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Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa

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Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa Proceedings from an ACCORD Workshop 14 & 15 September 2009 Durban ACCORD The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) is a non-governmental institute working throughout Africa to bring creative solutions to the challenges posed by conflict on the continent. ACCORD’s primary aim is to influence political developments by bringing conflict resolution, dialogue and institutional development to the forefront as an alternative to armed violence and protracted conflict. Acknowledgements The 14 and 15 September 2009 workshop, ‘Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa’ was organized with the generous support of the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (Sida). The Rapporteur Dr Segun Ige was the rapporteur for the 2009 workshop. Dr Ige is a rhetoric specialist and currently an Independent researcher. Contributors Tamara Kirkwood contributed to the research for the country conflict profiles within the report. Ms Kirkwood is a Coordinator in the Operations Division at ACCORD, during the writing of this report she contributed in her capacity as the Special Projects Officer in the Knowledge Production Department. Angela Ndinga-Muvumba, co-editor of the report, is a Senior Research Fellow of ACCORD and a doctoral candidate at the University of Uppsala’s Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Dr Shauna Mottiar, co-editor of the report, is a Senior Research Fellow of the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Disclaimer Views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of ACCORD or the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA). While every attempt was made to ensure that the information published here is accurate, no responsibility is accepted for any loss or damage that may arise out of the reliance of any person upon any of the information this report contains. Copyright © 2011 ACCORD This document may be downloaded at no charge from the ACCORD website: www.accord.org.za. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ACCORD, Private Bag X018, Umhlanga Rocks 4320, Durban, South Africa Editors: Dr Shauna Mottiar and Angela Ndinga-Muvumba Language Editor: Hayley Harvey Layout & Design: Cyril Maphumulo Table of Contents LIST OF ACRONYMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION 6 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 8 Defining Peace Agreements 8 Theories of Peace Agreements and Peace Processes 8 Implementing Peace Agreements 10 PEACE AGREEMENTS AND GOOD GOVERNANCE 11 Liberia: The 2003 Accra Agreement 12 DRC: The 2003 Inter-Congolese Dialogue 14 PEACE AGREEMENTS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES 17 Sierra Leone: The 1999 Lomé Agreement 17 Sudan: The 2005 Comprehensive Agreement 21 PEACE AGREEMENTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY 24 Burundi: The 2000 Arusha Agreement 24 Angola: The 1994 Lusaka Protocol 26 PEACE AGREEMENTS, REBELS AND LEADERSHIP 29 Chad: The 2002 Tripoli II Agreement 29 PEACE AGREEMENTS AND THE ROLE OF REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 33 Côte d’Ivoire: The 2004 Accra III Agreement 33 Rwanda: The 1993 Arusha Agreement 35 CONCLUSION 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 ANNEX I: Agenda – Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa Workshop 43 ANNEX II: List of Participants – Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa Workshop 46 List of Acronyms ACCORD African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (Sierra Leone) AU African Union CDF Sierra Leone Civil Defence Force CMAP Coordination des Mouvements Armes et Politiques de l’Opposition (Chad) CMMRD Commission Nationale de Démobilisation, Désarmament et Réintégration CNDD Conceil National pour la Defense de la Democratie CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CST Higher Council of Transition (Chad) DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECOMOG Economic Community Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FAR Forces Armes Rwandas (Rwandan Armed Forces) FARF Armed Forces for a Federal Republic (Chad) FDD Forces pour la Defense de la Democratie FLEC Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda) FNL Forces Nationals pour la Liberation FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National Liberation Front of Angola) Frodebu Burundian Democratic Front ICC International Criminal Court INPFL Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia JEM Justice Equality Movement (Sudan) LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy MODEL Movement for Democracy in Liberia MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola) MRND Movement Republican National pour la Development NGOs Non-governmental organisations NPRC National Provisional Ruling Council (Sierra Leone) NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia PALIPEHUTU Parti pour la Liberation des Peoples Hutu POP Protocol of Principles RCD Rally for Congolese Democracy RPA Rwandan Patriotic Army RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front RUF Revolutionary United Front (Sierra Leone) SADC Southern African Development Community SLA Sierra Leone Army SPLM Sudan People’s Liberation Movement ULIMO United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy UN United Nations UNITA União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) UNOMIL UN Observer Mission in Liberia 2009 Peace Agreement Report Executive Summary The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) held a workshop in Durban, South Africa on 14 and 15 September 2009. The theme of the workshop was ‘Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa’. The aim of the workshop was to evaluate the democratisation and developmental components of African peace agreements in the light of objectives for ‘durable’ or ‘positive’ peace. Among the questions posed were: which components of peace agreements further the goals of democratisation and development, and do these components facilitate or impair possibilities for ‘durable’ Executive Summary peace? Nine peace agreements were presented at the workshop, under five broad themes. The 2003 Liberia Accra Agreement and the 2003 DRC Inter-Congolese Dialogue presenters, under the first theme, focused on components of peace agreements for good governance such as power sharing, building state institutions, political parties and elections. The second theme, dealt with by the 1999 Sierra Leone Lomé Agreement and the 2005 Sudan Comprehensive Agreement presenters, focused on components for the management of resources. Presenters of the 2000 Burundi Arusha Agreement and the 1994 Angola Lusaka Protocol examined the third theme, namely components of peace agreements contributing to durable peace, with an emphasis on civil society and reconstruction, development and reconciliation. The 2002 Chad Tripoli II Agreement presenter, focusing on the fourth theme, examined the role of rebel forces and leadership within peace agreements. The fifth theme dealt with components of peace agreements contributing to durable peace, with an emphasis on the role of regional and/or international organisations, and was focused on by the presenters of the 2004 Côte d’Ivoire Accra III Agreement and the 1993 Rwanda Arusha Agreement. 5 2009 Peace Agreement Report Introduction The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) held a workshop in Durban, South Africa on 14 and 15 September 2009. The theme of the workshop was ‘Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa’. The aim of the workshop was to evaluate the democratisation and developmental components of African peace agreements in the light of objectives for ‘durable’ or ‘positive’ peace. Among the questions Introduction posed were: which components of peace agreements further the goals of democratisation and development, and do these components facilitate or impair possibilities for ‘durable’ peace? The peace agreements focused on were selected from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program data set on peace agreements 1989–2005.1 The Uppsala Conflict Data Program is one of the most well used and accurate data sources on global armed conflicts. The data is derived from theoretically and empirically based analyses of armed conflict, prevention and resolution. It therefore provides an authoritative means to categorise peace agreements. The agreements were selected from the ‘comprehensive’ or ‘full’ category.2 Agreements were then classified as ‘successful’ or ‘failed’ according to the Uppsala variables for agreements, which either ‘ended’ or ‘failed’3, and agreements ‘where violence with the same parties restarted within five years’.4 All the peace agreements selected make some provision for furthering the goals of democratisation and/or development. These include provisions for elections, power sharing, inclusion of civil society, inclusion of all political parties, and the setting up of institutions such as human rights commissions, as well as commissions for reconciliation, national reconstruction and development and provisions for resource management. The Nine peace agreements presented at the workshop include the following: • The 1994 Lusaka Protocol – Angola • The 2000 Arusha Agreement – Burundi • The 2002 Tripoli II Agreement – Chad • The 2004
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