye evolution, and new research on supposed prior genes occurring in lower life forms leading to human life. -
Radial and Tangential Dispersion Patterns in the Mouse Retina Are Cell
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 2494-2498, March 1995 Neurobiology Radial and tangential dispersion patterns in the mouse retina are cell-class specific (cell migration/cell lineage/retinal development/transgenic mice/X chromosome inactivation) B. E. REESE*, A. R. HARvEyt, AND S.-S. TANt§ *Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; tDepartment of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia; and tDepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Communicated by Pasko Rakic, Yale University School ofMedicine, New Haven, CT, December 16, 1994 ABSTRACT The retina is derived from a pseudostratified retinal cells remain clonally segregated, they should appear as germinal zone in which the relative position of a progenitor distinct groups of blue versus white cells. We have used this cell is believed to determine the position ofthe progeny aligned approach to address the issue of whether radially aligned cells in the radial axis. Such a developmental mechanism would in the mature retina reflect such a clonal derivation. ensure that radial arrays of cells which comprise functional units in the mature central nervous system are also clonally MATERIALS AND METHODS related. The present study has tested this hypothesis by using Retinas from adult transgenic mice, derived from founder line X chromosome-inactivation transgenic mosaic mice. We re- H253, which carries a lacZ transgene