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Biodistance Analysis of Medieval and Early Modern Skeletal Populations from Adriatic Croatia Lindsey Jo Helms Thorson University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

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Biodistance Analysis of Medieval and Early Modern Skeletal Populations from Adriatic Croatia Lindsey Jo Helms Thorson University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2018 Population Change in Times of War: Biodistance Analysis of Medieval and Early Modern Skeletal Populations from Adriatic Croatia Lindsey Jo Helms Thorson University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Thorson, Lindsey Jo Helms, "Population Change in Times of War: Biodistance Analysis of Medieval and Early Modern Skeletal Populations from Adriatic Croatia" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 1930. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1930 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POPULATION CHANGE IN TIMES OF WAR: BIODISTANCE ANALYSIS OF MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN SKELETAL POPULATIONS FROM ADRIATIC CROATIA by Lindsey Jo Helms Thorson A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2018 ABSTRACT POPULATION CHANGE IN TIMES OF WAR: BIODISTANCE ANALYSIS OF MEDIEVAL AND POST-MEDIEVAL SKELETAL POPULATIONS FROM ADRIATIC CROATIA by Lindsey Jo Helms Thorson The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2018 Under the Supervision of Professor Dr. Patricia Richards Research by doctoral candidate Lindsey Jo Helms Thorson, under the supervision of Dr. Patricia Richards, investigated population during the Ottoman expansion into Croatian territories to determine whether migration contributed significantly to changes in the biological make-up of the population. The study focused on phenotypic trait variation, using cranial and dental metric and nonmetric data, in two skeletal samples from the Medieval (pre-Ottoman) period and two skeletal samples from the Early Modern (Ottoman) period in the central Dalmatian region of Croatia, curated at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts – Anthropology Center. Historical narratives suggest that as the Ottoman Empire expanded into the Croatian territories a large depopulation event occurred as many Croats fled in fear of continued Ottoman raiding followed by the Ottoman sürgün policy of forcible repopulation of the region by Orthodox Vlach and Serbian laborers and soldiers. This model was tested against the evidence for changes to phenotypic variation in the central Dalmatian region’s population from the Medieval to the Early Modern periods using biological distance analyses of cranial metric, cranial non-metric, dental metric and dental non-metric traits. The data indicate that the Ottoman conflicts were a major disruptive factor and primary cause for the population change in the 16-17 th centuries in the Dalmatian region of Croatia. The movement of people combined with the prolonged period of warfare and resettlement led to secondary factors such as environmental degradation, disease ii outbreaks and famine that further contributed to the identified changes to the population, as reflected in phenotypic traits. Contrary to expected results biodistance analysis identified consistent changes to the female portion of the population over time, while for the male portion of the population results concerning change over time were inconclusive. Suggesting that the normal migration pattern of an initial male-led flow followed later with a mature migrant stream is not followed in the context of severely disruptive interstate warfare. iii © Copyright by Lindsey Jo Helms Thorson, 2018 All Rights Reserved iv To my ever-patient husband v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures x List of Tables xx Acknowledgements xxiv I. Introduction 1 Research hypotheses 4 Organization of the dissertation 5 II. Biological Distance 7 History of biological distance analyses 8 Typological paradigm: classifying individuals 8 A change in thinking: recognition that populations vary 13 The 21 st century and biological distance 17 Heritability of skeletal traits 21 Heritability of traits: genotype, phenotype and epigenetics 22 Cranial morphology and heritability 23 Dental morphology and heritability 25 Summary 28 Review of biodistance studies in SE Europe 28 Chapter summary 32 III. Historic Overview 34 Geography of Croatia 34 Early Medieval period (6 th -12 th centuries AD) – The Kingdom of Croatia 36 Early Medieval settlement organization 39 Early Medieval religious and spiritual life 41 Early Medieval material culture changes 44 Early Medieval populous – health, stress, conflict 45 Summary of the Early Medieval period 46 Late Medieval period (12-15 th centuries AD) – Ottoman expansion 47 Late Medieval settlement organization 50 Late Medieval religious and spiritual life 53 Late Medieval material culture changes 56 Late Medieval social and cultural developments 58 Summary of the Late Medieval period 60 Early Modern period (15 th -18 th centuries AD) – Ottoman control and decline 61 Life under Ottoman rule 64 War of liberation – reclaimed territories and stabilized borders 68 Early Modern material culture changes 69 Early Modern social and cultural developments 70 vi Summary of the Early Modern period 73 Summary of Croatian historic overview 74 Summary of Croatian medieval archaeology 76 IV. Migration and Warfare 79 Migration and disruption 84 Disruptions 84 Migrations 87 Boundaries and borders 88 Types of migrants 89 Disruptions and the causes of migration 90 Disruptions as consequences of migration 93 Biological disruptions and migration 95 Utility of the model 98 V. Materials and Site Contexts 100 Criteria for site selection 100 Site contexts 101 Šibenik-Sv. Lovre 101 Koprivno-Križ 103 Drinovci-Greblje 107 Summary of materials 109 VI. Methods 110 Data collection and database formation 110 Accessory data 110 Dental metrics 112 Dental non-metrics 118 Cranial metrics 119 Cranial non-metrics 119 Intraobserver error 123 Database format 124 Data preparation and reduction 125 Asymmetry and individual count method 126 Normality 128 Age and sex correlations 135 Non-metric trait dichotomization 152 Intraobserver error 161 Redundancy 179 Missing data and low trait variance 179 Multiple imputation for missing data 188 Standardization of metric data 191 Statistical evaluations of hypotheses 191 Metric data analysis 193 Non-metric data analysis 195 vii VII. Results 201 Total sample comparisons 205 Dental metric – total sample (n=139) 206 Cranial metric – total sample (n=132) 206 Dental non-metric – total sample (n=140) 213 Cranial non-metric – total sample (n-245) 217 Cranial non-metric – adult only sample (n=140) 224 Male sample comparisons 230 Dental metric – male sample (n=53) 230 Cranial metric – male sample (n=62) 230 Dental non-metric – male sample (n=53) 234 Cranial non-metric – male sample (n=68) 234 Female sample comparisons 234 Dental metric – female sample (n=58) 235 Cranial metric – female sample (n=70) 238 Dental non-metric – female sample (n=58) 241 Cranial non-metric – female sample (n=75) 246 Indeterminate sample comparisons 246 Dental metric – indeterminate sample (n=28) 246 Dental non-metric – indeterminate sample (n=29) 247 Cranial non-metric – indeterminate sample (n=102) 250 Summary of results 251 Hypothesis 1 254 Hypothesis 2 255 VIII. Discussion and Conclusions 257 Limitations and areas of future research 269 Conclusions 272 References 273 Appendix A Summary Statistics of Final Reduced Datasets by Site Name and Sex 331 Appendix B Final Reduced Datasets’ Demographic Breakdowns 339 Appendix C Non-Significant Results 342 Dental metric – total sample (n=139) 342 Dental non-metric – total sample (n=140) 349 Cranial non-metric – total sample (n=245) 352 Cranial non-metric – adult only (n=140) 356 Dental metric – male sample (n=53) 360 Cranial metric – male sample (n=58) 363 Dental non-metric – male sample (n=53) 363 Cranial non-metric – male sample (n=68) 368 Dental metric – female sample (n=58) 372 Cranial metric – female sample (n=70) 373 viii Dental non-metric female sample (n=58) 374 Cranial non-metric – female sample (n=75) 375 Dental metric – indeterminate sample (n=28) 380 Dental non-metric – indeterminate sample (n=29) 383 Cranial non-metric –indeterminate sample (n=102) 385 Appendix D Results of the Biodistance Analyses by Site Name 390 Total sample comparisons 392 Dental metric – total sample (n=139) 392 Cranial metric – total sample (n=132) 396 Dental non-metric – total sample (n=140) 403 Cranial non-metric – total sample (n-245) 412 Cranial non-metric – adult only sample (n=140) 421 Male sample comparisons 429 Dental metric – male sample (n=53) 429 Cranial metric – male sample (n=62) 432 Dental non-metric – male sample (n=53) 436 Cranial non-metric – male sample (n=68) 440 Female sample comparisons 444 Dental metric – female sample (n=58) 444 Cranial metric – female sample (n=70) 448 Dental non-metric – female sample (n=58) 451 Cranial non-metric – female sample (n=75) 456 Indeterminate sample comparisons 460 Dental metric – indeterminate sample (n=28) 460 Dental non-metric – indeterminate sample (n=29) 462 Cranial non-metric – indeterminate sample (n=102) 466 Summary of results 471 Curriculum Vitae 473 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-1: A map of geography of southeastern Europe (Wikimedia Commons contributors 2016a). 35 Figure 3-2: Modern map of major Croatian geographic regions, with project sites. 36 Figure 3-3: Map of southeastern
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