論人與動物的道德地位 on Moral Status of Human and Animal

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

論人與動物的道德地位 on Moral Status of Human and Animal 國立臺灣師範大學環境教育研究所 博士學位論文 論人與動物的道德地位 On moral status of human and animal 研究生:蕭 戎 指導教授:張子超 中華民國一百零六年六月 !i !ii 摘要 ⽇益明顯的動物倫理爭議,背後的關鍵問題乃在於「⼈與動物之道德地位是否平 等」。本研究為探討此問題,分別檢視了具代表性的不同動物倫理主張。在主張⼈與動 物之道德地位為平等、甚至後者地位可能⾼於前者的⼀⽅,是以Peter Singer、Tom Regan與Mark Rowlands等⼈理論為例,並就三者理論歸納出「⼈無道德上相關之獨特 性」與「根據理論得出之平等判斷」兩⼤部分。在主張⼈與動物之道德地位為不平等, 並前者地位⾼於後者的⼀⽅,是以Holmes Rolston, III與Roger Scruton等⼈理論為例。其 中,Rolston乃是就「⼈與動物是否存在道德上之相關差異」問題與Singer等⼈交鋒,然 ⽽,不僅其論述並不成功,這交鋒的結果以及雙⽅⽴場對抗至今的情形,也說明了其中 缺少更具說服⼒的主張。本研究因此認為Scruton的理論能為此問題帶來嶄新視野,他揭 露了Singer等⼈理論在追求取信於⼈之過程中,對現實中為⼈所享有的崇⾼道德地位的 倚賴,但卻忽略了構成此現實的重要因素不在乎他們所羅列的⼈的表層能⼒,卻在乎⼈ 更深層的獨特本質。對此,Scruton是以先驗⽅法提出解釋,繼⽽綜合他對⼈類道德關係 之脆弱性的發現,歸納出不應將⼈所享有之崇⾼道德地位歸給動物的結論。本研究除了 以此為根據⽽初步提出⼀套動物倫理來回應⼈應如何對待動物之問題外,也欲藉此指出, 將崇⾼道德地位唯獨歸給⼈並非是⼈們關懷動物的阻礙,相較於此,⼈們更需要在乎的, 反倒是⼈⾃古以來就不斷得到證明的、在道德上的軟弱無⼒,它才是使⼈與動物都持續 承受痛苦傷害的真正原因。 關鍵詞 動物倫理、道德地位、動物權利、⼈類獨特性、保守主義 !iii !iv Abstract The crux of the increasingly visible animal ethical issue lies in whether humans and animals are morally equal. The aim of this study is to address the issue by attending to each of the representative theories about animal ethics. From the study on the accounts proposed by Peter Singer, Tom Regan and Mark Rowlands, the major advocates for an equal or higher moral status of animals comes the following conclusions: the dismissal of humans’ morally relevant uniqueness and the affirmation that humans and animals are morally equal. On the other hand, Holmes Rolston III, Roger Scruton and others oppose the idea and claim the former’s superiority to the latter. However, Rolston’s debate with Singer and others over the controversy of animal’s morally relevant difference can barely be called a success. The outcome and the continued debate point out the lack of persuasive arguments. Hence, as this study indicates, Scruton furthers his theories as one possible door to new perspectives by exposing the theoretic defects of Singer and others. According to Scruton, they establish the theories in the context of the high moral status entitled to human without realizing that the key to human’s morally unappalled status lies not in what we can obviously do, but in uniquely what we are deep inside. Scruton explicates the issue with the a priori method and what he uncovered about the fragility of moral relationship among humans to conclude that humans should by no means relinquish our high moral status to animals. In an appropriate way, this study proposes a preliminary animal ethics to respond to the question of how animals should be treated. Most importantly, it calls attention to the statement that human’s uniquely and morally high status is not the hindrance on the path to care for animals. The irrefutable fact that we are morally weak is, on the contrary, the bottom reason why humans and animals have suffered since the beginning of time. Keywords animal ethics, animal rights, Conservatism, Human uniqueness, moral status !v !vi 謝誌 本論⽂的完成,⾸要感謝指導教授張⼦超⽼師的寬⼤包容與耐⼼指導。後者是指在 構思研究、撰寫論⽂計劃書、論⽂並申請⼜試的過程中,張⽼師總在百忙之中抽空與我 討論,並多次指出我的疏漏之處並給予中肯⽽具體的建議︔正是藉著這樣的反覆檢視, 本論⽂才得以漸漸成形。至於前者是指,我之所以能投入動物倫理研究這冷⾨領域,並 在這幾年的學習裡得到起初想像不到的豐富收穫,這都是出於張⽼師多年來的包容與⽀ 持︔以致於每想到此事,內⼼總充滿感激。同時我也要感謝⼜試委員們對於⼀位稚拙的 研究者的包容與協助,他們為此論⽂所花費的時間遠超過我所配得。感謝王鑫⽼師在檢 視論⽂之餘,還願意在課堂結束後留下時間與我討論我研究的不⾜與分享⽼師的期待, 並勉勵我當更加努⼒︔本論⽂中有關動物倫理與現代重要環境保護理念的關係,就特別 得益於王⽼師的建議。感謝王順美⽼師仍在為要事奔波的時候,還願意抽空與我討論論 ⽂內容、又慷慨分享研究成果︔本論⽂中有關動物倫理與環境教育的辯證關係,正是來 ⾃於與王⽼師討論的收穫。感謝洪如⽟⽼師非常仔細地檢視我的論⽂並指出其中的缺失, ⽽過程中獲益最多的,是提醒我在論⽂的分類與論述中應強化客觀資料,以及宛如當頭 棒喝地提醒我、應修正我那⽣硬的西式中⽂︔這些相當實際的建議,在之後完成此論⽂ 與撰寫其他論⽂時,都持續地使我受益。感謝鄧元尉⽼師在寶貴的時間裡仍撥空閱讀我 的論⽂,又還讓出課餘的時間,於研究室指導我當怎樣釐清研究問題與論述結構︔本論 ⽂在撰寫時所作的最⼤幅度調整,正來⾃該次討論的反省。 此外,我還要感謝碩⼠論⽂的指導教授柯志明⽼師在我博⼠班修業之初,啟發我對 動物倫理研究的興趣,並向我介紹了在這本論⽂中扮演最重要角⾊的英國哲學家Roger Scruton,對本論⽂的完成具有深遠的影響。並也要感謝同是碩⼠論⽂指導教授的顏瓊芬 ⽼師,在這漫長的博⼠班修業期間,她竟常常像對待家⼈那樣待我,給我許多⽀持和勉 勵。當然,在環境教育研究所學習的這些年,周儒⽼師、汪靜明⽼師、蔡慧敏⽼師、葉 欣誠⽼師、⽅偉達⽼師,除了對我個⼈的關懷與協助,⽼師們在學術上也為我這原本並 非出身環境教育背景的學⽣,帶來了最主流但同時也⼗分開闊的環境教育視野︔並正因 為師⼤環教所每位師長的教導與刺激,致使我在研究動物倫理之餘,也⼀直期待⾃⼰能 對環境教育內涵的闡揚與討論有所貢獻。對此,在求學期間所發表的〈論環境倫理教育 !vii 作為環境教育的本質與挑戰〉(2015,環境教育研究)與〈論⼤學與永續性理想相容的 爭議、機會與⽅向〉(2017,教育實踐與研究)這兩篇期刊論⽂,便是基於此責任感所 作的嘗試。此外,還要特別感謝何京蕙助教在我修習博⼠過程中每個重要⾏政環節的⼤ ⼒幫助,以及私底下的勉勵。 讀博⼠班的這些年,我的⽣活經歷了巨⼤的痛苦與巨⼤的喜樂。但感謝上帝,藉著 我對祂的相信與祂對我的帶領,使我深知⾃⼰所遭遇的⼀切,對我都極有益處:相較於 過去,我已更加清楚基督徒⽣活是怎麼⼀回事,並我與祂的關係也較過去緊密太多太多。 在這段起起伏伏的⽇⼦裡,上帝要藉著世界來訓練祂的兒女如何使⽤信⼼與真理,這旨 意是那麼樣地清晰︔我只願⾃⼰能得到更多智慧,在這天路歷程中有更多長進。唯⼀陪 伴我也⾒證我怎樣度過這段⽇⼦的是我的妻⼦睿琳,她原比我軟弱,但在許多時候卻是 我堅固的幫助。睿琳也是我進⾏研究時最好的聽眾,當我發現基督徒的角⾊必然會驅使 我成為⼀位保守主義者的時候,她是最清楚其中理論與實際的⼈。 最後我要感謝我的母親。在⽗親意外去世、家裡氣氛凝重的那些年裡,我是那麼樣 的不知所措、幼稚並且⾃我中⼼,但我的母親仍舊疼愛我、關⼼並⽀持我的家庭與⽣活, 直至今⽇,彷彿我仍是個未長⼤的孩⼦。還記得剛進入環境教育研究所時,周儒⽼師曾 與新⽣分享說:「讀書的時光是⼈⽣中最奢侈的⽇⼦」,⽽如今我更明⽩這話的真實: 這⼀路⾛來,能有這麼多的恩典圍繞我、扶持我,這些⽇⼦確實是非常非常奢侈的。 !viii 目錄 第壹章、人與動物在道德地位上的爭議 1 一、研究動機 1 (⼀)變遷的社會 1 (⼆)等待回答的問題 5 (三)動物倫理與環境教育的辯證關係 5 1. 環境教育需要動物倫理 5 2. 環境教育在動物倫理議題上的傳統⽴場 8 二、文獻回顧 11 (⼀)道德地位的含義及其在動物倫理研究中的重要性 11 (⼆)思考道德地位的三種重要取向 12 (三)「⼈與動物是否具有道德上相關差異」作為道德地位爭議之關鍵問題 14 三、研究方法 17 第貳章、論人與動物之道德地位為平等 19 ──Singer、Regan與Rowlands的動物倫理 19 一、論人無道德上相關之獨特性 19 (⼀)Singer的論述 19 (⼆)Regan的論述 23 (三)Rowlands的論述 26 二、根據理論得出之平等判斷 31 (⼀)根據Singer的偏好功利主義動物倫理得出之平等判斷 31 (⼆)根據Regan的權利理論動物倫理得出之平等判斷 33 (三)根據Rowlands的契約論動物倫理得出之平等判斷 35 三、相關學者對Singer等人動物倫理主張的批評 40 小結 42 第參章、論人與動物之道德地位為不平等 43 ──Rolston與Scruton的動物倫理 43 一、Rolston論人的道德地位高於動物 43 !ix (⼀)Rolston對Singer等⼈主張的初步回應 43 (⼆)論⼈擁有獨特且⾼於動物的內在價值 46 1. 使⽤觀念與概念的獨特能⼒ 48 2. 建⽴個體特質的獨特能⼒ 49 3. ⾃我意識與⾃我反思的獨特能⼒ 51 4. 獨特的道德能⼒ 52 (三)對邊緣⼈之案例的回應 55 (四)Rolston動物倫理的困難 57 二、Scruton的保守主義動物倫理 59 (⼀)對「何謂⼈」問題的發現 63 1. ⾃我 64 2. ⾃由 67 3. 道德關係 70 (⼆)對⼈類道德關係的發現 74 1. 脆弱的道德關係 75 2. 道德關係倚重情感來維持 77 3. 在脆弱道德關係中欲⾼舉動物道德地位的困難 79 (三)對邊緣⼈之案例的回應 84 (四)Scruton動物倫理的優勢與困難 87 小結 90 結論、建立一套合適的動物倫理 93 一、理論基礎 93 二、倫理內涵概要 94 三、倫理內涵論據 96 (⼀)消極要求:按動物之⾼低等以及與⼈關係親疏來對待動物 96 1. 作為寵物的動物 97 2. ⼈為利⽤⽽豢養的動物 99 3. 野⽣動物 101 (⼆)積極要求:以對神聖事物之虔敬態度來對待動物 101 !x 四、對現今動物倫理議題的回應 103 (⼀)回應《動物保護法》⾼舉寵物之變⾰ 103 (⼆)回應⼈們的⾁食習慣 104 (三)回應為⼈類利益進⾏的動物實驗 105 (四)回應動物展演議題 105 (五)回應野⽣動物與物種保護議題 106 結語 107 參考文獻 109 !xi 第壹章、人與動物在道德地位上的爭議 一、研究動機 (一)變遷的社會 1993年,哲學學者Paola Cavalieri與倫理學學者Peter Singer共同發起「⼤猿計畫」 (Great Ape Project)1,它主要是在追求類⼈猿動物的權利""⽣命權、⾃由權以及不受 虐待的權利,並得到了靈長類動物學者Jane Goodall與演化⽣物學者Richard Dawkins的⽀ 持。在此計畫模仿《世界⼈權宣⾔》所提出的《世界⼤型靈長類宣⾔》裡,其主張「將 多項權利以平等的⽅式延伸到所有⼤型靈長類上,包括:⼈、⿊猩猩、矮⿊猩猩、⼤猩 猩、紅⽑猩猩」,又認為「所有⼤型靈長類的⽣命都必須被保護,個體若不是出於極端 特別的情況,例如⾃我防衛,則不能被殺害。」(GAP, 2014)換⾔之,按照這宣⾔的意 思,殺害類⼈猿的錯誤與殺害⼈的錯誤,兩者乃是相同層次的錯誤(Smith, 2012, pp. 47- 48)。這項計畫已在2003年為西班牙國會接受又納入法律,並且西班牙外交部還期待聯 合國能接受它(p. 58)。⽽出於類似的思想運動,2005年9⽉,巴西法庭破天荒地允許⼀隻 ⿊猩猩能以牠的名字「Suíça」對其飼養者提出訴訟""即同意動物能作為原告,於是成 為動物的法律地位得到提昇的象徵。相似的嘗試也在其他國家展開,例如澳洲的動物權 利運動者,就期望歐洲⼈權法院能將與⼈相同的法律地位歸給⿊猩猩,並得到了法院願 思考此問題的承諾(Smith, 2012, p. 70)。對此,美國民間智庫探索研究所(Discovery Institute)的資深研究員、研究動物解放與權利放運動的學者Wesley J. Smith認為,⼀旦 動物普遍獲得了能提出訴訟的法律地位""雖然實際訴訟仍由⼈們代勞,那麼或許可以 期待的是,「成千上百的動物訴訟將會湧入並塞滿法院:⽜要控告牧場主⼈、⼤象要控 告動物園、⾺要反對囚禁在⾺廄裡、猴⼦要對實驗室提出⼈身保護令,又甚至狗與貓也 要控告他們的飼主。」(2012, p. 69) 但替⼤型靈長類動物爭取與⼈相同權利的努⼒,只是當今社會變遷裡的⼀個部分, 此外還有些改變是現代⼈更能切身感受的。例如,在相當普遍的⽣命教育內容裡,當我 們呼籲⼈們應尊重動物時,我們可能會說:「動物也有⽣命,所以你應該尊重牠們」。 1「⼤猿計畫」網站(http://www.projetogap.org.br)中名為《⼤型靈長類世界宣⾔》的⽂字,在Wesley J. Smith於2012年出版的書中稱為《⼤猿宣⾔》(Declaration on Great Apes)。 !1 然⽽,相較於容易接在這話後⾯脫⼜⽽出的「每個⽣命都是平等的」,現在越來越難讓 ⼈啟齒的,卻很可能是說出「動物也有⽣命,但⼈的⽣命價值要比牠們來得⾼」。因為 當我們這樣主張時,⼈們很容易就誤以為它展現出了⼈類中⼼主義的驕傲態度與對動物 的歧視,並意味著反對尊重動物。Smith在北美就曾實際碰到這類問題,當他去加拿⼤ ⼀所⾼中演講時,就遇⾒⼀位怒氣沖沖的女⼦向他表⽰「兔⼦的⽣命與⼈的⽣命是平等 的」。又當他在接受洛杉磯電台訪問時,主持⼈也向他分享,她的兒⼦從學校回來後, 就堅持狗與⼈是平等的(2012, pp. 101-102)。諸如此類的、⾼舉動物的道德地位的想法, 已慢慢出現在教育環境裡,以致於過去⼈們在⽣活中利⽤動物的諸多作為,如今都要受 到質疑與反對。可以作為參考案例的,是道德對待動物組織(People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals,PETA)在2003年與2005年針對兒童出版的漫畫,它們標題分別 為:「你的媽媽殺死動物!」與「你的爸爸殺死動物!」。前者訴求反對⽪草,但漫畫 內容卻這樣對兒童說: 你有一隻小狗、會跟牠一起散步或玩球嗎?或者有一隻喜歡追逐繩子的小 貓嗎?每個人都知道愛護我們的動物朋友、與牠們玩耍是一件有趣的事情。但 如果某人帶走你的小貓或小狗,重重地踩踏牠們的頭,並且將牠們的皮從身上 剝去,你會感覺如何呢?它會讓你感到難過,不是嗎?誰會這樣做?但確實有 一些恐怖的人,他們讓我們的毛茸茸的朋友每天以這種方式死去。猜猜怎麼著? 這些恐怖的人之一就是你的媽媽。你的媽媽殺死動物!我打賭你不知道。…… 問問你的媽媽她殺死了多少動物來製造她的毛皮服飾。然後告訴她你知道她花 錢請人去傷害與殺死動物。……但在那之前,讓你的小狗與小貓與媽媽保持距 離――她是動物殺手!(PETA, 2003)2 至於後者則訴求反對釣⿂,但漫畫內容卻這樣對兒童說: 想像有一個人在你面前搖晃一塊糖果,你喜歡糖果所以你伸手去拿,但當 你拿到糖果時,一個巨大的金屬鉤子卻戳穿了你的手,你從地上被吊起來,…… 你真的會覺得很恐懼,不是嗎?……但猜猜怎麼著,你的爸爸是以同樣邪惡的 陷阱在對待魚,而魚同樣感到恐懼!……在你的爸爸學到殺害並不『好玩』之 2 若無特別說明,本研究之重點字體,皆為研究者強調。 !2 前,讓你的小狗與小貓與他保持距離,因為他是如此熱中於殺害不設防的動物, 而牠們可能是下一個!(PETA, 2005) 此種社會變遷最極端的⼀⾯,是動物權利與解放運動的狂熱⽀持者的恐嚇與暴⼒⾏ 動。對此,Smith收集了豐富的案例,讓⼈得以初步了解其態勢:1998年,曾對販售⽪ 草的百貨公司縱⽕⽽被判刑的動物保護⼈⼠Barry Horne,他因著英國⾸相未能召開先前 允諾過的動物活體解剖會議,⽽絕食抗議。針對這絕食⾏動,⾃稱「動物權利民兵」 (Animal Rights Militia)的組織公開宣稱,如果Horne真的因此死亡,他們將要暗殺⼗ 位進⾏動物活體解剖的⼈⼠作為報復(Smith, 2012, p. 115)。2004年,英國劍橋⼤學為研 究帕⾦森氏症與阿茲海默症所構想的靈長類實驗室計畫,因受到動物權利⽀持者的抗議, 故以維安保全之成本提⾼為由,停⽌了該項計畫。隔年在英國,動物解放⽀持者Donald Currie以汽油炸彈來表達對動物實驗者的抗議,造成⼗四萬英鎊的損失(p. 129)。2005年 在美國加州洛杉磯,動物解放⽀持者為抗議洛杉磯動物管理處涉及於動物收容所對狗進 ⾏安樂死,於是在該處處長居住的超⾼⼤樓縱⽕(p. 128)。2006年,⽜津⼤學的科學家在 家中收到動物解放⽀持者寄出的郵包炸彈,為的是要抗議該校之動物實驗(p. 129)。2007 年6⽉,動物權利⽀持者團體「動物解放前線」(Animal Liberation Front, ALF),在美 國加州⼤學洛杉磯分校的眼科醫⽣Arthur Rosenbaum的汽⾞上擺放致命炸彈,為的是要 抗議他在醫學實驗中使⽤靈長類動物。2008年2⽉,同⼀所學校以動物進⾏毒物成癮之 ⽣物學研究的Edythe London博⼠,住家遭受縱⽕攻擊(pp. 11-12)。同年,加州⼤學聖塔 克魯茲分校⼀位以動物實驗作疾病研究的教授,其住宅遭到抗議者入侵,雖然他的妻兒 沒有受到傷害,但他卻因為遭受不明物品敲擊⽽受傷。數⽉後,他的住宅又遭縱⽕,他 與家⼈被迫緊急逃⽣(pp. 150-151)。 除上述恐嚇與暴⼒⾏動外,還有更多⾏動是以間接⽅式達成⽬標。例如在1999至 2005年,英國飼養醫學實驗⽤⽼鼠的Darley Oak農場,其主⼈與其家⼈分別遭遇了以縱 ⽕威脅、汽⾞與房舍的破壞、污告為戀童癖為⼿段的抗議。⽽最後迫使農場主⼈ Christopher Hall放棄飼養⽼鼠的原因是,動物解放組織在2004年10⽉將他的岳母的遺體 從教堂墓地裡掘出來偷⾛,以作為要脅。⽽參與這恐嚇的成員,包括了退休教師、英國 教會牧師的兒⼦、精神病院的護⼠(Smith, 2012, p. 14)。與此類似的是,2007年美國加州 洛杉磯市市長因沒有按照動物解放組織的要求、改變城市動物庇護所對待動物的⽅式, !3 所以其姊妹遂成為抗議運動的「三級⽬標」(tertiary targeting),其汽⾞與住家都遭受 到了破壞(p. 128)。所謂三級⽬標是指,透過恐嚇與騷擾那些與⾸要⽬標間接相關的對 象,以達成破壞⾸要⽬標之⽬的。對此,Smith在他的書中以美國實⾏動物實驗的 Huntingdon⽣物科技公司作為例⼦,詳細地說明了動物權利組織怎樣在近⼗年的時間 裡、以此⽅式打擊該公司:他們透過恐嚇騷擾與該公司有所往來的保險公司⼈員、會計 ⼈員、提供貸款的銀⾏、物品供應商、以及消費者,來削弱該公司。這些恐嚇與騷擾包 括了竊取信件並揭露個⼈隱私(公開即將離婚或參加戒酒課程的個⼈訊息)、到受騷擾 者的孩⼦的學校發送毀謗傳單、在電話答錄機裡留下恐嚇的訊息、對住家噴漆或丟擲⽯ 塊、騷擾鄰居、錄下受騷擾者的⽣活影⽚並寄給受騷擾者,或在飲⽤⽔中加入提神飲料 作為恐嚇等等(pp. 130-133)。 事實上,此類⾏動已不再只是個案,⽽都升⾼成為有系統的、有全盤計劃的攻擊。 所以並不令⼈意外的,有些基進組織會期望有更多⼈、以更有技巧的⽅式來加入其⾏列。 1992年,名為《戰爭宣⾔:殺死⼈們以拯救動物與環境》的書籍在美國上市,其內容即 在教導讀者怎樣有效從事動物權利恐怖主義運動(Smith, 2012, pp. 121-122)。2001年,另 ⼀本名為《與ALF阿姨在四周放⽕:⼀個讓你對各處的動物虐待者施壓的指南》也上市
Recommended publications
  • Teaching Social Issues with Film
    Teaching Social Issues with Film Teaching Social Issues with Film William Benedict Russell III University of Central Florida INFORMATION AGE PUBLISHING, INC. Charlotte, NC • www.infoagepub.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Russell, William B. Teaching social issues with film / William Benedict Russell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60752-116-7 (pbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-60752-117-4 (hardcover) 1. Social sciences--Study and teaching (Secondary)--Audio-visual aids. 2. Social sciences--Study and teaching (Secondary)--Research. 3. Motion pictures in education. I. Title. H62.2.R86 2009 361.0071’2--dc22 2009024393 Copyright © 2009 Information Age Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface and Overview .......................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ............................................................................. xvii 1 Teaching with Film ................................................................................ 1 The Russell Model for Using Film ..................................................... 2 2 Legal Issues ............................................................................................ 7 3 Teaching Social Issues with Film
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Purebred Dog Alliance
    Indiana Purebred Dog Alliance On the other side of the spectrum are the animal rights Summer 2009 Newsletter radicals. These include organizations such as PETA and the HSUS. They advocate pure veganism, object to any form of President's Message companion animal, object to the breeding of companion animals, seek to outlaw all forms of medical research using With the 2009 legislative session behind us, IPDA has more any animals other than humans, and would outlaw the use of time to prepare for the 2010 session. Reflecting back, our animal skin in clothing or other goods. accomplishments in 2009 were quite remarkable. We organized on February 21st, hired a lobbyist, filed paperwork One goal both animal rights radicals and animal welfare to become a 501(c) 6 corporation, testified at hearings held groups share is the end to animal cruelty. However, each on HB 1468 and SB 238, educated key legislators on group's definition of animal cruelty varies greatly. Animal responsible breeding practices, and successfully influenced rights radicals want to end the thousands of years we have legislators to change HB 1468, which became law on July 1, shared with dogs as companions, hunters, and herders. They 2009. A big THANK YOU goes out to all who supported our see this as a form of cruelty, rather than a beneficial efforts. relationship for both man and dog. In contrast, animal welfare supporters embrace our dogs as beloved companions, However, our work has just begun. It is critical for purebred hunters, and herders. dog enthusiasts to unite as one voice against unjust legislation.
    [Show full text]
  • Broadening the Scope of Liabilities for Cruelty
    NUJS LAW REVIEW 10 NUJS L. REV (2017) BROADENING THE SCOPE OF LIABILITIES FOR CRUELTY AGAINST ANIMALS: GAUGING THE LEGAL ADEQUACY OF PENAL SANCTIONS IMPOSED Abha Nadkarni & Adrija Ghosh* Recently, several incidents pertaining to cruelty being inflicted on animals have come to light, questioning whether an amendment to the present Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 is indispensable. The Act, which was framed several decades prior, envisages a sentencing policy and penalties that were probably adequate during that period, but need to be re-examined now in terms of the adequacy and nature of liability imposed. This requires looking into whether the criminal penalty and the provisions for receiving bail as provided under §11 of the Act are sufficient in present times, in light of lack of proportionality between the offence and the punishment meted out. Further, we note that the imposition of criminal liability altogether may not be completely adequate, and thus civil liability needs to be considered. We suggest the imposition of civil liability along with criminal liability for offences against animals. Civil liability would grant the State the status of ‘guardians’ or ‘trustee’ of animals and the power to sue the offenders to receive remedies. Hence, a solution is suggested in the form of statutory amendments and better implementation mechanisms. We also enumerate hypothetical applications of these solutions with respect to the imposition of liability. to determine their potency. The paper shall conclude on the note that an amendment to the current sentencing provisions and penalties of the Act is imperative, along with imposition of civil liability, to prevent rampant occurrences of animal cruelty in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Animals in the Public Debate: Welfare, Rights, and Conservationism in India Daniela Berti
    Animals in the Public Debate: Welfare, Rights, and Conservationism in India Daniela Berti To cite this version: Daniela Berti. Animals in the Public Debate: Welfare, Rights, and Conservationism in India. Reli- gions, MDPI, 2019, 10 (8), pp.475. 10.3390/rel10080475. hal-02291943 HAL Id: hal-02291943 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02291943 Submitted on 19 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. religions Article Animals in the Public Debate: Welfare, Rights, and Conservationism in India Daniela Berti National Centre for Scientific Research, 75016 Paris, France; [email protected] Received: 16 June 2019; Accepted: 5 August 2019; Published: 13 August 2019 Abstract: This paper proposes a survey of the many ways in which people look at and deal with animals in contemporary India. On the basis of ethnographic research and of multiple written sources (judgments, newspapers, websites, legal files, activist pamphlets, etc.), I present some of the actors involved in the animal debate—animal activists, environmental lawyers, judges, and hunter-conservationists—who adopt different, though sometimes interconnected, approaches to animals. Some of them look at animals as victims that need to be rescued and treated in the field, others fight for animals in Parliament or in Court so that they can be entitled to certain rights, others are concerned with the issue of species survival, where the interest of the group prevails on the protection of individual animals.
    [Show full text]
  • EKO-BOJOVNÍK ČÍSLO 2 November 2013 ______
    EKO-BOJOVNÍK ČÍSLO 2 november 2013 _______________________________________________________________ str02) Sociálna ekológia vs. hlbinná ekológia str03) Preľudnenie a nosná kapacita prostredia str05) História (anti)vivisekcie str08) Radikálny environmentalizmus str10) Kolaps systému (lo-fi-natural-noise) str11) Zelené hnutie na Slovensku str15) filmové recenzie – dokumenty str16) filmové recenzie – hrané filmy str18) hudobné recenzie – zahraničná hudba str21) hudobne recenzie – novinky zo Slovenska a Česka Budúcnosť bude buď zelená, alebo žiadna. Táto hlboká pravda je podstatou najväčšej výzvy pre ľudstvo – naučiť sa žiť so Zemou na skutočnom a prijateľnom základe. Zem je v rizikovom stave, v akom nebola nikdy predtým. Zamorili sme pôdu a rieky jedmi, pokryli sme pobrežie a oceány špinou, zmenili sme chemické pochody v ovzduší, na ktorom závisí život. Nie je divu, že sa ľudia pýtajú na spôsob, akým majú pokračovať. V mene "pokroku" sme Zemi spôsobili obrovské škody a stále v tom pokračujeme. Vieme, že musíme totálne zmeniť svoj konzumný spôsob života a spôsob, akým naša industrializovaná spoločnosť narába s prírodnými zdrojmi. Ešte stále je možné Zem ochrániť pred ďalším ničením. Ale ak sa to má podariť, musíme Zem zachrániť teraz. Potom bude neskoro. V akomkoľvek zelenom recepte na budúcnosť a záchranu Zeme sa musí objavovať myšlienka osobnej zodpovednosti. Je nutné, aby sa veľká väčšina ľudí prihlásila do práce na záchranu Zeme. Osobná zodpovednosť zahŕňa záväzok voči všetkému a všetkým, s ktorými máme v dobrom zdieľať svoj krátky život na tejto planéte. Osobná zodpovednosť znamená pripravenosť k boju a prácu na záchranu Zeme a budúcich generácií. Snažiť sa už dnes chodiť po tejto krásnej a bohatej zemi citlivejšie, aby po nej mohli chodiť v budúcnosti aj iní, žiť jednoduchšie, aby mohli žiť aj tí druhí.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fight Continues
    LS2 interviews Jimmy Eat World and Uffie plus stocking filler ideas CIJ IJ) :::, (/) !!1 ::;: IJ) E :::, ~ www.leegsstudent.org The fight continues Thousands take to streets in protest, P7 02 Frida y , Novembe r 26, 20 I 0 rw le ~c:!.,~ 1dent.m Leeds Student Boy T0omany hours in the library about hasmeanta diminsbed Boy Leaders campus// about Campus Walking around campus, as Boy about ~particular protester think twice about Campus does, this sentence has been staying at the rally iostead of heading Leeds Student's views on this week's hot topics heard a lot: 'Wow it's so early but so to the warm confines of a reasonably dark J;lOw! And it's so.cold!' priced pasty shop. Unless you come from abroad, you The chants and placards were good will have seen a few British winters in though, the J:Iogwarts ones never get -Sit-in comfortably?- your life. fn those winters it's Probably old. Boy abo1.,1.ttilmpus could not hear guidance of the university protesters got colder and darker earlier than in any of the speeches, so just cheered Leeds University's role in the become violent in the first place and occupiers who helped the the summer. So why the fuck does when everyone else did. And booed national 'Day of Action' began as a shifts the focus onto the few who younger students to harness their everyone keep talking about how dark whenever Nick Clegg was mentioned. luke-warm affair with many students tum to force for effect, rather than political motivation rather than and cold it is?You know why it's dark Boy about Campus once had dreams opting out of the proposed walk-out those who peacefully protest for real allowing it to spiral into vandalism and cold? It's fucking winter.
    [Show full text]
  • Beilin Book4cd W.Pdf (4.745Mb)
    TRANSOCEANIC STUDIES Ileana Rodríguez, Series Editor All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. IN SEARCH OF AN ALTERNATIVE BIOPOLITICS ANTI-BULLFIGHTING, ANIMALITY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN CONTEMPORARY SPAIN KATARZYNA OLGA BEILIN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS | COLUMBUS All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. Copyright © 2015 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beilin, Katarzyna Olga, 1966– author. In search of an alternative biopolitics : anti-bullfighting, animality, and the environment in contemporary Spain / Katarzyna Olga Beilin. pages cm — (Transoceanic studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8142-1290-5 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Bullfights—Political aspects—Spain—21st century. 2. Animal rights—Spain—21st century. 3. Biopolitics—Spain—21st century. I. Title. II. Series: Transoceanic studies. GV1108.7.M67B45 2015 791.8'2—dc23 2015025468 Cover design by James A. Baumann Text design by Juliet Williams Type set in Adobe Minion Pro Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American Na- tional Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. For Sai All Rights Reserved. Copyright
    [Show full text]
  • Animal People News
    Guangzhou bans eating snakes–– GUANGZHOU––Guangzhou bureau of forestry director Guo Qinghe suppressed human consumption of cat meat during the first weekend of November 2007 by announcing on local television his intent to enforce a four- year-old Guangzhou city ordinance against eat- ing snakes. “It is illegal for companies, restau- rants and individuals to sell live snakes, snake meat, and related foods,” Guo said, not men- tioning cats, but in case there was any doubt about what he meant, Zheng Caixiong of the official government newspaper China Daily Banglok taxi elephant, working late hours. (Antoni P. Uni) spelled it out. “The popular Cantonese dish longhu - d o u or ‘dragon duels with tiger’ has been Elephant polo debate overshadows banned,” wrote Zheng Caixiong. “The delica- cy derives its name from snake and cat meat. (Kim Bartlett) introduction of microchipping Apart from having their snakes and snake prod- “The Guangzhou city government ucts confiscated, those caught flouting the ban banned the sale of snake and snake-related BANGKOK, MUMBAI– – T h e Partly, this may be because of will be fined between 10,000 yuan ($1,300) and dishes in the wake of the Sudden Acute Tourism Authority of Thailand on Nov- astute public relations by elephant polo pro- 100,000 yuan ($13,000).” Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in 2003,” ember 19, 2007 named the King’s Cup moters. The King’s Cup is named in honor The minimum fine was set at approxi- Zheng Caixiong reminded, “following revela- Elephant Polo Tournament one of Thai- of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. mately 1,000 times the current restaurant price tions that the corona virus might have come land’s must-see “Seven Amazing Ceremonially reigning over of l o n g h u d o u , according to information e- from snakes, civet cats and other wild animals Wonders.” Thailand for 60 years, the 79-year-old king mailed to ANIMAL PEOPLE by Anhui used in Cantonese dishes.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Solipsism, Cultural Lenses, Universal Principles, and Animal Advocacy
    Pace Environmental Law Review Volume 31 Issue 2 Spring 2014 Article 2 Special Issue on Animal Law April 2014 Cultural Solipsism, Cultural Lenses, Universal Principles, and Animal Advocacy Thomas G. Kelch Whittier Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr Part of the Animal Law Commons, Environmental Law Commons, and the Natural Resources Law Commons Recommended Citation Thomas G. Kelch, Cultural Solipsism, Cultural Lenses, Universal Principles, and Animal Advocacy, 31 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 403 (2014) Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol31/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace Environmental Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LEAD ARTICLE Cultural Solipsism, Cultural Lenses, Universal Principles, and Animal Advocacy THOMAS G. KELCH∗ I. INTRODUCTION Human cultures are diverse and cultural distinctions can be subtle or jarring. Even between seemingly very similar Western countries, cultural incongruities can be considerable. For instance, the French do not seem to have the same sense of urgency in responding to business and other inquiries as your typical split second American. Nor do the French eat pizza with their hands. When we analyze a culture we typically observe language, religion, cuisine, music, and art. One aspect of culture that may not receive as much attention as it should is cultural similarities and differences relating to the relationship between humans and animals.1 Similarities abound; virtually all cultures dine on animals, and utilize them for scientific purposes, for work and for entertainment.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Rights: Time to Start Unpacking What Rights and for Whom
    Mitchell Hamline Law Review Volume 46 Issue 1 Article 6 2019 Animal Rights: Time to Start Unpacking What Rights and for Whom Jane Kotzmann Nick Pendergrast Follow this and additional works at: https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/mhlr Part of the Animal Law Commons, and the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Kotzmann, Jane and Pendergrast, Nick (2019) "Animal Rights: Time to Start Unpacking What Rights and for Whom," Mitchell Hamline Law Review: Vol. 46 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/mhlr/vol46/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at Mitchell Hamline Open Access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mitchell Hamline Law Review by an authorized administrator of Mitchell Hamline Open Access. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Mitchell Hamline School of Law Kotzmann and Pendergrast: Animal Rights: Time to Start Unpacking What Rights and for Whom ANIMAL RIGHTS: TIME TO START UNPACKING WHAT RIGHTS AND FOR WHOM Jane Kotzmann* and Nick Pendergrast** I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 158 II. AN IDEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEMPORARY ANIMAL ADVOCACY MOVEMENT*** ................................... 161 A. Singer and Animal Welfare ............................................. 162 B. Regan, Francione, and Animal Rights ............................. 167 C. Parallels to Human Rights in the Literature on Animal Rights ................................................................................ 172 III. ANIMAL WELFARE AND ANIMAL RIGHTS IN THE LAW ...... 173 A. Animal Welfare Laws ...................................................... 174 B. Animal Rights Laws ......................................................... 177 1. Recognition of Animal Rights in the United States: The Nonhuman Rights Project ......................................... 177 2. Recognition of Animal Rights in Argentina .............. 179 3. Recognition of Animal Rights in Switzerland ..........
    [Show full text]
  • Seven Things You Didn't Know About PETA
    THINGS YOU Didn’t KNOW ABOUT (PEOPLE FOR THE ETHICAL TREATMENT PETA OF ANIMALS) ACCORDING TO GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS, PETA EMPLOYEES HAVE KILLED MORE THAN 719,200 DOGS, CATS, PUPPIES, AND KITTENS SINCE 1998. This behavior continues despite PETA’s moralizing about the “unethical” treatment of animals by farmers, scientists, restaurant owners, circuses, hunters, fishermen, zookeepers, and countless other Americans. PETA puts to death over 90 percent of the animals it accepts from members of the public who expect the group to make a reasonable attempt to find them adoptive homes. PETA holds absolutely no open-adoption shelter hours at its Norfolk, VA headquarters, choosing instead to spend part of its $32 million annual income on a contract with a crematory service to periodically empty hundreds of animal bodies from its large walk-in freezer. PETA PRESIDENT AND CO-FOUNDER INGRID NEWKIRK HAS DESCRIBED HER GROUP’s oVERALL GOAL As “totAL ANIMAL LIBERATION.” This means the complete abolition of meat, milk, cheese, eggs, honey, zoos, aquariums, circuses, wool, leather, fur, silk, hunting, fishing, and pet ownership. In a 2003 profile of Newkirk in The New Yorker, author Michael Specter wrote that Newkirk has had at least one seeing-eye dog taken away from its blind owner. PETA is also against all medical research that requires the use of animals, including research aimed at curing AIDS and cancer. PETA HAS GIVEN TENS OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS TO CONVICTED ARSONISTS AND OTHER VIOLENT CRIMINALS. This includes a 2001 donation of $1,500 to the North American Earth Liberation Front (ELF), an FBI-certified “domestic terrorist” group responsible for dozens of firebombs and death threats.
    [Show full text]
  • Eating Well for a Fuller Future
    Eating well for a fuller future It’s time to reduce the meat in our diet! Proposals and alternatives towards a diet more respectful to animals, the climate and our health English version. December 2018 Coordinated and published by the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament EQUO-Primavera Europea Office. This report has been prepared thanks to the collaboration of the authors and the organisations that they represent. The opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of EQUO and the Greens/European Free Alliance. Published under the following Creative Commons licence: https://creativecommons.org/liceses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Images free of copyright. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: from low-cost meat industry to sustainable quality food ............. 5 Florent Marcellesi. EQUO The problem Less meat and dairy to fight climate change ...................................................... 8 Greenpeace A better future for the animals (and people) in Europe .................................. 13 Francisco Vásquez Neira. AnimaNaturalis Towards a healthy sustainable diet .................................................................. 18 Alma María Palau Ferré. Consejo General Dietistas-Nutricionistas de España Antibiotic use in livestock and its risks to human health .................................. 22 AVATMA The effects of factory farming and the alternatives for the South ................... 26 Javier Guzmán. Justicia Alimentaria The danger of industrial farms and the alternatives
    [Show full text]