DOCSLIB.ORG

Of Sabah, Malaysia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Of Sabah, Malaysia Geological Society of Malaysia, Bulletin 46 May 2003; pp. 335-351 The origin of the 'circular basins' of Sabah, Malaysia ALLAGU BALAGURU*, GARY NICHOLS AND ROBERT HALL SE Asia Research Group, Department of Geology Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 OEX, UK *Now at Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia Sabah Locked Bag 2042, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Surface mapping, dating and radar image study of strata in southern Sabah (northern Borneo) have made it possible to revise the stratigraphy and reinterpret the structure and tectonic evolution of the area. Early Miocene regional unconformity may be equivalent to the Deep Regional Unconformity recognised offshore, below which the succession can be resolved into an Eocene accretionary complex age overlying an ophiolitic basement, and an upper Paleogene deep-water succession which formed in a forearc. The Paleogene deposits underwent syn-depositional deformation, including the development of extensive melanges, all of which lie below the unconformity. Localised limestones were deposited followed after a period of uplift and erosion in the Early Miocene, followed by an influx of clastic sediments deposited in delta and pro-deltaic environments in the Middle Miocene. These deltaic to shallow marine deposits form two coarsening-upward successions, mapped as the Tanjong and Kapilit Formations. The total thickness of these two formations remaining in the southern Sabah Basin amounts to 6,000 m, about half of previous estimates. The Early Miocene unconformity is interpreted to be the result of deformation and uplift following underthrusting of continental crust of the South China Sea which terminated Paleogene subduction beneath North Borneo. Renewed subsidence led to the development of a major Miocene depocentre above the older forearc accretionary complex. A new tectonic model is proposed for southern Sabah whereby a major transpressional deformation probably occurred during the Late Pliocene and the Tanjong. and KapilitFormations were deformed into broad NW-SE-trending synclines separated by narrow anticlines. The anticlines are sub-parallel to major faults and associated with high angle reverse faults, and positive flower structures. Secondary fold-faults formed oblique to the major faults. The structural style suggests that the NW-SE trending faults acted as major left-lateral transpressional zones and possibly produced large­ scale contractional duplexes. The faults may in part be reactivated basement structures. This deformation uplifted the area and is termed here the Meliau Orogeny. Renewed extension during the Quaternary caused some sequence repetition and widened the original synclines. The 'subcircular- to· elliptical-shaped basins' of the Meliau, Malibau and Tidung areas are structurally controlled synclines and interpreted as remnants of a single large basin, deformed in the NW -SE trending transpressional fault zones. INTRODUCTION to form the basement to the sediments of Sabah (Hutchison. 1989). Chert and other associated deep-marine sediments The geology of Sabah, a province of Malaysia in the overlying the ophiolite are Lower Cretaceous to Eocene in llorthern part of Borneo (Figs. 1 and 2), has been the age (Jasin et al., 1985). subject of a number of studies, some regional in nature The broken formations and melanges of Sabah show (e.g. Hutchison, 1988; Hutchison et aI., 2000; Rangin et characteristics of tectonic, sedimentary and diapiric origin al., 1990), others focused on particular areas or aspects of and were suggested to have formed in Early Miocene the geology (Clennell, 1991; Tongkul, 1995; Hutchison, (Clennell, 1991; Balaguru, 2001). In the Late Early Miocene i996; Noad, 1998). Previous geological maps of Sabah they were uplifted and shallow water sediments were (Wilford, 1967; Lim, 1985) indicate the distribution of the deposited unconformably on the pre-Neogene rocks which main rock formations. are more intensely deformed. The Neogene sediments are The main tectonic elements of Sabah includes a the mostly shallow marine to fluvio-deltaic and contain coal major fold-thrust belt trending north-northeast in the west beds and have formed unusual sub-circular to elliptical and bending to the east and southeast towards the shaped and fault bounded areas. They are about 20-30 Ian northeastern part of Sabah (Fig. 2). This arcuate belt wide and known as 'circular basins' of Sabah, such as the. consists of the deep-marine Eocene-Lower Miocene Rajang­ Meliau, MaIibau, Tidung, Bangan and Bukit Garam 'sub­ Crocker accretionary prism related to southeasterly basins' (Fig. 2). However, the detailed structural style and subduction of the proto-South China Sea (Rangin et al., architecture of the Neogene sediments has not been studied 1990; Tongkul, 1990; Hall, 1996). Much of the eastern before. Their structural relationships with the regional part of Sabah consists of an ophiolite complex, the melanges structural trend have often been simplified or not been and broken formations. The ophiolitic rocks are considered considered. The structural controls, including timing, Annual Geological Conference 2003, May 24-26, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia 336 ALLAGU BALAGURU , GARY NICHOLS & ROBERT HALL Figure 1. Simplified present-day tectonic configuration of SE Asia (from Hall, 1996) and Borneo in regional context. 1l6'N 11 7 118 119 Simeogari, (85), Bongaya (By), Sebabll (Sb~ G.odumao (G n) EARLY·LATE MIOCENE Lineaments with dip Tanjong (Tj), Mcligan (Me). SEDIMENTARY ROCKS K.pilit (K p ~ S.nd.k.o (Sn) # Balamba~ ~ . D t:r-' . Bangg' KuamuL (Km). Gennono (G r), Strike slip fau lt ~ MIDDLE MIOCENE ;/ , l..L...!J CHAOTIC DEPOSITS Ayer (Ay), Wario (Wr) Anticlinal axis fT4l EAKLY · ~ILUi)LE MIUCENE Kalumpang (Kg). Tungku (Tu) V C>Malawali ~ PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS Labang (L b), Kul.pis (K. ~ Kudat (Kd) .. Thrust fault ~ EOCENE·EARLY MIOCENE West Crocker (wC r), Temburong (Te) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS .. t::.::SJ Sapulut (S p), Trusm.di (Tr), East Crocker (cCr) / No nnal raull BASEMENT ROCKS AND Chert-Spilitc (CS). ultrabasic rocks / Pala""Oow ASSOCIATED SEDIMENTS SOUTH CHINA SEA LATE M10CENE·QUATERNARY • IG EOUS ROCKS EARLY MIOCENE BASALT SULUSEA Labuan SccOs. CELEBES SEA SARAWAK Figure 2. Geological and structural map of Sabah (adapted from Lim 1985 and Tongkul, 1993). THE ORIGIN OF THE 'CIRCULAR BASINS' OF SABAH, MALAYSIA 337 basement controls and fault orientation, on basin formation eugeosynclioal basement of the Rajang Group of Cretaceous ~ the south-central Sabah basin are poorly known and to Oligocene age. described. The mechanism of how these structures In more recent syntheses of the stratigraphy of Sabah developed in response to tectonic activity of this region is summarised in Clennell (1996) and Hutchison et al. (2000) not fully explained. a late Eocene unconformity has been recognised which Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imagery for the area excludes the West Crocker and Kulapis Formations from has provided remotely-sensed data which are useful despite the Rajang Group. A Middle Miocene unconformity was the almost permanent cloud cover of the area and enabled interpreted to separate the Tanjong Formation (and the interpretation of the structural lineaments and morphology related Sandakan Formation to the north) from the older, of the study area. Biostratigraphic dating using nannofossils deeper marine deposits and melanges. These schemes has proved to be more successful than other organisms, and were based on studies of more accessible parts of Sabah to has made it possible to constrain the ages of the stratigraphic the north and west of the study area. units and timing of events. Access to the area (Fig. 3) is . Collenette (1965) proposed that the Neogene sub-basins provided by logging roads. originally comprised one major basin (Fig. 4). Lee and Tham(1989) and Clennell (1991) proposed differential TECTONIC SETTING loading and subsidence into muddy melange and diapirism as possible mechanism for theirorigiIi. Tongkol (1993) The island of Borneo formed by the Mesozoic accretion suggested the NE-SW trending regional strike-slip faults of microcontinental fragments, ophiolite terranes and island controlled the formation of isolated individual sub­ arc crust onto a Palaeozoic continental core (Hamilton, basins. ~979; Hutchison, 1989; Metcalfe, 1996) (Fig. 1). At the beginning of the Cenozoic Borneo formed a promontory of REVISED STRATIGRAPHY OF Sundaland (Hall, 1996,2002), partly separated from Asia SOUTHERN SABAH by the proto-South China Sea. The oceanic part of the proto-South China Sea was subducted during the Paleogene The revised stratigraphy of southern Sabah is shown in: and a large accretionary complex formed along the Figure 4 and Table 1 and differences can be seen by northwestern margin of Borneo. In the early Miocene comparing Figures 5 and 6. The important boundary uplift of the accretionary complex occurred as a result of between the LabanglKuamut Formations ·and the overlying underthrusting of thinned continental crust in northwest Tanjong (and locally the Gomantong Limestone) (Hamilton, 1979; Taylor and Hayes; <1983; Tan and Lamy, :Formations is significant because it is 1nterpreted to be a 1991; Hazebroek and Tan, 1993). Upliftmayhaveresulted regional unconformity which separates a lower succession also from shortening due to the counter-clockwise rotation of deformed and indurated deep water sediments and of Borneo between 20 and 10 Ma (Fuller et ai., 199,1; Hall, melanges from gently folded,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Member Country Report of INDONESIA
    CCOP-53AS/3-7 COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMMES IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CCOP) 53rd CCOP Annual Session 16 – 19 October 2017 Cebu City, Philippines Member Country Report of INDONESIA Submitted by Indonesian Delegation / Geological Agency (For Agenda Item 3) COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMMES IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CCOP) CCOP Building, 75/10 Rama VI Road, Phayathai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2644 5468, Fax: +66 (0) 2644 5429, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.ccop.or.th ANNUAL MEMBER COUNTRY REPORT Country: INDONESIA Period: 1 July 2016 - 30 June 2017 I. OUTREACH The technical activities has been reclassified into three sectors and seven programmes as follows: Geo-Resources (Mineral, Energy, Groundwater), Geo-Environment (Coastal, Geohazard, Environmental Geology), and Geo-information (Geo data and Information Management) GEO-RESOURCES SECTOR 1. MINERAL PROGRAMME 1.1. Summary Several companies holding license for exploration activities in mining for metallic mineral have reported the results of their activities and the development of resources and reserves of several minerals. Several mineral commodities resources and reserves are shown in the following figure. Figure 1.1. Bar charts of some mineral commodities resources and reserves of Indonesia 2012 - 2016 CCOP Member Country Report: INDONESIA 1 The government has planned to revise Law No. 4/2009 due to some provisions in this regulation that can not be implemented/experiencing obstacles in the implementation, need to be adjusted with Law Number 23 Year 2014 on Local Government, The Constitutional Court Decision, and the government policy to simplify licensing and public services, including in this case licensing of mineral sub-sector.
    [Show full text]
  • South-East Asia Second Edition CHARLES S
    Geological Evolution of South-East Asia Second Edition CHARLES S. HUTCHISON Geological Society of Malaysia 2007 Geological Evolution of South-east Asia Second edition CHARLES S. HUTCHISON Professor emeritus, Department of geology University of Malaya Geological Society of Malaysia 2007 Geological Society of Malaysia Department of Geology University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Geological Society of Malaysia ©Charles S. Hutchison 1989 First published by Oxford University Press 1989 This edition published with the permission of Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 978-983-99102-5-4 Printed in Malaysia by Art Printing Works Sdn. Bhd. This book is dedicated to the former professors at the University of Malaya. It is my privilege to have collabo­ rated with Professors C. S. Pichamuthu, T. H. F. Klompe, N. S. Haile, K. F. G. Hosking and P. H. Stauffer. Their teaching and publications laid the foundations for our present understanding of the geology of this complex region. I also salute D. ]. Gobbett for having the foresight to establish the Geological Society of Malaysia and Professor Robert Hall for his ongoing fascination with this region. Preface to this edition The original edition of this book was published by known throughout the region of South-east Asia. Oxford University Press in 1989 as number 13 of the Unfortunately the stock has become depleted in 2007. Oxford monographs on geology and geophysics.
    [Show full text]
  • Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Indonesia by John Kingston
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Indonesia by John Kingston Open-File Report 88-379 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature 1988 ASSESSMENT OF RECOVERABLE ENERGY RESOURCES The World Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Intends to develop reliable and credible estimates of undiscovered recoverable petroleum resources throughout the world. Initial program efforts have focused on the major producing areas of the world to gain a broad geological understanding of the characteristics of petroleum occurrence for purposes of resource assessment, as well as for analysis of production potential. Investigations of production potential are carried out In cooperation with other U.S. Government agencies; specifically, the studies of the main free world exporting nations, of which this study Is a part, are carried out In cooperation with the Foreign Energy Supply Assessment Program of the Department of Energy. The estimates represent the views of a U.S. Geological Survey study team and should not be regarded as an official position of the U.S. Government. The program seeks to Investigate resource potential at the basin level, primarily through analogy with other petroleum regions, and does not necessarily require, therefore, current exploration Information that Is commonly held proprietary. In conducting the geological Investigations, we Intend to build a support base of publicly available data and regional geologic synthesis against which to measure the progress of exploration and thereby validate the assessment. Most of these Investigations will lead directly to quantitative resource assessments; resource assessment, like exploration, to be effective, must be an ongoing process taking advantage of changing Ideas and data availability the results produced being progress reports reflecting on a state of knowledge at a point In time.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction of Floral Changes During Deposition of the Miocene Embalut Coal from Kutai Basin, Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan
    Organic Geochemistry 40 (2009) 206–218 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Organic Geochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/orggeochem Reconstruction of floral changes during deposition of the Miocene Embalut coal from Kutai Basin, Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia by use of aromatic hydrocarbon composition and stable carbon isotope ratios of organic matter Sri Widodo a,*, Achim Bechtel b, Komang Anggayana c, Wilhelm Püttmann a a Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, J.W. Goethe University, Altenhöferallee1, D-60438 Frankfurt a.M., Germany b EAWAG, Department of Surface Waters – Biogeochemistry, Seestr. 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland c Department of Mining Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jln Ganesa 10, I-40132 Bandung, Indonesia article info abstract Article history: The distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons and stable carbon isotope ratios of organic matter in a series of Received 19 May 2008 nine Miocene Embalut coal samples obtained from nine coal seams of Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan, Indo- Received in revised form 22 October 2008 nesia were studied. The rank of the Embalut coals ranged from lignites to low rank sub-bituminous coals Accepted 25 October 2008 (0.36–0.50% Rr), based on measurements of huminite reflectance. The aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of Available online 5 November 2008 all coal samples were dominated by cadalene in the lower boiling point range and picene derivatives in the higher boiling point range of the gas chromatograms. Cadalene can be attributed to the contribution of Dipterocarpaceae and various hydrated picenes to the contribution of additional angiosperms to the coal forming vegetation. The picenes originate from alpha- and beta-amyrin.
    [Show full text]
  • 02 Heri Hermiyanto
    Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.19. No.2 Mei 2018 hal 73 - 82 Geo-Resource Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Center for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources G e o l o g i Journal homepage: http://jgsm.geologi.esdm.go.id ISSN 0853 - 9634, e-ISSN 2549 - 4759 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis of the Oligocene Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks from the Pamaluan Formation, Gunung Bayan Area, West Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan : Implication for Hydrocarbon Source Rock Potential Rock-Eval Pyrolisis pada Batuan Sedimen Berbutir Halus Berumur Oligosen dari Formasi Pamaluan, Daerah Gunung Bayan, Cekungan Kutai Barat, Kalimantan Timur : Implikasinya untuk Potensi Sebagai Batuan Induk Moh. Heri Hermiyanto Zajuli and Joko Wahyudiono Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Jalan. Diponegoro no. 57 Bandung email : [email protected] Naskah diterima : 29 Februari 2018, Revisi terakhir : 12 Mei 2018, Disetujui : 12 Mei 2018, Online : 07 Juni 2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.19.2.73-82 Abstract - In this study, we perform organic geochemistry Abstrak - Dalam penelitian ini, kami melakukan analisis analysis for evaluating source rocks in Gunung Bayan geokimia untuk mengevaluasi batuan induk di daerah area, West Kutai Basin. The Oligosen fine-grained Gunung Bayan, Cekungan Kutai Barat. Batuan sedimen sedimentary rock of Pamaluan Formation consists of berbutir halus yang berumur Oligosen yaitu Formasi shale, siltstone and claystone. The organic geochemistry Pamaluan, tersusun atas batuan serpih, lanau, dan batu data includes pyrolysis data as total organic carbon lempung. Data geokimia organik yang tersedia terdiri atas (TOC%), generating source potential (S2), production total organic carbon (TOC %), potensi batuan induk (S2), index (PI), oxygen and hydrogen indices(OI, HI) and indeks produksi (PI), indeks oksigen dan hidrogen (OI dan (Tmax).
    [Show full text]
  • Berita Sedimentologi [Pick the Date]
    Number 42 BERITA 01 / 2019 SEDIMENTOLOGI Published by The Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (FOSI) The Sedimentology Commission - The Indonesian Association of Geologists (IAGI) Berita Sedimentologi [Pick the date] Editorial Board Advisory Board Minarwan Prof. Yahdi Zaim Chief Editor Quaternary Geology Bangkok, Thailand Institute of Technology, Bandung E-mail: [email protected] Prof. R. P. Koesoemadinata Herman Darman Deputy Chief Editor Emeritus Professor Director of Indogeo Social Enterprise Institute of Technology, Bandung Jakarta, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Wartono Rahardjo University of Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Ricky Andrian Tampubolon Lemigas, Jakarta E-mail: [email protected] Mohammad Syaiful Exploration Think Tank Indonesia Ragil Pratiwi Layout editor Patra Nusa Data, Jakarta F. Hasan Sidi E-mail: [email protected] Woodside, Perth, Australia Mohamad Amin Ahlun Nazar Prof. Dr. Harry Doust University Link Coordinator Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Jakarta, Indonesia Universiteit E-mail: [email protected] De Boelelaan 1085 Rina Rudd 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Reviewer E-mails: [email protected]; Husky Energy, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr. J.T. (Han) van Gorsel Visitasi Femant 6516 Minola St., HOUSTON, TX 77007, USA Treasurer, Membership & Social Media Coordinator www.vangorselslist.com Pertamina Hulu Energi, Jakarta, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Yan Bachtiar Muslih Dr. T.J.A. Reijers Pertamina University, Jakarta Geo-Training & Travel E-mail: [email protected] Gevelakkers 11, 9465TV Anderen, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Maradona Mansyur Beicip Franlab, Kuala Lumpur Dr. Andy Wight E-mail: [email protected] formerly IIAPCO-Maxus-Repsol, latterly consultant for Mitra Energy Ltd, KL E-mail: [email protected] Cover Photograph: Coral Limestone from Mokmer Formation, in Biak Island.
    [Show full text]
  • The South Makassar Strait Mass Transport Complex
    Armandita et al. Origin, structural geometry, and development of a giant coherent slide: The South Makassar Strait mass transport complex Cipi Armandita1,2,3,*, Chris K. Morley3,4, and Philip Rowell2,† 1SKK Migas, Gedung Wisma Mulia Building, Lantai 35, JI Jend, Gatot Subroto No. 42, 12710, Jakarta, Indonesia 2Petroleum Geoscience Program, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand 3PTTEP (PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited), Soi 11, Vibhavadi-Rangsit Road, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand 4Petroleum Geophysics Program, Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand ABSTRACT cene. Variable uplift promoted sliding domi- when the MTC was deposited in the early Plio- nantly from the eastern and western margins cene (Fig. 1). The South Makassar Strait mass transport of the headwall. The internal fault patterns Mass transport complex (MTC) is a general complex (MTC) covers an area of at least of the MTC show that extension in the upper term used for an underwater landslide deposit 9000 km2 and has a total volume of 2438 km3. slope to lower slope in the core area changes that undergoes some combination of creeping, It is composed of a shale-dominated sedimen- downslope to compressional structures in the sliding, slumping, and/or plastic fl ow in a marine tary unit with high water content. Seismic toe domain and apron. Later extensional col- or freshwater lacustrine environment (e.g., Dott, refl ection data across the South Makassar lapse of parts of the compressional toe area 1963; Nardin et al., 1979; Moscardelli and Strait MTC show that it displays relatively occurred with negative inversion on some Wood, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Sulfur and Pyrite in Coal Seams from Kutai Basin (East Kalimantan, Indonesia): Implications for Paleoenvironmental Conditions
    International Journal of Coal Geology 81 (2010) 151–162 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Coal Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijcoalgeo Distribution of sulfur and pyrite in coal seams from Kutai Basin (East Kalimantan, Indonesia): Implications for paleoenvironmental conditions Sri Widodo a,⁎, Wolfgang Oschmann b, Achim Bechtel c, Reinhard F. Sachsenhofer c, Komang Anggayana d, Wilhelm Puettmann e a Department of Mining Engineering, Moslem University of Indonesia, Jln. Urip Sumoharjo, Makassar, Indonesia b Institute of Geosciece, J.W. Goethe-University, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt a.M., Germany c Department of Applied Geoscience and Geophysics,University of Leoben, Peter-Tunner-Str.5, A-8700 Leoben, Austria d Department of Mining Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jln. Ganesa 10, I-40132 Bandung, Indonesia e Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Dapartment of Analytical Enviromental Chemistry, J.W. Goethe-University, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt a.M., Germany article info abstract Article history: Thirteen Miocene coal samples from three active open pit and underground coal mines in the Kutai Basin Received 12 August 2009 (East Kalimantan, Indonesia) were collected. According to our microscopical and geochemical investigations, Received in revised form 29 November 2009 coal samples from Sebulu and Centra Busang coal mines yield high sulfur and pyrite contents as compared to Accepted 3 December 2009 the Embalut coal mine. The latter being characterized by very low sulfur (b1%) and pyrite contents. The ash, Available online 13 December 2009 mineral, total sulfur, iron (Fe) and pyrite contents of most of the coal samples from the Sebulu and Centra Busang coal mines are high and positively related in these samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Cenozoic Geological and Plate Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia and the SW Paci®C: Computer-Based Reconstructions, Model and Animations
    Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20 >2002) 353±431 www.elsevier.com/locate/jseaes Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Paci®c: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations Robert Hall* SE Asia Research Group, Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK Received 10 November 2000, accepted 30 July 2001 Abstract A plate tectonic model for the Cenozoic development of the region of SE Asia and the SW Paci®c is presented and its implications are discussed. The model is accompanied by computer animations in a variety of formats, which can be viewed on most desktop computers. GPS measurements and present seismicity illustrate the high rates of motions and tectonic complexity of the region, but provide little help in long- term reconstruction. Plate boundaries shifted rapidly in the Cenozoic. During convergence of the major plates, there were numerous important episodes of extension, forming ocean basins and causing subsidence within continental regions, probably driven by subduction. Within eastern Indonesia, New Guinea and the Melanesian arcs, there are multiple Cenozoic sutures, with very short histories compared to most well-known older orogenic belts. They preserve a record of major changes in tectonics, including subduction polarity reversals, elimination of volcanic arcs, changing plate boundaries and extension within an overall contractional setting. Rapid tectonic changes have occurred within periods of less than 5 Ma. Many events would be overlooked or ignored in older orogenic belts, even when evidence is preserved, because high resolution dating is required to identify them, and the inference of almost simultaneous contraction and extension seems contradictory.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Petrology of Selected Coal Samples of Eocene Kuaro Formation from Pasir Area-East Kalimantan
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Jurnal Puslitbang tekMira (Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara) Organic PetrologyINDONESIAN of Selected MINING Coal JOURNAL Samples Vol. of Eocene 14, No. Kuaro3, October Formation 2011 :... 146 Binarko - 153 Santoso ORGANIC PETROLOGY OF SELECTED COAL SAMPLES OF EOCENE KUARO FORMATION FROM PASIR AREA-EAST KALIMANTAN BINARKO SANTOSO R&D Center for Mineral and Coal Technology Jl. Jenderal Sudirman 623 Bandung 40211, INDONESIA Ph. +6222-6030483, Fax. +6222-6003373 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Eight samples of Eocene Kuaro Formation were taken from Pasir area, East Kalimantan to be examined their lithotype, maceral, mineral matter and rank of the coals in terms of geologic factors. The samples were analysed according to the ASTM (2009). The result shows the dominance of brighter lithotypes and vitrinite over liptinite, inertinite and mineral matter. There is a strong correlation between lithotype and maceral composition of the coals. The brighter lithotypes have high vitrinite content. This indicates that the coals were formed under a wet condition. The presence of high content of pyrite and calcite reflects marine incursion, in which the coals were deposited under paralic and shallow marine environment. Thus, this environment strongly supports the above correlation, where the coals were formed under the wet condition. The slight differences in the coal type can be caused by the relatively short period of peat accumulation and similarity in climate during the peat formation, and slight differences in geological setting during the Eocene period. Vitrinite reflectance (Rvmax%) values show similar ranks (mostly subbituminous A to high volatile bitumi- nous C) with a slight difference due to the thickness of cover during the coalification.
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment Thickness and Moho Depth Beneath Western Indonesian Region from Teleseismic Receiver Function
    Sediment Thickness and Moho Depth Beneath Western Indonesian Region From Teleseismic Receiver Function Syaiful Bahri Universitas Gadjah Mada Wiwit Suryanto ( [email protected] ) Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-6275-7880 Drajat Ngadmanto BMKG: Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geosika Full paper Keywords: teleseismic receiver function, sediment thickness, Moho depth, Western Indonesia Region Posted Date: March 31st, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-356661/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/24 Abstract The Earth's crust layer and sediment in Western Indonesia has been studied using the inversion of teleseismic receiver function from BMKG’s seismic network. Earthquake events were analyzed in this study with a moment magnitude greater than 6.0 with epicentral distances of 30° to 90°. A total of 60 earthquake events were observed and recorded by 91 stations around the study area. Furthermore, an inversion process was carried out using the initial velocity model from the modication of the AK135f velocity model to obtain the shear wave velocity structure below each stations. The velocity model from the azimuthally stacked vertical receiver function showed that the sediment layer had a relatively medium shear wave velocity value with an average of 2.1 km/s, while the crust layer had 4.60 km/s. The sedimentary layer thickness in this region also varies between 2 km to 10 km. A relatively thick sediment layer of about 8 km to 10 km was observed in two locations, in East Kalimantan associated with the Kutai Basin and Northern part of Sumatera in the North Sumatera Basin, a two major oil producer basinal area in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Cenozoic Palaeogeographic Evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo
    ELSEVIER Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 145 (1999) 303±337 Cenozoic palaeogeographic evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo Moyra E.J. Wilson Ł, Steve J. Moss 1 SE Asia Research Group, Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK Received 30 September 1997; revised version received 1 July 1998; accepted 6 July 1998 Abstract Sulawesi and Borneo are located in the middle of the Indonesian Archipelago, an area which has been extremely tectonically active throughout the Cenozoic. This paper compiles current knowledge on the geology and palaeogeography of this complex region and includes the ®rst attempt to synthesise palaeogeographic data onto plate tectonic reconstructions. Construction of palaeogeographic maps helped to identify some of the strengths and weaknesses of current plate tectonic models for the region, thereby highlighting areas where further geological research is required. Palaeogeographic maps presented, using plate tectonic reconstructions as a base, illustrate the evolution of Borneo and Sulawesi and highlight important changes in the environment during the Cenozoic. The Tertiary geological history of eastern Borneo and Sulawesi is inextricably linked to the progressive accretion of continental and oceanic material from the east, onto the eastern margin of Sundaland, and to the resultant development of volcanic arcs. Large tracts of western Sulawesi, eastern Borneo, the East Java Sea and the Makassar Straits formed an extensive basinal area throughout much of the Tertiary. Implications for plate tectonics, exploration for natural resources and biogeography are discussed from the palaeogeographic reconstructions of Sulawesi and Borneo. 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: palaeoenvironments; palaeogeography; tectonics; Cenozoic; Southeast Asia; biogeography; resources 1.
    [Show full text]