Evaluation of the Radioactive Contamination in Fungi Genus Boletus in the Region of Europe and Yunnan Province in China
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Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2015) 99:8217–8224 DOI 10.1007/s00253-015-6668-0 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Evaluation of the radioactive contamination in fungi genus Boletus in the region of Europe and Yunnan Province in China Jerzy Falandysz1 & Tamara Zalewska2 & Grażyna Krasińska1 & Anna Apanel2 & Yuanzhong Wang3 & Sviatlana Pankavec1 Received: 18 March 2015 /Revised: 30 April 2015 /Accepted: 1 May 2015 /Published online: 6 June 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Numerous species of wild-grown mushrooms are Keywords China/Europe . Forest . Organic food . among the most vulnerable organisms for contamination with Radiocesium . Wild mushrooms radiocesium released from a radioactive fallout. A comparison was made on radiocesium as well as the natural gamma ray- emitting radionuclide (40K) activity concentrations in the Introduction fruiting bodies of several valued edible Boletus mushrooms collected from the region of Europe and Yunnan Province in The nuclear accident in Chernobyl, which took place on 26th China. Data available for the first time for Boletus edulis col- of April 1986 caused large- scale diffusion of radioactivity lected in Yunnan, China, showed a very weak contamination mostly in the Central and Northern Europe, but it was detected with 137Cs. Radiocesium concentration activity of B. edulis also in other southern areas in Turkey (IAEA 2005;Simsek samples that were collected between 2011 and 2014 in et al. 2014). Because of that accident, the long-term residual − Yunnan ranged from 5.2±1.7 to 10±1 Bq kg 1 dry matter radioactivity in the affected areas comes largely from − for caps and from 4.7±1.3 to 5.5±1.0 Bq kg 1 dry matter radiocesium (137Cs) (Bulko et al. 2014). Contamination of for stipes. The mushrooms Boletus badius, B. edulis, Boletus soils, pastures, and forests with the post-Chernobyl 137Cs var- impolitus, Boletus luridus, Boletus pinophilus, and Boletus ied between the regions of Europe, and this fact highly im- reticulatus collected from the European locations between pacted on regional appearance of 137Cs in food, feed, mush- 1995 and 2010 showed two to four orders of magnitude great- rooms, grazing cattle, and wildlife and health risk of 137Cs and er radioactivity from 137Cs compared to B. edulis from other nuclides to human consumers (Barret et al. 1999; Yunnan. The nuclide 40KinB. badius was equally distributed Battiston et al. 1989;DeCortetal.1998; Smith et al. 1993; between the caps and stipes, while for B. edulis, B. impolitus, Strandberg and Knudsen 1994; Zarubina 2014). Some but B. luridus, B. pinophilus,andB. reticulatus, the caps were minor (about 10 %) residual radioactivity from 137Cs in the richer, and for each mushroom, activity concentration seemed soils and wild-grown mushrooms still comes from the radio- to be more or less species-specific. active fallout which had taken place in the 1950s and 1960s because of the nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere (Haselwandter et al. 1988; Steinhauser et al. 2013;Taira * Jerzy Falandysz et al. 2011). [email protected] The nuclear power station in Fukushima Dai-ichi collapsed between 11th and 14th of March 2011 after a mega tsunami — 1 Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str., PL 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland episode in the northeastern part of the Honshu Island Tohoku region in Fukushima prefecture, Japan (Yasunari 2 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, National Research Institute, Maritime Branch Waszyngtona 42, PL et al. 2011). In result of the Fukushima accident, a large- 81-342 Gdynia, Poland scale diffusion of radioactivity took place. The radioactivity 3 Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural plume was largely dispersed in the ocean and in small portion Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming 650200, on land there (Teramage et al. 2014). At the local scale, mush- China rooms in the prefecture of Fukushima have been identified as 8218 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2015) 99:8217–8224 the most relevant source of radiocesium intake among vege- China. The mushrooms were collected across of Poland from tables, especially after the first year of the accident (Merz et al. different locations: Kacze Łęgi, Dziemiany, Sobieszewo, 2015). Foraging of mushrooms bypass, wittingly or unwit- Mojusz, Kępice, Wdzydze, Parchowo, Bory Tucholskie, tingly, the governmental food measuring campaigns which Olsztynek, Puszcza Piska, Puszcza Notecka, Porażyn, leads to higher intake of radioactive cesium than when con- Włoszowa in Świętokrzyskie land, Chochołowska Valley in sumers bought their products in commercial shops (Hayano Tatra Mountains, and Kłodzka Dale in Sudety Mountains. et al. 2013; Normile 2013). Mushrooms from Belarus were collected from two spatially The airborne 137Cs that is deposited on land is efficiently distant locations: Staroje Janczyna—location in central part, taken up and sequestered in fruiting bodies by many wild- administrative circuit of Minsk, Borysowski Region, and grown mushrooms (Macromycetes), which differ in their Wasilewiczy in Chojniki area of the Gomel Region. Samples species-specific capacity to sequester stable Cs as well as of B. edulis were also collected from the town of Umeå and its many other metallic, non-metallic, and metalloid elements in outskirts in northern region of Sweden and from Davingiie the flesh (Bakken and Olsen 1990;Barretetal.1999; and Yimen in the Prefecture of Yuxi in the Yunnan Province Battiston et al. 1989; Brzostowski et al. 2011; Byrne et al. of China. Fresh fruiting bodies’ samples (separately caps and 1979; Eckl et al. 1986; Drewnowska and Falandysz 2015; stipes) were sliced using a plastic knife, dried at 65 °C to Falandysz et al. 1994, 2003a, b, 2007a, b, c, d; Gucia et al. constant weight, and further pulverized using ceramic mortar 2012; Kirchner and Daillant 1998; Kojta et al. 2012; Vinichuk and kept in brand new sealed polyethylene bags that were et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2010). These chemical elements, packed into larger bags and kept under dry and clean condition depending on their physical and chemical forms, can further in a laboratory room until analysis. Before determination of be available from soil solution and soil bedrock to fungal activity concentration of radionuclides, the individual mush- mycelia, and sometimes, they can be sequestered in fungal room samples were pooled (separately caps and stipes, from 6 flesh (fruiting bodies) more or less in a dose-effect-related to 34 individuals per pool) to obtain one large (many specimens) manner. Hence, an elevated content of many metallic ele- integrated sample representing each place and year (Table 1). ments, metalloids, and Se (nonmetal) can be found in fruiting Activity concentrations of 137Cs and 40Kweredetermined bodies of exposed populations, while the effectiveness of up- using gamma spectrometer with coaxial HPGe detector with a take and sequestration is a function of many variables includ- relative efficiency of 18 % and a resolution of 1.9 keV at ing biological features related to species of mushroom, my- 1.332 meV (with associated electronics). The detector was corrhiza, and geochemical/environmental factors (Falandysz coupled with an 8192-channel computer analyzer and and Borovička 2013). GENIE 2000 software (Zalewska and Staniewski 2011). The Edible wild-grown mushrooms are popular organic food equipment was calibrated using a multi-isotope standard, and and are even items of international trade, and Boletus spp. the method was fully validated. The laboratory involved was are especially popular in Europe (King Bolete, Bay Bolete, subjected for routine checks to ensure the high standards of Pine Wood) and especially in Yunnan and several other prov- analytical quality and analytical control as well as took part in inces in China (Falandysz et al. 2011;Wangetal.2014). This the intercomparison exercises organized by IAEA-MEL paper reports and compares data on the residual activity from Monaco (IAEA-414, Irish and North Sea Fish) (Zalewska 137Cs as well as natural radionuclide from 40Kaccumulatedin and Staniewski 2011) to verify the reliability and accuracy certain Boletus mushrooms collected in Poland, Sweden, and of the method. All numerical data gained were recalculated Belarus and in Yunnan of China. The contamination of King for dehydrated fungal material (at 105 °C) and exact date of Bolete (Boletus edulis) from Yunnan (a land of mushrooms) is thesamplecollection. reported internationally for the first time. A major source of the residual 137Cs for Poland without doubt is the Chernobyl accident (Mietelski et al. 2010), while for Yunnan, the likely Results sources include radioactive fallout from nuclear weapon tests in the 1950s and 1960s and possibly also because of the Data on radioactivity (expressed in Bq kg−1 dry matter) of Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents. 137Cs and 40K in caps and stipes of the Boletus mushrooms are summarized according to species, place of origin, size of sample, and year of collection (Table 1). Samples of B. edulis Materials and methods were from Europe and China. The Chinese mushrooms were collected at altitude of 1600–1650 m above sea level in the The fruiting bodies of Boletus badius, B. edulis, Boletus Yuxi Prefecture of the mountainous Province of Yunnan in impolitus, Boletus luridus, Boletus pinophilus, and Boletus 2011–2014 (Fig. 1). The mushrooms such as B. badius. B. reticulatus mushrooms were collected in 1995–2014 in edulis, B. impolitus, B. luridus, B. pinophilus,and