Toward Resolving Chad's Interlocking Conflicts
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United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) / European Union Force (EUFOR)
United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) / European Union Force (EUFOR) Short Mission Brief I. Activity Summary: MINURCAT and EUFOR Overview The United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT), active from 2007 through 2010, was challenged from the start by the Chadian government’s minimal consent for a UN presence, which precluded the political processes essential to successful peacekeeping and eventually forced the abrupt closure of the mission. Though MINURCAT and the associated European Union Force Chad/CAR (EUFOR Chad/CAR) represent an interesting example of peacekeeping partnerships, their work was limited largely to protection of civilians and security sector training activities, without the ability to address underlying causes of conflict and instability. Regional dynamics and the Chadian government’s adept maneuvering hindered the intervention’s success in protecting vulnerable populations. Background Chad and its political fortunes have been deeply affected by regional actors since its days as a French colony. Since Chad’s independence in 1960, France, Sudan, and Libya have provided patronage, arms, support to rebel groups, and peacekeepers. Chad has hosted around 1,000 French troops in N’Djamena since the end of the colonial regime, maintaining one of three permanent French African military bases in Chad’s capital city. French and Chadian leaders place a premium on their personal relationships with one another to this day. Chad was the first country to host a peacekeeping operation from the African Union’s precursor, the Organization of African Unity, in response to a civil war between the government of President Goukouni Oueddei and the Northern Armed Forces of former Vice President Hissène Habré. -
African Dialects
African Dialects • Adangme (Ghana ) • Afrikaans (Southern Africa ) • Akan: Asante (Ashanti) dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Fante dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Twi (Akwapem) dialect (Ghana ) • Amharic (Amarigna; Amarinya) (Ethiopia ) • Awing (Cameroon ) • Bakuba (Busoong, Kuba, Bushong) (Congo ) • Bambara (Mali; Senegal; Burkina ) • Bamoun (Cameroons ) • Bargu (Bariba) (Benin; Nigeria; Togo ) • Bassa (Gbasa) (Liberia ) • ici-Bemba (Wemba) (Congo; Zambia ) • Berba (Benin ) • Bihari: Mauritian Bhojpuri dialect - Latin Script (Mauritius ) • Bobo (Bwamou) (Burkina ) • Bulu (Boulou) (Cameroons ) • Chirpon-Lete-Anum (Cherepong; Guan) (Ghana ) • Ciokwe (Chokwe) (Angola; Congo ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Mauritian dialect (Mauritius ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Seychelles dialect (Kreol) (Seychelles ) • Dagbani (Dagbane; Dagomba) (Ghana; Togo ) • Diola (Jola) (Upper West Africa ) • Diola (Jola): Fogny (Jóola Fóoñi) dialect (The Gambia; Guinea; Senegal ) • Duala (Douala) (Cameroons ) • Dyula (Jula) (Burkina ) • Efik (Nigeria ) • Ekoi: Ejagham dialect (Cameroons; Nigeria ) • Ewe (Benin; Ghana; Togo ) • Ewe: Ge (Mina) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewe: Watyi (Ouatchi, Waci) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewondo (Cameroons ) • Fang (Equitorial Guinea ) • Fõ (Fon; Dahoméen) (Benin ) • Frafra (Ghana ) • Ful (Fula; Fulani; Fulfulde; Peul; Toucouleur) (West Africa ) • Ful: Torado dialect (Senegal ) • Gã: Accra dialect (Ghana; Togo ) • Gambai (Ngambai; Ngambaye) (Chad ) • olu-Ganda (Luganda) (Uganda ) • Gbaya (Baya) (Central African Republic; Cameroons; Congo ) • Gben (Ben) (Togo -
Central African Republic (C.A.R.) Appears to Have Been Settled Territory of Chad
Grids & Datums CENTRAL AFRI C AN REPUBLI C by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S. “The Central African Republic (C.A.R.) appears to have been settled territory of Chad. Two years later the territory of Ubangi-Shari and from at least the 7th century on by overlapping empires, including the the military territory of Chad were merged into a single territory. The Kanem-Bornou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, and Dafour groups based in Lake colony of Ubangi-Shari - Chad was formed in 1906 with Chad under Chad and the Upper Nile. Later, various sultanates claimed present- a regional commander at Fort-Lamy subordinate to Ubangi-Shari. The day C.A.R., using the entire Oubangui region as a slave reservoir, from commissioner general of French Congo was raised to the status of a which slaves were traded north across the Sahara and to West Africa governor generalship in 1908; and by a decree of January 15, 1910, for export by European traders. Population migration in the 18th and the name of French Equatorial Africa was given to a federation of the 19th centuries brought new migrants into the area, including the Zande, three colonies (Gabon, Middle Congo, and Ubangi-Shari - Chad), each Banda, and M’Baka-Mandjia. In 1875 the Egyptian sultan Rabah of which had its own lieutenant governor. In 1914 Chad was detached governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day C.A.R.” (U.S. from the colony of Ubangi-Shari and made a separate territory; full Department of State Background Notes, 2012). colonial status was conferred on Chad in 1920. -
History, External Influence and Political Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR)
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies Economics Department 2014 History, External Influence and oliticalP Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR) Henry Kam Kah University of Buea, Cameroon Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jade Part of the Econometrics Commons, Growth and Development Commons, International Economics Commons, Political Economy Commons, Public Economics Commons, and the Regional Economics Commons Kam Kah, Henry, "History, External Influence and oliticalP Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR)" (2014). Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies. 5. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jade/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economics Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies 2014 Volume 3 Issue 1 ISSN:2161-8216 History, External Influence and Political Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR) Henry Kam Kah University of Buea, Cameroon ABSTRACT This paper examines the complex involvement of neighbors and other states in the leadership or political crisis in the CAR through a content analysis. It further discusses the repercussions of this on the unity and leadership of the country. The CAR has, for a long time, been embroiled in a crisis that has impeded the unity of the country. It is a failed state in Africa to say the least, and the involvement of neighboring and other states in the crisis in one way or the other has compounded the multifarious problems of this country. -
Central Africa Regional Representation
Central Africa Regional Representation Executive summary Based in Yaoundé, Cameroon, the Federation’s Central Africa Regional Representation (CARREP) covers the following eight countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic (CAR), Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the Republic of Congo (RoC), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe. However, the DRC and Chad have country representations and thus separate plans. A joint plan has been prepared for Cameroon, CAR, RoC, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe. Acting from its headquarters in Yaoundé, Cameroon, CARREP provides the financial and technical support required to enable the six national societies covered by this plan to improve the quality and efficiency of their humanitarian, social and community-based services in favour of vulnerable people and other people exposed to all sorts of hazards. The Central African region has been afflicted for many years by epidemics, endemic diseases, natural and man-made disasters, and conflicts that often led to significant population displacements or created situations of vulnerability which affected underprivileged communities incapable of self-sustenance (women, children, old persons and rural communities in general). Recently, the increasingly high cost of living has added a further burden to Central African populations. In addition, the illegal immigration phenomenon has intensified in Central Africa over the past years due to the rapid deterioration of living conditions. In fact, people chased away by conflicts and disasters, especially from the Central African Republic, the DRC and Chad, are forced to displace themselves, and this has intensified population movements within the region, the main destinations being Cameroon, Gabon, and in some cases Equatorial Guinea. -
Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa
Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa Proceedings from an ACCORD Workshop 14 & 15 September 2009 Durban ACCORD The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) is a non-governmental institute working throughout Africa to bring creative solutions to the challenges posed by conflict on the continent. ACCORD’s primary aim is to influence political developments by bringing conflict resolution, dialogue and institutional development to the forefront as an alternative to armed violence and protracted conflict. Acknowledgements The 14 and 15 September 2009 workshop, ‘Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa’ was organized with the generous support of the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (Sida). The Rapporteur Dr Segun Ige was the rapporteur for the 2009 workshop. Dr Ige is a rhetoric specialist and currently an Independent researcher. Contributors Tamara Kirkwood contributed to the research for the country conflict profiles within the report. Ms Kirkwood is a Coordinator in the Operations Division at ACCORD, during the writing of this report she contributed in her capacity as the Special Projects Officer in the Knowledge Production Department. Angela Ndinga-Muvumba, co-editor of the report, is a Senior Research Fellow of ACCORD and a doctoral candidate at the University of Uppsala’s Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Dr Shauna Mottiar, co-editor of the report, is a Senior Research Fellow of the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Disclaimer Views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of ACCORD or the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA). While every attempt was made to ensure that the information published here is accurate, no responsibility is accepted for any loss or damage that may arise out of the reliance of any person upon any of the information this report contains. -
Dengue Fever in Senegal 6 - 7 Ongoing Events Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Humanitarian Crisis in Cameroon
Overview Contents This Weekly Bulletin focuses on selected acute public health emergencies occurring in the WHO African Region. The WHO Health Emergencies Programme is currently monitoring 58 events in the region. This week’s edition covers key new and ongoing events, including: 2 Overview Hepatitis E in Central African Republic 3 - 5 New events Monkeypox in Central African Republic Dengue fever in Senegal 6 - 7 Ongoing events Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Humanitarian crisis in Cameroon. 8 Summary of major issues challenges and For each of these events, a brief description, followed by public health proposed actions measures implemented and an interpretation of the situation is provided. 9 All events currently A table is provided at the end of the bulletin with information on all new and being monitored ongoing public health events currently being monitored in the region, as well as events that have recently been closed. Major issues and challenges include: The Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has reached a critical juncture, marked by a precarious security situation, persistence of pockets of community resistance/ mistrust and expanding geographical spread of the disease. During the reporting week, there was an incident involving a response team performing burial activity in Butembo. This came barely days following a widespread community strike (“ville morte”) in Beni and several towns, and an earlier armed attack in Beni. These incidents severely disrupted most outbreak control interventions. Meanwhile, EVD cases have been confirmed in new areas with worse insecurity and in close proximity to the border with Uganda. -
Project to Interconnect the Power Grids of the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo from the Boali Hydro-Power System –Phase 1
Language: ENGLISH Original: French AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND PROJECT : PROJECT TO INTERCONNECT THE POWER GRIDS OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AND THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO FROM THE BOALI HYDRO-POWER SYSTEM –PHASE 1 MULTINATIONAL: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AND DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO PROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT Date : August 2012 Team Leader J. B. NGUEMA-OLLO ONEC.1 3072 I. KONATE ONEC.1 3418 S. ASSYONGAR-MASRA ONEC.1 3541 D. IBRAHIME ONEC.1 2549 ONEC.3 M.A. BEZZAOUIA 3854 Team Members Cons. R. KITANDALA CDFO 6338 Appraisal Team C. DJEUFO CMFO 6809 J. BISSAKONOU CMFO 6807 M. YARO ORPF. 2 2790 Sector Division Manager A. ZAKOU ONEC. 1 2211 CFFO Resident Representative M. SANGARE CFFO 7160 CDFO Resident Representative V. ZONGO CDFO 6333 Sector Director H. CHEIKHROUHOU ONEC 2034 Regional Director M. KANGA ORCE 2060 A.MOUSSA ONEC. 1 2897 P. DJAIGBE ONEC. 1 3961 N. NDOUNDO ONEC. 1 2725 I TOURINO SOTO ONEC. 3 2533 R. ARON ONEC. 3 2792 A. FOURATI ONEC. 3 3854 ONEC. 1 3854 Peer Reviewers O.T. DIALLO Cons. K.DIALLO ORCE 2578 O. FALL OPSM 3820 S. WAKANA CDFO 6350 S. B. TOUNKARA CMFO 6822 C. AHOSSI CMFO 6811 C. BOLLO TEMA CMFO 6813 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 STRATEGIC THRUST AND RATIONALE ................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Linkages with the Two Countries’ Strategies and Objectives ....................... 1 1.2 Rationale for Bank’s Involvement ............................................................................. 1 1.3 Aid Coordination ...................................................................................................... -
THE WEEK in Focus
United Nations Mission In Sudan THE WEEK In Focus HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE UNMIS NEWS BULLETIN AND RADIO MIRAYA 4-10 May 2007 HEARD on RADIO MIRAYA: Ki-moon concerned about Darfur bombing UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed deep concern on 9 May over On rumours circulating in aerial bombardments in North Darfur, which reportedly occurred over the past Juba that SPLA Deputy three weeks. He noted that the attacks had brought more destruction and loss Commander in Chief Lt. of life and that a school had been struck by rockets fired from a government General Paulino Matip and helicopter. The Secretary-General strongly urged the Government of Sudan GoSS Vice-President Riek (GoS) to cease all attacks and comply fully with the Darfur Peace Agreement Machar have died… (DPA), Security Council resolutions and international humanitarian law. Darfur Commission says bombing took place “I am currently recovering well while resting at Nairobi’s The Darfur Peace Agreement Joint Commission (JC) said on 9 May that Grand Regency hotel, and will bombardments by the GoS had taken place in the region, particularly in North be taking medication and rest Darfur. The aerial attacks were criticized, but the meeting took note of the for seven days before GoS’s explanation that they were carried out in self defence. Members called resuming my job as advised by on all parties to cease hostilities, so that ongoing efforts to revitalize the my South African doctor. I have personally informed the political peace process could succeed. South Sudan President Salva The JC drew attention to intensified banditry targeting international aid Kiir Mayardit and his Vice- agencies in Darfur, and expressed serious concern over the increase in scale President Riek Machar that I’ll be returning to Juba in two to and frequency of tribal clashes. -
Central African Republic
BTI 2020 Country Report Central African Republic This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2020. It covers the period from February 1, 2017 to January 31, 2019. The BTI assesses the transformation toward democracy and a market economy as well as the quality of governance in 137 countries. More on the BTI at https://www.bti-project.org. Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2020 Country Report — Central African Republic. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2020. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Contact Bertelsmann Stiftung Carl-Bertelsmann-Strasse 256 33111 Gütersloh Germany Sabine Donner Phone +49 5241 81 81501 [email protected] Hauke Hartmann Phone +49 5241 81 81389 [email protected] Robert Schwarz Phone +49 5241 81 81402 [email protected] Sabine Steinkamp Phone +49 5241 81 81507 [email protected] BTI 2020 | Central African Republic 3 Key Indicators Population M 4.7 HDI 0.381 GDP p.c., PPP $ 872 Pop. growth1 % p.a. 1.5 HDI rank of 189 188 Gini Index 56.2 Life expectancy years 52.2 UN Education Index 0.353 Poverty3 % 83.1 Urban population % 41.4 Gender inequality2 0.682 Aid per capita $ 110.5 Sources (as of December 2019): The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2019 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2019. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $3.20 a day at 2011 international prices. Executive Summary During the period under review, ending in January 2019, the Central African Republic was governed by a president elected by fair and transparent elections held in March 2016. -
Joint Statement on Behalf of A3 (Niger, South Africa and Tunisia) and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Joint Statement on Behalf of A3 (Niger, South Africa and Tunisia) and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Delivered by H.E. Mr. Tarek Ladeb Permanent Representative of the Permanent Mission of Tunisia to the United Nations Open VTC on the Situation in the Central African Republic United Nations Security Council January 21st, 2021 New York Check Against Delivery Mr. President, I have the honor to deliver this statement on behalf of the A3+1 members of the Council, namely Kenya, Niger, Tunisia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. At the outset, let me thank the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Mankeur Ndiaye, for his comprehensive briefing and reiterate our strong support for his efforts and for MINUSCA’s fundamental role in assisting the Central African Republic authorities and people in their quest to achieve lasting peace and stability. We reiterate our strongest condemnation of the attacks perpetrated by the CPC armed elements since the beginning of its offensive last December 2020 during which several MINUSCA peacekeepers were killed and several others were injured. We renew our deepest condolences and sympathy to the families of the deceased peacekeepers as well as to Bangladesh, Burundi, Cameroon, Gabon, Morocco, Rwanda, and MINUSCA. We call on national authorities of the CAR to swiftly investigate and bring to justice the perpetrators of these heinous acts. Such attacks against peacekeepers may constitute war crimes and should not go unpunished. We are deeply perturbed by the volatile security situation in the CAR and the continued destabilization efforts by these armed groups and spoilers throughout the country. -
Chad: a New Conflict Resolution Framework
CHAD: A NEW CONFLICT RESOLUTION FRAMEWORK Africa Report N°144 – 24 September 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................I I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. A CRISIS OF THE STATE ........................................................................................... 2 A. 1990-2000: MISSED OPPORTUNITIES FOR RECONCILIATION......................................................2 B. OIL, CLIENTELISM AND CORRUPTION........................................................................................3 1. Clientelism and generalised corruption ..............................................................................3 2. The oil curse .......................................................................................................................4 C. MILITARISATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION AND POPULATION ..................................................5 D. NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS DIVIDES .........................................................................................6 III. THE ACTORS IN THE CRISIS................................................................................... 8 A. THE POLITICAL OPPOSITION .....................................................................................................8 1. Repression and co-option ...................................................................................................8 2. The political platform of