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Organic Petrology of Selected Coal Samples of Eocene Kuaro Formation from Pasir Area-East Kalimantan

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Organic Petrology of Selected Coal Samples of Eocene Kuaro Formation from Pasir Area-East Kalimantan CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Jurnal Puslitbang tekMira (Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara) Organic PetrologyINDONESIAN of Selected MINING Coal JOURNAL Samples Vol. of Eocene 14, No. Kuaro3, October Formation 2011 :... 146 Binarko - 153 Santoso ORGANIC PETROLOGY OF SELECTED COAL SAMPLES OF EOCENE KUARO FORMATION FROM PASIR AREA-EAST KALIMANTAN BINARKO SANTOSO R&D Center for Mineral and Coal Technology Jl. Jenderal Sudirman 623 Bandung 40211, INDONESIA Ph. +6222-6030483, Fax. +6222-6003373 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Eight samples of Eocene Kuaro Formation were taken from Pasir area, East Kalimantan to be examined their lithotype, maceral, mineral matter and rank of the coals in terms of geologic factors. The samples were analysed according to the ASTM (2009). The result shows the dominance of brighter lithotypes and vitrinite over liptinite, inertinite and mineral matter. There is a strong correlation between lithotype and maceral composition of the coals. The brighter lithotypes have high vitrinite content. This indicates that the coals were formed under a wet condition. The presence of high content of pyrite and calcite reflects marine incursion, in which the coals were deposited under paralic and shallow marine environment. Thus, this environment strongly supports the above correlation, where the coals were formed under the wet condition. The slight differences in the coal type can be caused by the relatively short period of peat accumulation and similarity in climate during the peat formation, and slight differences in geological setting during the Eocene period. Vitrinite reflectance (Rvmax%) values show similar ranks (mostly subbituminous A to high volatile bitumi- nous C) with a slight difference due to the thickness of cover during the coalification. Keywords: organic petrology, type, rank, Pasir coals INTRODUCTION ried out by using coal samples obtained from south-eastern part of the Kutai Basin in the Pasir Indonesia has vast resources of coal deposit, which area. have been continuously exploited in a non-sys- tematic manner (Yunianto et al, 2009; Haryadi et The main aims of the study are as follows: al, 2009). A lot of exploratory works have produced a. to evaluate coal type and rank variation, additional data. However, these data have not been b. to determine type and abundances of mineral used in integrated studies. Certainly, this is not in matter, accordance with Law No.4 year 2009 about the c. to interpret lithotype, maceral and mineral mat- mineral and coal mining. The law strongly sug- ter according to geologic factors. gests that those data must be used for integrated studies in order to apply the good mining prac- tices to obtain maximal coal exploitation. Unfortu- METHODOLOGY nately, most of the works do not conduct any pet- rographic study. In fact, this study is quite useful Eight coal samples from the Pasir area were to determine type and rank of coal and to delin- analysed. The sampling was in accordance with eate a zone of coalification trend. According to the ASTM (2009). The samples were prepared as the above law, this zone can be applied for the polished particulate coal mounts and analysed mining area within a spatial land use plan. For using incident white light and fluorescence mode this reason, a petrographic study has been car- microscopy. The coal petrographic terms and the Received : 08 May 2011, first revision : 06 September 2011, second revision : 30 September 2011, accepted : October 2011 146 INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 14, No. 3, October 2011 : 146 - 153 classification used follow the ASTM (2009) as well. GEOLOGY The point-counts of approximately 500 points for According to Darman and Sidi (2000) and Geo- each block were obtained. Traverses were made logical Agency (2009), the Kutai Basin is the larg- perpendicular to the gravitational settling direction est (165,000 km2) and the deepest (12,000-14,000 during mounting of the polished blocks. In gen- m) Tertiary sedimentary basin in Indonesia, as il- eral, point count techniques were applied for lustrated in Figure 1. It is a passive margin and maceral analysis. The maceral data were calcu- deltaic basin (Geological Agency, 2009), which is lated as follows: associated with the Tertiary southeast-directed - mineral matter counted : vitrinite + liptinite + subduction zone in northwest Kalimantan and inertinite + mineral matter = 100%; developed in the eastern part of the island and the - mineral matter free basis : vitrinite + liptinite + adjacent Makassar Strait. Large-scale thrusting inertinite = 100%. and continuous movement of unconsolidated mud- stone in the basin have been interpreted to be The measurement of maximum reflectance of caused by the slightly westward movement of vitrinite follows the ASTM (2009). The stage of the Sulawesi. In general terms, the sediment was microscope was rotated to obtain the first maxi- deposited in the basin as regressive sequences mum reading and then rotated through approxi- with the area of the thickest sedimentation mov- mately 180° for the second maximum reading. ing eastward. Each pair of readings was averaged and the mean calculated to provide mean maximum vitrinite re- The Tertiary sequence of the Kutai Basin overlies flectance in oil immersion (Rvmax%). The mea- strongly-deformed Cretaceous rocks including an surements were made on telo-, detro- and ophiolite complex, metamorphic and volcanic rocks gelovitrinite maceral subgroups. The number of (Hidayat and Umar, 2006). Marine sedimentary measurements on each vitrinite subgroup is based rocks underlie the Tertiary coal deposits and prob- on the proportion of each subgroup in the sample ably form the basement of the Tertiary basins over as determined by point counting. most of eastern Kalimantan. studied area Figure 1. The Kutai Basin in southern part of Kalimantan (Darman and Sidi, 2000) 147 Organic Petrology of Selected Coal Samples of Eocene Kuaro Formation ... Binarko Santoso Coal deposit in Pasir area, known as the Kendilo banded lithotype (<5 mm). seam, is found in Kuaro Formation, which is con- formably covered by Pamaluan Formation, and is The maceral and mineral matter data for each coal unconformably underlain by Haruyan Formation, samples are listed in Table 1. Generally, organic as shown in Figure 2. The thickness of the seam petrological examination of the Pasir coals shows varies from 4.4 to 6.9 m. The seam dips to the that all samples contain dominantly vitrinite (75.3% east at 10° to 25° (typically 14°). Significant fault- to 86.1%), sparse to major liptinite (3.3 to 15.5%), ing controls the coal seam geometry and may have rare inertinite (0.6 to 3.7%) and relatively major controlled deposition of the peat prior to coalifica- mineral matter (3.5 to 11.8%). The maceral and tion. mineral matter of the coals are presented in Fig- AGE FORMATION REMARKS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Claystone and shale, with intercalation of marl, sandstone and Oligocene Pamaluan limestone. They were deposited in a deep sea environment. Thickness of these sediments is 1,500-2,500 m. ~~~~~~~~~ Sandstone and conglomerate, with intercalation of the Kendilo coal seam, marl, limestone and clayey Eocene Kuaro shale. This formation was deposited in a paralic to shallow marine environment. Thickness is approximately 700 m. The formation unconformably overlays the Haruyan Formation. Lava, breccias and tuff. Lava basaltic Cretaceous Haruyan in composition. Polymictic breccias clasts consist of andesite and basalt, and unbedded. Tuff is thinly bedded, commonly altered, containing glass and chlorite. Figure 2. Stratigraphy of the Pasir area (simplified from Hidayat and Umar, 2006) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ure 3. Megascopically, clay minerals and quartz are the most common minerals in the coal Results samples. These minerals generally occur in part- ings, veins and nodules of different sizes or are The organic petrology of eight coal samples of the disseminated throughout the coals. Eocene Kuaro Formation from the Pasir area was examined for this study. Megascopically, exami- In this study, vitrinite reflectance measurements nation of hand specimen indicates that the coals were taken on all coal samples. The vitrinite re- are composed mainly of bright banded and bright flectance (Rvmax%) measurement data for each lithotypes. Thick bright lithotype is normally samples are shown in Table 2. interbedded with finely-striated bands of bright 148 149 Table 1. Petrographic data of the Pasir coals VITRINITE INERTINITE LIPTINITE MINERAL MATTER No (%) (%) (%) (%) INDONESIAN MININGJOURNAL TV DV GV total SF SCL INE total SPO CUT RES LIP SUB EXS total C,Q CA PY total 1 53.2 26.0 5.5 84.7 0.5 1.7 0.7 2.9 3.1 1.9 1.3 0.5 1.9 0.2 8.9 2.9 0.2 0.4 3.5 2 56.2 23.9 2.6 82.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.2 1.9 1.6 0.3 1.2 0.2 6.6 6.8 0.2 2.5 9.5 3 48.6 29.5 4.8 82.9 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.7 2.1 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.9 - 6.8 7.6 0.2 2.0 9.6 4 43.2 28.5 4.6 76.3 1.8 0.6 - 2.4 1.5 1.2 3.3 0.9 2.4 0.2 9.5 7.6 - 4.2 11.8 5 36.3 36.5 2.5 75.3 2.1 1.1 0.3 3.7 3.1 1.9 4.7 1.8 3.9 0.1 15.5 4.7 - 0.4 5.5 6 48.2 23.4 4.2 75.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 3.2 5.4 1.2 3.0 1.2 3.2 - 14.0 6.4 0.4 0.6 7.0 7 48.2 29.3 4.2 81.9 0.7 0.7 0.2 1.6 1.2 2.4 4.4 1.4 1.5 0.2 11.1 4.8 - 0.6 5.4 8 54.7 28.8 2.6 86.1 0.2 - 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.6 0.4 - 3.3 7.2 - 2.8 10.0 Notes: TV : telovitrinite DV : detrovitrinite GV : gelovitrinite SF : semifusinite SCL : sclerotinite INE : inertodetrinite SPO : sporinite CUT : cutinite RES : resinite LIP : liptodetrinite Vol.14,No.3,October2011:146-153 SUB : suberinite EXS : exsudatinite C,Q : clay, quartz CA : calcite PY : pyrite Table 2.
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