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February 2015

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In This Edition: Page Page  Pako Festa 2  Robert Burns 20  Trickster Publicans 3  The History of Soccer 22  Black Thursday 4  Mexico-Fast Facts 24  Morris Jacobs 6  Ginger Meggs 25  Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo 8  Arnold Schwarzenegger 26  J. McPherson– Bushranger 10  Recipe—Damper 28  Kalgoorlie-Boulder 12  Word Search—Car parts 29  Sydney Kidman 14  Banknotes: John Monash 30  Corio-The Early Days Part 14 16  150 Years Ago 31  Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 18  Then… & Now 32

When locals of Geelong hear the two words “Pako Festa”, everybody automati- cally thinks of excitement, celebration and multiculturalism—which is exactly what this particular day is about. On February 28, 2015 locals as well as visitors to Geelong will come to Pakington Street to celebrate and explore the variety of cultures that span the world. Currently the free festival attracts the participation of up to 30 community groups, and a total attendance in excess of 100,000 people, making it the largest multicultural festival in Victoria. Pako Festa began in 1983. Now into its 32nd year it has been celebrated on the last weekend in February ever since. A feature of the festival is the parade, with over 90 floats participating last year, all of them representing their country of origin and sharing their cultural heritage with the wide ranging audience. The festival stretches for over a kilometre, and takes in not only Pakington Street but some of the carparks, public squares and parklands. The lively community atmosphere stretches into the shops and pubs, including the Barking Dog and Petrel Hotel. Pako Festa is also an exciting learning experience for young and old. From trying the traditional, delicious foods; to strutting your style on the dance floor; casting an eye over the kaleidoscope of colourful costumes; tuning your ear into the maze of languages and music, and learning about the history of people who now call Geelong home—there is something for everyone. And the local Aussies are not forgotten either, with BBQs and bush bands blending into the mix. With over 60 stalls to buy from, and free performances for all to enjoy, why not bring the family along and join in the fun?

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A letter written by Geelong Police Magistrate, Captain Foster Fyans in 1853 presents a superbly detailed picture of early settlement in Victoria: “Of all the impositions inflicted on mankind an inn in the district is the Swan Hill Pioneer Settlement most dreadful abomination. It appears to me the licensee’s... sole object is money – not to make it honestly by a return of common comfort; his bill is the object, and pay it you must, though five hundred per cent is overcharged... The landlord is generally to be seen playing quoits in front of the hut with a pipe in his mouth, cursing and swearing, and surrounded by half a dozen idle, drunken men… The interior of the hut is generally built of wood and weatherboards; the floor is boarded, and a fine rattling breeze rushes in at all parts. Your company is not very refined – all smoking, spitting, singing loudly and rioting; cursing and damning Governors, and formerly Crown Lands Commissioners... In short, one of these licensed huts may be turned inside out during the row, and be nothing the worse for it on the following morning. The stable, as it is called, is a place tossed up of all manner of things; it has a kind of a roof, with slab sides of the rudest material and is often dangerous in passing, from old spike nails and broken bottles; dung and filth are there a foot ortwo deep; at the head of the stall is an old gin case fixed as a manger for oaten hay… A man who has a horse has almost to fight for his grub, paying dear for it. At the present time the expenses of a night for one horse at a bush inn will cost the owner twenty shillings. A licensed man keeping a bush inn can charge as he thinks fit; but his great game formerly, before the gold-fields, was the shepherd or hut-keeper on his way to town with his cheque for perhaps a year or two years’ wages. This unfortunate man was generally overwhelmed with kindness, made drunk and kept so for three, four or five days; on regaining his senses, he naturally seeks his hard earnings, which are not to be found; he applies to the landlord, who tells him that he is in debt; that the £60 is expended. On asking how – “How?” repeats the host, “do you forget the shout you stood – the shout for all hands?” “You are in my debt now £5 and I shall keep your gun and pack until I am paid, “says the landlord, pushing the unhappy fellow from his door perhaps without a rag to his back. For a new colony, only inhabited, I consider that there is more vice than is to be found in any part of the world.”

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Painting of Black Thursday by William Strutt. 1864 Many will recall 5 years ago this month (February 7, 2009), Black Saturday bushfires claimed 173 lives and destroyed 2029 homes, making it the most deadly fire in Australia’s history. It was also Victoria’s hottest day, with the temperature at Geelong reaching 47.4oC. Thirty-one years ago, on February 16, 1983, the Ash Wednesday bushfires killed 75 and destroyed 3,700 buildings. And old-timers will remember Black Friday on January 13, 1939 when 71 people perished. However, for sheer size, the Black Thursday bushfires on February 6, 1851 were the largest ever experienced, with over a quarter of the colony of Victoria completely destroyed—approximately 5 million hectares. This is over 2½ times more land destroyed than the next biggest bushfire– on Black Friday 1939, and nearly 12 times bigger than the Black Saturday fires. The year 1850 had been one of exceptional heat and drought. By lunchtime on February 6, 1851, Melbourne residents were claiming that the temperature had reached 47.2oC.* The first fire was reported in the Plenty Ranges, in what is now the northern suburbs of Melbourne. Embers blown away from camp fires lit by bushmen and bullock drivers started most fires, while a few started from smouldering tree stumps that had initially burned in fires days or weeks earlier. Within the early afternoon hours the sky all over Victoria was turned into a broiling black mass of smoke with streaking embers. Worst hit areas included the hills to the north of Melbourne, Dandenong, Gippsland, the Wimmera District, and Portland. However, the greatest toll of destruction arguably occurred in the districts around Geelong. At Geelong the mail coach had started to Melbourne, but near Cowie's Creek the driver found that neither he nor his horses could continue in the face of the scorching wind and flying embers which threatened destruction to the mail. He prudently turned his back to the fiery, blinding blast, and returned to Geelong. Meanwhile the farmland around Geelong burned. Farm houses, fences, crops, orchards, gardens, haystacks, bridges, and wool-sheds, were all swept away by the rush of flames, which left behind them nothing but charred heaps of ruins.

* The claimed temperature of 47.2oC (117oF) cannot be verified. Thus the official Melbourne record stands at 46.4oC (115.5oF) recorded on Black Saturday, February 7, 2009.

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At Corio, the pastures were destroyed in a flash as the fires raced through. Farm sheds and houses were all incinerated. The only thing left standing were the chimneys, as memorials to suggest where the fires should have been. A Mrs Murphy, along with her two children were typical of many who were obliged to flee. So close were the flames upon her that her hut was ablaze before she left it. Taking refuge in the Moorabool River the three stood, breathing in with difficulty the suffocating atmosphere, while listening with terror to the roar of the elements and the cries of the disoriented and burning animals. Jumping the Moorabool, the fires burned everything across the Barrabool Hills, leaving behind hundreds of dead animal carcasses. Terrified horses in the district fared better. Forming one giant mob they jumped the fences and most outran the flames to reach safety. While no-one lost their life, few houses was spared. From Teesdale to Waurn Ponds the devastation was complete. Even the brass fittings melted off the cooking implements. On the Bellarine Peninsula spot fires started by flying embers ran out of control. At Indented Head, four of the stores at the Pilot Station were destroyed. Farmers found refuge by shepherding their families into the ocean until the fires roared past. The Otway Ranges were unable to avoid the conflagration either. Although not as populated at the districts State Library of Victoria around Geelong, vast areas of bush Desperate families, livestock and wildlife seek shelter in were soon devoid of life. Even ships the river on this engraving of Black Thursday. out at sea in Bass Strait were not spared– being showered by smoke, dust and fiery embers which had to be doused with water, lest the ships catch fire. Northern Tasmania was blanketed with an eerie smoky fog that smelt of death. Late in the evening a strong sea-breeze began to blow, driving back the heavy pall of smoke that only deepened the darkness of the night. The final death toll was at least 12 human lives, one million sheep and thousands of cattle. The initial response to the calamity was a public meeting held on February 11, 1851 at Geelong. The community came together to discuss relief efforts for those affected, especially for citizens who lost everything. Homes were opened upto provide shelter to those who lost their homes. To assist the poor, many even cancelled outstanding debts. Australia’s heritage of coming to the aid of the afflicted in times of calamity was born. As another dry summer comes upon us, let us hope we never again have to experience the disaster of wide-sweeping bushfires. Unfortunately, history suggests it is only a matter of time before it happens again. 5

Mr. Morris Jacobs was born in 1825, to Jewish draper Michael Jacobs and his wife Rachel. For 100 years, the shop he established in Malop Street, Geelong, was a local icon. Morris grew up in London where he gained experience in the family trade. At 27 years of age he decided to migrate to Australia, arriving with his brother Solomon on the ship Eliza in 1852. While the gold rush was in full swing, and no doubt influenced Morris’ decision to come to Australia, it was not his Morris Jacobs– pictured in 1852 desire to start swinging a pick and shovel on the gold fields. Rather, he quickly saw an opening to supply much needed goods to the thousands of miners flocking to Victorian shores. Within the two years from 1851 to 1853, Geelong’s population had swelled from about 8,000 to about 22,000, greatly increasing demand for clothing and household chattels. Upon arriving in Geelong, Morris first entered in business with a Mr. Ackman, who owned a clothing store in Corio Street.* The shop thrived, but it was not only his business activities that blossomed. On November 20, 1853 Morris married Emma Burnett at St Andrew’s Presbyterian Church, Geelong. After a few years Morris sailed back to England to secure the necessary merchandise to start up his own clothing business. Upon his return he established his own shop, initially on Yarra Street. However, due to the successes of the business he soon moved to the more prominent location on Malop Street, becoming the second-largest supplier of clothing, drapery and home goods in Geelong (behind Bright & Hitchcocks in Moorabool St). Meanwhile, the Jacobs family was growing. In 1861 Emma gave birth to a son they named Solomon. The couple also had 8 daughters born to them.^ Morris built a two-storey brick house, originally called Pleasant View House and now called Duncan’s Place at 3 Pevensey Street, Geelong. The couple lived at Eastern Beach the rest of their lives.#

* This section of Corio Street ran parallel to, and between Malop Street and what is now called Brougham Street. Today, it is incorporated into the Westfield Shopping Centre, approximately where Target is located. ^ Sadly, like many other families living in Geelong at the time, only 3 of the 8 daughters survived to adulthood. # The bollard of Morris Jacobs in the Waterfront Carousal building is the grandson of Morris and Emma Jacobs, who served as mayor of Geelong during the 1950s. 6

Morris continued to prove his skill as a capable shopkeeper. His one shop eventually needed to expand and by 1897, he enlarged his holdings to include the properties next door. Jacobs Draper Shop then occupied three adjoining shopfronts devoted respectively to drapery, clothing and oilskins, and boots and shoes. The stores slogan Australia’s oldest married couple in 1927- “Champion of Cheapness” became famous Morris Jacobs is 102 years of age while his throughout Geelong. wife Emma is 98. In November 1927 Morris and Emma celebrated their 74th wedding anniversary. At the time they were recognized as Australia’s oldest living couple. Morris attributed their longevity to his personal motto “Laughter means Long Life.” He died the following month (December 19, 1927), at age 102. Upon his death his personal assets were valued at £37,130. Two years later, after also reaching 100 years of age, Emma died on July 4, 1930. The couple were survived by 22 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren. During his life Morris remained a devout Jew, serving as president of the Hebrew congregation in their synagogue located on the corner of McKillop St and Yarra St from the mid-1880s until his death in 1927. While faithful to his religion, he was a caring Geelong resident who supported a number of institutions run by other churches, including the Catholic and Protestant orphanages. The Morris Jacobs Drapery store continued to operate under the direction of Morris’ son, Solomon. When the store was purchased by Myer Emporium Limited in 1950, it was valued at £1 million. The store was then rebuilt and Myer opened in 1953. Today the giant Westfield Shopping Centre dominates the site.

E. de Balk photo (1867)

The above photographs of Malop Street, Geelong, highlight the change in shopping styles—from the mid-1800s strip-style shops, to the modern shopping complex of today. Jacob Morris’ shop (arrowed) was opposite the open field which was then Market Square, and just down from the 2-storey Bank of New South Wales. The shop was eventually purchased by Myer, which is now a prominent part of the Westfield Shopping Centre. 7

The Sulphur-crested Cockatoo is probably Australia's best known parrot. A relatively large white cockatoo, it is found in Australia, New Guinea and on some of the islands of Indonesia. Sometimes they can form very large flocks living in wooded and rural areas. In fact, they have adapted so well to European settlement in Australia that they can also live quite happily surrounded by urban development. Sulphur-crested Cockatoos grow to 44–55cm in length, with the Australian species larger than that in New Guinea and nearby islands. The plumage is overall white, while the underwing and tail are tinged yellow. The expressive crest is also yellow. The crest seems to reflect the bird’s emotions. When it is excited or alarmed, the feathers are fully extended, reaching far forward over the bird’s head. A bird at rest, or one which doesn’t feel well, will have its crest feathers flattened against the back of its head. With a black bill, legs of grey, and whitish rings around the eyes, the birds command a quite striking appearance. As in all parrots, there are two forward- facing toes, and two rear-facing toes. Males and females look alike; only up close and in strong light can it be noticed that the eye of the female has a lighter, reddish-coloured iris. Males have very dark brown irises. From a distance, eyes of all birds look black. Males have slightly larger heads, and stand taller than females, but the birds have to be seen in pairs for this difference to be noticeable. Perhaps the most prominent feature of the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo is their distinctive raucous call, which can be very loud. Many a morning sleep-in has been ruined by the birds chattering over their breakfast. Young children are often startled when they first approach a caged Cockatoo, as it will often greet them with a high-pitched screech. The average cockatoo has the learning capability of about a 1-year-old child, and so pet Cockatoos can be trained to talk, learning many different words and phrases which they love to show off to anyone willing to be entertained. These birds are naturally curious, as well as very intelligent. A 2009 study involving an Eleonora Cockatoo (a subspecies of the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo) named

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Snowball found that Sulphur-crested Cockatoos are even capable of synchronising movements to a musical beat. These birds are very long-lived—upwards of 70 years in captivity. In fact, as of 2014 one Sulphur-crested Cockatoo named Fred is still alive at 100 years of age! Many families have thus discovered they have a pet for life. But be warned, they can be very mischievous, and demand lots of attention from their owners. In the wild they generally live to 20–40 years. Mid-morning in the wild, the cockatoos usually feed on seeds found on the ground, then during the hottest part of the day they sit near their feeding area, stripping the leaves and bark from trees. In the afternoon they feed again and then fly back to their roosting trees for the night. Each day they return to feed in the same area until the food supply is exhausted. They eat the seeds of grasses and herbaceous plants, grains, bulbous roots, berries, nuts and leaf buds. The pincer-like beak easily pierces the toughest seed shell. They have also been known to engage in geophagy (the process of eating clay) to add minerals to their diet and detoxify their food. Species that feed on the ground are very vulnerable to predator attack. Thus, whenever there is a flock on the ground, there is at least one bird high up in a tree keeping guard (usually a dead tree so the view is not blocked by foliage). This practise of providing a lookout has even entered Australian slang: a person keeping guard for sudden police raids on illegal gambling gatherings is referred to as a cockatoo, or cocky for short. Sulphur-crested Cockatoos nest in hollow limbs or holes high up in Eucalypts near water. Like many other parrots it competes with others of its species and with other species for nesting sites. They breed between August and January in the South and March to September in the North. Two to three eggs are laid in the nest and incubation lasts between 25–27 days. Both parents incubate the eggs and raise the nestlings. The nestling period is between 9 to 12 weeks, and the young fledglings remain with their parents for a number of months after fledging. These birds produce a very fine powder to waterproof themselves instead of oil as many other creatures do. In some parts of Australia, the sulphur-crested cockatoo can be very numerous, and may cause damage to cereal and fruit crops, newly planted tree seedling, and soft timber on houses and outdoor furniture. Consequently, they are sometimes shot or poisoned as pests. To do so, a Government permit is required, as they remain a protected species under Australian Commonwealth Law.

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James Alpin McPherson, best known as the 'Wild Scotchman,' was born in 1842 in Inverness-shire, Scotland, the eldest of eight children. The family migrated to Australia and arrived at Moreton Bay in Queensland on January 19, 1855. His father found work as a farm labourer, while James went to an Ipswich school. He proved to be an excellent student, learning French and German, and becoming a fluent and entertaining speaker. After completing school he was apprenticed to astone-yard, while still attending a Mechanics' School in the evening. In 1863, for some unknown reason McPherson ran away from his employer and worked at a number of different jobs, in the process becoming an excellent horseman and an accurate shot. His first recorded law-breaking activity was on March 4, The “Wild Scotchman” 1864, when he was one of three who 'stuck up' the public in 1866 house of Richard Willis near Townsville, wounding Willis, and stealing 'three cabbage tree hats, two pairs of riding pants, one pair of boots, one gun, one Crimean shirt, one bottle of whisky, and fourteen pounds of flour.' McPherson claimed the publican had owed him back wages. The Government countered by offering a £50 reward for his arrest. McPherson then fled to New South Wales. He assumed the name of John Bruce, stole a horse, and set out to find his hero, bushranger Ben Hall. Over the next few months he is alleged to have stuck up several parties on the Northern Road. Unable to meet up with Hall’s gang, eventually the Scotchman lost his horse and ammunition. Then, on August 17, 1864, McPherson was almost apprehended by Sir Frederick Pottinger, a New South Wales police officer. The bushranger received an arm wound before escaping. Pottinger claimed that McPherson had shot him in the wrist, but after the policeman died in April the following year as a result of shooting himself (accidentally?), his story was discredited and charges laid against McPherson for shooting a policeman were dropped. Shortly after this, McPherson was arrested at Each year, on the third Rockhampton on the earlier charge holding up the weekend of March, Gin publican near Townsville. He was then put on the Gin, near Bundaberg in steamer Leichhardt along with other prisoners to be sent down to Brisbane. Along the way they stopped overnight Queensland holds a Wild at Gladstone, anchoring in the middle of the wide river Scotsman Festival, where it was thought impossible for the handcuffed named for McPherson prisoners to swim ashore and escape. and his 1866 arrest

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While the crew and guards played cards into the night, McPherson showed them that he could use a piece of blanket to unlock his handcuffs. As a result, his hands were left free, but his legs were shackled. During the night a splash beside the boat alerted the guards to an attempted escape, but in the dark nothing could be seen. The next morning a search for McPherson only discovered the leg irons nailed to a tree with a note which in part said: “Presented to the Queensland Government with the ‘Wild Scotchman’s’ best thanks, that gentleman having no further use for them.” After that McPherson stole a horse and began to rob mail coaches on the roads between Maryborough, Gayndah and Gladstone, sometimes sending the stolen cheques to Governor Sir George Bowen. The government responded by raising the price on McPherson's head to £250. On March 31, 1866 the Wild Scotchman was waiting for the mailman near Gin Gin station (near Bundaberg), when he was recognized by local station owner, John Walsh, who quickly organized an armed party of four... and the chase was on. After riding 10km McPherson realised his pursuers were quickly catching up. Exhausted, he dismounted and reached for his gun, but quickly dropped it and surrendered when challenged by William Nott holding up his rifle. “I knew you were not the police by the pace at which you followed me down that ridge,” McPherson conceded, acknowledging the fine riding skills of the station workers in contrast to the many official policePolice officer Frederick parties he had previously managed to outrun. Pottinger wounded McPherson in 1864 but He was taken to Maryborough and remanded until the criminal failed to capture him sittings in Brisbane, charged with holding up the publican. But to the surprise of many was found not guilty. He was then taken back to Maryborough to face charges of robbing the mails, found guilty, and sentenced to twenty-five years in the penal settlement on St Helena Island, Moreton Bay. McPherson entered St Helena on September 13, 1866. While on St Helena he again aroused public imagination with a spectacular though unsuccessful escape attempt, in which he was shot in the wrist. He remained at St Helena until his sentence was remitted in December 1874, following a petition presented by Brisbane citizens. On his release he worked at Cressbrook as a stockman and later as overseer of an outstation. In his last years he was known for his anecdotes and ready wit, regaling listeners with stories of the bushranging days. At age 53 he died on August 23, 1895 from a riding accident at Burketown, North Queensland when his horse rolled on top of him. He was survived by his wife Elizabeth, whom he had married in 1878, and by four sons and two daughters.

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Hannan St, the main street in Kalgoorlie as pictured in September 1930. Kalgoorlie-Boulder is a city in Western Australia, located 600km east of Perth at the end of the Great Eastern Highway. The town was founded in 1893 during the Yilgarn-Goldfields gold rush, and is located close to theso-called "Golden Mile" and its Super Pit Gold Mine. [see box on opposite page] The first Europeans to explore the area came in the 1860s in search of suitable pastoral lands. But it was only with the discovery of gold by Arthur Bayley at nearby Coolgardie in 1892, that attention was drawn back to the area. Then, on June 17, 1893 Paddy Hannan discovered gold at Mt Charlotte. Within days over 700 men were combing the area for quartz-bearing gold. Though Hannan's gold was not part of the reef that would later Paddy Hannan become known as the "Golden Mile", his discovery drew enormous attention to the area. By the following year (1894) prospectors worked claims throughout the entire area, and had soon cleaned out the small quantity of gold found in deposits on the surface. The area originally became known by locals as Hannan's Find. But in 1894 the government named the town site Kalgoorlie, when the Aboriginal name for the area "Coolgoorlie" was chosen over the European preference of Hannan's Find. The "Cool" was later changed to "Kal" in the name to avoid postal mistakes with nearby Coolgardie. As new miners arrived they were forced to move to the south of Kalgoorlie, where they soon discovered the very rich, deep reefs (The Golden Mile) on the Boulder Fault 5km away. Underground mining started in earnest and amenities in the area were soon established. In 1896 the railway from Perth reached Boulder. By 1902, wide streets had been surveyed and the area contained 8 breweries and 93 hotels to service the 200,000 people Kalgoorlie-Boulder that had moved into the area. Many of the original buildings still remain. They are considered some of the finest examples of mining town architecture in the world.

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During the late 1890s, while the Goldfields area boomed as a whole, the area gained a notorious reputation for being a ‘wild west’ with bandits and prostitutes. The rapid increase in population, along Named the Super Pit Gold Mine, the largest open pit with claims of neglect directed at mine in Australia is 3.5km long by 1.5km wide and the State Government in Perth led 570m deep. It is so big it can reportedly be seen from to the proposal of the new state of space. The mine produces up to 850,000 ounces (24 tonnes) of gold each year. Auralia. However, with the unruly population scattered over such a vast area of Western Australia, and with such little sustainable local infrastructure, the plans fell through. From the early days a fierce rivalry existed between the miners at Kalgoorlie, and those who called Boulder home, although the 2 towns were only 5km apart. The wealthy who lived at Kalgoorlie insisted on maintaining the class distinctions practised in England and throughout Europe. For example, seating in the local town hall or theatre had cushioned metal chairs for the rich, while the common folk had wooden seats or forms to sit on. The racing club kept an exclusive membership of town dignitaries, along with the list of members at Hannan’s Club and the local Country Club. Meanwhile, at Boulder only one price was charged for all theatre tickets and everyone sat on the same seats. Originally there were 3 bodies of local government—the Kalgoorlie Council; the Boulder Council; and the Roads Board. Friction between the 3 bodies was evident for many years, although the shared hardships of World Wars I and II helped unify the communities. In 1960 the Roads Board joined with the municipality of Boulder. Then, in 1989 the towns of Kalgoorlie and Boulder amalgamated to become the city of Kalgoorlie-Boulder. While some differences were vocalized during the amalgamation periods, today it is more a friendly rivalry like that seen commonly on sporting fields across the nation. In the 2011 census, Kalgoorlie-Boulder had a population of 31,107, making it Water became a serious issue in the Kalgoorlie area, as the 5th largest city in Western Australia. the harsh dry environment and the increasing Today it is still a thriving mining town population placed pressure on the water supply and with all the modern conveniences found caused health problems. A solution was found by readily available in larger cities in constructing a 563km pipeline that would transport Australia. No longer just a mining water from a weir at Mundaring near Perth to a community, the city is helped along by reservoir in Kalgoorlie. The success of the pipeline assured the survival of both Kalgoorlie and Boulder. the pastoral industry as well as tourism. 13

Sir Sidney Kidman was Australia’s greatest pastoralist, and during his life, one of the biggest landowners in the world. Kidman was born near Adelaide on May 9, 1857, the third son of farmer, George Kidman, and his wife Elizabeth. Both had migrated to Australia from England 8 years earlier. As a boy Sidney was educated at private schools in Norwood. At the age of 13 Kidman left home riding a one-eyed horse and with five shillings in his pocket. He made his way to the Barrier Range in far western NSW where his brother George found him a job with George Raines, a landless bushman who roamed about with his stock, squatting on unfenced runs wherever he found good feed. This ‘corner country’ of New South Wales later became the heartland of Kidman’s pastoral empire. While still in his teens Kidman learned very quickly to become an excellent roust-a -boat, bullock-driver, horse dealer, drover, and cattle buyer. He befriended an aboriginal named Billy who taught him a range of indigenous skills making him a much higher skilled bushman than other whites. Developing an appreciation for the skills possessed by Australia’s earliest residents, Kidman rarely travelled in the back-country without an Aboriginal guide and offsider for the rest of his life. Kidman eventually saved some money, bought a bullock team, and opened a During World War I Sydney Kidman butcher's shop and store at Cobar during the donated wool, meat, horses, copper rush, making good profits from the ambulances and even fighter ventures. Then, when he was 21 he inherited aeroplanes to the government. He £400 from his grandfather's estate and also guaranteed the jobs of traded with it successfully in horses and employees who went to fight in the cattle. When he was in his mid-twenties he war, and assisted the widows of even acquired a 1/14 share in the BHP mine for 10 bullocks worth about £4 each. He sold those who didn't come back. He his share for £150 less £50 commission and was knighted for his support to the was satisfied with the profit. (Today those war effort in 1921. same shares would be worth $billions). On June 30, 1885 Sidney married Isabel Wright. Now a family man with first-hand experience in Australia’s massive cattle and sheep industry, Kidman had a vision 14

of drought-proofing his investments as a pastoralist. In 1886, at age 29, Kidman started buying land—lots of it! Gradually he extended his holdings until they reached out across New South Wales to the Queensland border. In 1896 Kidman bought his first property in Queensland, Annandale Station, situated in the Channel Country and described as ideal fattening country for cattle. By 1903 Kidman owned or was a part owner of some 38,000miles2 (98,420km2) of country ranging from the Carlton Hill Station in Western Australia to Victoria River Downs Station in the Northern Territory and Macumba Station in South Australia and properties in the channel county of Queensland. In the years following World War I, Sidney Kidman eventually owned or had a large interest in an enormous area of land which covered at least 220,000km2, an area around the same size as the whole of England, and only slightly smaller than New Zealand. His land was divided into 68 separate stations stocked with about 176,000 head of cattle and 215,000 head of sheep. Before World War I he was a millionaire, and one of Australia’s richest men—despite selling the BHP shares 40 years earlier. Benefitting from years of experience and observation, Kidman had built avast network of connected stations across Australia. He could grow and fatten the cattle on the remote stations in the north, and bring them down the lines of stations located on the inland river system to markets in the south. The tactic provided good feed and water along the whole way, and enabled him to sell his cattle in top condition where demand for meat was high in the southern cities, earning huge profits. Kidman was six feet (183cm) tall and well built, with an affable manner and an easy smile. He made friends readily and was a good judge of people. Like Churchill, Napoleon and some other great achievers, he could go to sleep anywhere and in almost any position. He never touched alcohol nor tobacco and never used profanity. Kidman’s mighty cattle empire made him a legend in Australian farming history, and he worthily carried the name “The Cattle King.” Although only about half the size it was after World War I, the company founded Sidney Kidman died at his home in Adelaide by Sidney Kidman is still Australia’s largest aged 78 on September 2, 1935 following a brief landholder today—running about 225,000 illness. He was survived by his son, Walter, and cattle on 18 properties across the three daughters. continent.

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PART 14—Removing the Road Gates By 1861 the Corio Road Board, forerunner of the Shire of Corio, had become established. The 7 members of the Board started collecting rates from local landowners, and set about improving services within the community—especially upgrading the roads. However, they met with trouble from the very beginning. The public road that ran from Geelong to Melbourne cut through the property of some of the largest landholders around Corio and Lara. Instead of fencing their properties down both sides of the road, the landholders decided it was much cheaper to place a gate across the road at each end of their property. For example, the largest landowner, James Austin, set up no less than 6 gates on his property along the road. This constant disruption to travellers on horseback or in carriages, as well as to the numerous bullock teams proved very annoying. Cries of complaint, especially from farmers around Little River went unheeded by Austin and the other wealthy landowners. As resentment among the smaller farmers grew, the Corio Roads Board wrote to James Austin and others, requesting the removal of the gates. The matter dragged on for some time until a Mr Morris threatened legal action when his horse shied at one of the gates and bolted, destroying the cart and harness. Eventually the Board was forced to call for tenders to remove the gates to Austin’s property and then tried in vain to recoup the costs from Austin himself. While the main road to Melbourne was cleared of gates at this time, the issue remained a contentious one on all the secondary roads in the district for over the next 70 years. Why? One of the main reasons gates continued to be tolerated was that a number of the members of the Corio Road Board were large landholders themselves who were not prepared to finance the cost of fencing up and down the public roads which ran through their respective properties. Prominent and wealthy men, including Frederick Armytage at Duck Ponds (Lara), William Bullivant at Avalon, and Simon Staughton near Anakie, generally ignored the pleas from smaller farmers and travellers to remove the gates they had set up on public roads. In 1870 John Spalding complained that no less than 5 gates and a stone wall obstructed the road from Duck Ponds to Sutherlands Creek, 15km to the west. Now renamed the Corio Shire Council (in 1864), the local authority sent an

* While today it is called the “Princes Freeway” to the north of the city limits, it is still locally known as Melbourne Road, especially within the boundaries of Geelong’s northern suburbs.

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engineer to remove the obsta- cles. However, the manager of the property in question, D.H. Dow immediately built up the wall again and rehung the gates. Only after the Council threatened legal actions were the gates and wall removed again, this time for good. With gates placed across the Melbourne Road at regular Regulations for the erection of intervals, bullock teams like the one pictured above outside the fences and gates within the London Chartered Bank of Australia (now the Rheingold Cellar Shire were then drawn up Restaurant at 9 Malop Street, Geelong), would have repeatedly which still allowed for the stopped to open and close gates as they travelled to town. annoying gates to remain under certain conditions. Undoubtedly, the new regulations favoured the interests of the Shire members themselves, with Frederick Armytage and his property Wooloomanata being one of the main beneficiaries. It was only a matter of time before the issue came to a head once more. Due to a locked gate on Wooloomanata, the wife of William Beggs was forced to abandon her pony and cart and walk home 10km, carrying her young child on her back. Right up until 1907 complaints were still being received by the Corio Shire Council about gates at Wooloomanata blocking access to public roads. Finally, in 1912 the Shire officers breathed a sigh of relief—not that they had finally resolved the ongoing conflict, but rather that all authority for main roads was handed over to the newly formed Country Roads Board (now VicRoads). The problem with gates over public roads continued until as late as the 1930s, when the Corio Shire requested that the Geelong Harbour Trust unlock a gate that blocked access to the beach end of Avalon Road. Despite the ongoing tension over road gates, during the first few years of local government, the Corio Road Board, and then the Corio Shire Council, performed quite admirably, with a number of the initial objectors now praising the good work completed in the district. Apart from tolls that remained on the Batesford Road (now Midland Highway) and at Fyansford (on the Hamilton Highway) to gain income from those primarily heading to the gold fields, the roads were free to travel for all locals. And the roads themselves were continually built up and improved, to the satisfaction of locals as well as visitors to the area. Meanwhile, in addition to the roads, many other duties were gradually delegated to local councils, for them to contend with. Next month the story continues . . .

(story with help from Ian Wynd’s book So Fine a Country) 17

In 377 BCE, the Satrap or Governor of southern Asia Minor was named Mausolus. Mausolus married his sister, Artemisia, and the two expanded their area of control before deciding to build a new capital city and fortress on the coast at Halicarnassus (Bodrum). They ruled the area for 24 years. Artemisia and Mausolus spent huge amounts of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples and buildings of gleaming marble. The workmen also built walls and watchtowers, a Greek–style theatre and a temple to Ares, the Greek god of war. On a hill overlooking the city, Artemisia also ordered a final resting place for herself and her husband after death. Construction began while they were both still alive. However, in 353 BCE Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia to continue work on the tomb while ruling alone. Artemisia lived for only two years after the death of her husband. She was then cremated like her husband and the two urns containing their ashes were placed in the yet unfinished tomb. As a form of ritual sacrifice, the bodies of a large number of dead animals were placed on the stairs leading to the tomb, and then the stairs were filled with stones and rubble, sealing access to their ashes. The above- ground tomb was completed a year after Artemisia’s death, in 350 BCE. The construction was considered so beautiful and unique, it was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Turkey

Halicarnassus– today called Bodrum

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The beauty of the Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof. There were dozens of free-standing statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals— many of them life-size. The Mausoleum was 45m high.* Overall project design was assigned to Pytheos, who had also designed the Athena temple at Priene. Four of the greatest sculptors of the time contributed their work to the mausoleum: Bruaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus, each responsible for one side of the grand building. The whole structure sat in an enclosed courtyard. A stairway flanked by stone lions led to the top of the platform, which bore along its outer walls many statues of gods and goddesses. At each corner, stone warriors mounted on horseback guarded the tomb. The roof comprised almost a third of the overall height. Perched on the top was a quadriga: four massive horses pulling a chariot in which rode images of Mausolus and Artemisia. The Mausoleum was one of the most enduring of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World. When the city fell to Alexander the Great in One of the giant 334 BCE the Greek king preserved it untouched. For the next 16 statues from the north centuries the Mausoleum remained in good condition. Writings in side of the mausoleum the 12th century indicate it was still standing at that time.which has survived to However, in 1402 when the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem this day. Researchers arrived, the site was in ruins. Researchers have concluded that it believe it may be a was probably destroyed by a massive earthquake which occurred likeness to Satrap Mausoleus himself. in 1304. The Knights of St. John entered the base of the monument and discovered the room containing a great coffin. However, long before the knights had arrived, grave robbers had dug a tunnel under the grave chamber, stealing its contents. Many of the mausoleum’s fallen stones were then re-used by the knights to construct Bodrum Castle nearby. “Mausoleum” Before grinding and burning much of the remaining The final resting place of sculptures of the Mausoleum into lime for plaster, the Knights removed several of the best works and King Mausolus and his wife, mounted them in the Bodrum castle. In the 19th named as one of the Seven century the British consul discovered them and had Wonders of the Ancient several pieces sent to the British Museum where World, today gives its name they reside to this day. to all above-ground tombs. * By comparison, the silos at North Geelong are 33m high. 19

Robert Burns was a Scottish poet and lyricist. His popularity has him named as Scotland’s favourite son. Writing in the Scots language as well as Standard English, Burns’ works became famous worldwide, including among early Geelong migrants. Burns was born on January 25, 1759 in Alloway, Scotland, the eldest of the seven children of tenant farmer William Burnes,* and his wife, Agnes. When Robert was 7 years old his father moved the family to a 28ha farm. Here he grew up in poverty Robert Burns, painted by Alexander and hardship. The severe manual labour he put into Nasmyth, in 1787 the family farm left its traces in a premature stoop and a weakened constitution. Burns had little regular schooling and got much of his education from his father, who taught his children reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history, and also wrote for them A Manual Of Christian Belief. After a few years of home education, Burns was sent to Dalrymple Parish School briefly during the summer of 1772 before returning to full-time farm labouring at harvest time. By the age of 15, Burns was the principal labourer on the farm. However, his love of writing poetry filled his mind constantly. During the harvest of 1774, he penned his first attempt at poetry, "O, Once I Lov'd A Bonnie Lass." Despite his hard work and good character, Robert’s father was consistently unfortunate, forced to shift his large family from farm to farm without ever being able to improve his circumstances. In 1777, he moved his large family to Tarbolton. To his father's disapproval, Robert joined a local country dancing school in 1779 and formed the Tarbolton Bachelors' Club the following year. As a young man Burns had a number of romantic affairs with young women to whom he wrote poetry, honing his skills. His first child was born to his mother's servant in 1785, while at the same time embarking on another relationship with Jean Armour, who soon became pregnant with twins. Burns agreed to marry Jean but her father refused to permit it. To avoid disgrace, her parents sent her to live with her uncle in Paisley. The couple were eventually married in 1788, and Jean eventually bore him nine children, only three of whom survived infancy. In all, Robert Burns had 12 children, leading to over 600 direct descendants today. Meanwhile Burns continued to write poems and songs. After abandoning his farm * Robert Burns spelled his surname Burnes until 1786 20 life, he moved to Dumfries. It was at this time that, being requested to write lyrics for The Melodies of Scotland, he responded by contributing over 100 songs. He made major contributions to George Thomson's A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice as well as to James Johnson's Scots Musical Museum. Arguably his claim to immortality chiefly rests on these volumes, which placed him in the front rank of lyric poets. Burns also worked to collect and preserve Scottish folk songs, sometimes Burns’ house in Dumfries, Scotland revising, expanding, and adapting them.* Financially, Robert Burns was now doing better than he had ever been in his life. However, with the fame and success that came to him, he developed an ever-growing pride, taking a strong political stand against the local authorities, and in favour of the French Revolution over on the continent. His views alienated many of his best friends and even his employers. Now fearing for his future, and in an attempt to prove his loyalty to the Crown, Burns joined the Royal Dumfries Volunteers in March 1795. During that same year his health began to give way and he began to age prematurely. Binge drinking aggravated his long-standing possible rheumatic heart condition. His death followed a dental extraction on the morning of July 21, 1796, at age 37. His last child, a boy named Malcolm was born 4 days later. His body was eventually moved to the Burns Mausoleum in Dumfries, in September 1817. The body of his widow Jean Armour was buried with his in 1834. Many of Geelong’s early migrants were from Scotland, and they adored Burns poetry. Well into the 20th century each year on his birthday a special celebration was held in Geelong to honour Scotland’s most favourite son. * One example is his most well-known work: “Auld Lang Syne” which was featured in the Jillong Pocket last month. The Robert Burns Statue at Camperdown For over 100 years a Statue of Robert Burns could be observed in the Botanic Gardens in the western Victorian town of Camperdown. The statue was created in 1830, and in 1859 was displayed at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London. The monument was inherited by William Taylor, a settler in the Western District of Victoria, who gifted the statue to Camperdown in 1883. In June 2009, the monument was attacked by vandals. After being restored, in January 2012 it was moved indoors to the Camperdown Civic Centre to safeguard it from further vandalism.

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The origins of the game we call soccer* are not clearly defined, since the idea of kicking some form of ball around in a game appears to be a universal concept, dating back to the very beginning of civilization. Over 3,000 years ago the Egyptians kicked around a linen ball during their fertility festivals as part of the celebrations to their gods, who they believed gave them an abundant harvest. At the same time, on the other side of the planet, Japan and China were starting to record their early history. Around 1,000 BCE the Japanese played a game called Kemari, where they would kick a ball around in the air with 2 to 12 players, similar to today’s game called hackysack. Starting around 400 BCE the Chinese military forces played a game named Tsu Chu, meaning ‘kick the ball with foot.’ Players tried to kick a leather ball into a small hole in a cloth hung between two trees. Similar to modern soccer no hands were used. In 50 BCE the Chinese Tsu Chu players and Japan’s Kemari players had their first international games in their Japanese playing Kemari respective codes, possibly becoming the first recorded in c.1,000 BCE. international sporting tournament. Around the same time, (50 BCE) the Roman Empire was coming to power. Romans played a similar game to soccer but without rules, strategies or tactics. Due to its popularity the game was played on the streets (see image below), creating havoc for any who unwittingly got in the path of the ball. Roman orator Cicero described one incident where careless players accidently kicked the ball toward a barber who was shaving a customer at the time. The startled barber lost control of his blade and cut the customer’s throat, leading to the poor man’s untimely death. In the Americas the native Eskimos played a game called aqsaqtuk on ice, using a ball stuffed with grass, caribou hair and moss. There is a * While most of the world refer to the game simply as ‘football’ a number of countries, including Australia, use the word ‘soccer’ to distinguish the game from other versions of football played in that particular country. 22

legend that tells of an epic game where two villages played against each other with the goals set 10 miles apart. Further to the south, the Native American Indians in the original Jamestown settlement played pasuckuakohowog, meaning ‘they gather to play ball with the foot.’ It was a physically enduring game with as many as 100 players on an area 800m wide by 1600m long. However, over the last 1,300 years it has mainly been in England where the past-time of kicking a ball has been turned into the passionate game enjoyed by all today. In the 8th century the first organised football games were recorded being played in the east of England. However these initial football games were unruly and violent, and injuries and even deaths were not uncommon. Concerned with the carnage in 1331, King Edward III passed a law to stop people from playing the game. Ninety-three years later, King James I of Scotland did the same. By 1572, Queen Elisabeth I of England introduced a law that would see a person jailed if they were caught playing the game. But despite these official decrees the game went on. Eventually, in 1605 the game of football was once more legalised on the condition that rules were established to rid the game of wanton aggression and violence. Various rule changes then occurred until, in 1815, Eton College of England established rules generally accept by everybody. Then, 33 years later in 1848 the rules were further standardised and a new version was adapted by Britain, known as the Cambridge Rules. These rules are still the foundation for the game we know today. On October 26, 1863 the English Football Association was formed when eleven London schools and clubs came together at the Freemason’s Tavern to establish a competition. The first ever FA soccer match was played between Barnes Football Club and Richmond Football Club (as seen in the image above). The widespread appeal of the game led to international fixtures taking place. As a result, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association, or FIFA was established on May 21, 1904, with France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland joining England in international competition. In 1930, FIFA held soccer’s first World Cup tournament in Uruguay with 13 teams, finally cementing soccer as the greatest World Game. Today, around the globe up to 265 million people play soccer regularly, while the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil saw up to 1 billion people (14% of the world’s entire population) tuning in the watch Germany defeat Argentina the final.

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 Mexico is the 11th most populated country in the world with around 117 million people (as of July 2012).  Mexico is the 14th largest country by land area.  There are 31 states in Mexico as well as the capital city (Mexico City).  Mexico is home to over 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.  Mexico’s highest mountain is Pico de Orizaba (a dormant volcano) at 5,636m.  Mexico has 42 volcanos— of which at least 7 are still active.  The national symbol of Mexico is the golden eagle which features prominently on the coat of arms.  The main language spoken in Mexico is Spanish.  The largest source of immigration to the United States is from Mexico.  Mexican food is known for its range of flavours and spices. Popular dishes include tacos, burritos and enchiladas.  Mexico introduced chocolate, corn, and chilies to the world  Mexico City is built over the ruins of the great Aztec city, Tenochtitlán. Because it is built over an old lake, Mexico City is slowly sinking.  The National University of Mexico was founded in 1551 by Charles V of Spain and is the oldest university in North America  The most popular sport in Mexico is football (soccer).  Mexico hosted the Football World Cup in both 1970 and 1986.  Mexico City hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1968.

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Ginger Meggs is Australia’s most popular and longest-running comic strip. It was originally created in the early 1920’s by Jimmy Bancks. Bancks was born in Enmore, NSW, on May 10, 1889, the son of an Irish railway Jimmy Bancks worker. He left school at the age of 14 and found employment with a finance company. His first illustrations were accepted and published by The Comic Australian in 1913, followed by The Arrow in 1914. This encouraged Bancks to submit work to The Bulletin, where he was offered a permanent position. He accepted the offer and remained with The Bulletin until 1922. Throughout this period he supplied freelance cartoons to the Sunday Sun. Ginger first appeared in the Sunday Sun on November 13, 1921. The strip follows the shenanigans of a red-haired trouble maker who lives in an inner suburban working-class household. Ginger’s parents, John and Sarah, are constantly trying to guide and correct their mischief-making son, while his long-suffering school- teacher, Mr Canehard, loses more battles with Ginger than he wins. Ginger’s friends—Benny, Fitzzy, Minnie, Aggie, Hookey and Chubb join Ginger in his adventures, and are on constant lookout for bullies, Jugears and Tiger Kelly. Bancks died on July 1, 1952, from a heart attack at his home in Point Piper, NSW. His publisher found a year’s worth of strips to run while they found another artist. From 1953 until 1973 Ron Vivian wrote and drew Ginger Meggs. After Vivian’s death, Lloyd Piper took over until 1983 but then sadly died in a car accident. James Kemsley then drew Ginger Meggs until his death in 2007. Perth-based cartoonist Jason Chatfield continues to draw Ginger Meggs to this day. Meanwhile, young Ginger has not aged a single year– still being portrayed as an eternally young Aussie lad. The strip remains the most widely syndicated Australian comic strip today, appearing in over 120 newspapers in 34 countries, and online to millions more. You can get your daily dose of Ginger Meggs in the Geelong Advertiser.

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“I’ll be back!” With those three words uttered in his deep, accented voice in the original Terminator movie, Arnold Schwarzenegger cemented his place in Hollywood history, and in the hearts of a generation of adoring fans. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born on July 30, 1947 and raised on a farm in Austria. His father Gustav, was the local police chief, and both he and Arnold’s mother were strict disciplinarians. The family attended the Catholic Church every Sunday. Although Gustav was in the police force, the family was poor, and one of Arnold’s treasured memories was when the family purchased a refrigerator. As a boy Arnold was considered an average student, but was encouraged by his father to excel in sports such as soccer, baseball and boxing. “I have always felt that there is no other way of learning discipline and persistence, than in sports,” he was once quoted saying in an interview. Arnold picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym. The following year, at the age of 14, he At age 10 chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career. He started an intensive training program at a gym in the Austrian city of Graz, and was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into a local gym on weekends when it was usually closed, so that he could train. Between training sessions Arnold also frequented the local movie theatres to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. At a mere 17 years of age, he officially started his competitive career. Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfil the one year of national service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During this time he had to go AWOL to compete in the Mr. Europe contest, in which he won the junior division. As a result, he spent a week in military prison. Determined to live in America, Arnold saw the Mr. Universe title as his ticket out of Austria. He made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the Mr. Universe competition in London where he placed second. He remained in London, where a personal- ised training program was developed to help him win the Mr. At age 17 26

Universe competition the following year—which did (1967), becoming the youngest ever winner at 20 years of age. It was the first of three Mr. Universe titles won by Schwarzenegger. Staying in the East End of London also helped him improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. In September 1968 Schwarzenegger moved to Los Angeles, California. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times. Up until his final retirement from the body- building industry in 1980 Schwarzenegger admitted to using performance- enhancing anabolic steroids (which at the time were legal). Various medical commentators have thus predicted an early grave for the bulked-up actor but, up to this time, such opinions have not been realised. From the moment he landed in America Schwarzenegger wanted to get into the acting scene. His very first movie was in the role of Hercules in the 1969 film Hercules in New York. His English was so bad his voice had to be dubbed over during post-production so that he could be understood. A number of small roles came his way during the 1970s, all requiring little or no speaking lines. Most of the time though, his applications were rejected because: his body was weird, his accent was too strong, or his name was too long. Finally, in 1982 he got his big break playing the lead role in Conan the Barbarian, which even produced a sequel 2 years later. But it was in 1984 that James Cameron cast Schwarzenegger in the lead role in the science-fiction thriller, Terminator—and he has never looked back. Schwarzenegger was then successful in achieving the role as Julius Benedict in 1988 comedy movie, Twins, co-starring with Danny Devito. The sequel movies Terminator 2: Judgement Day, Terminator 3: Rise Of The Machines were also big hits with movie-goers. He missed the 4th instalment, Terminator Salvation due to political duties, but the fifth Terminator movie, Terminator Genisys has him returning as the robot guardian—the movie is due for release on July 1 this year. In 2003, Schwarzenegger succeeded in winning the position as Governor Of California. He was then nicknamed “The Governator” due to his acting roles as the Terminator. He completed his 2 terms as Governor in 2011. On May 9, 2011, Arnold and his wife Maria Shriver, ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage. It was a very messy affair, and the legal fallout is still ongoing. Although now worth an estimated $400 million Schwarzenegger has repeatedly stated that his wealth has not added to his happiness. Now 66 years of age, movie fans know they haven’t seen the last of him. He WILL be back soon!

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Damper is the name given to traditional Australian bushman’s bread. William Bond, who arrived in Australia as part of the First Fleet established a bakery in Pitt Street. The first bread he made was damper. Each night, Bond would cover the red-hot coals in his fire with ashes. “Damping” the fire this way kept the fire alight overnight. This saved him from the labourious task of having to start a new fire each morning. He discovered that burying kneaded dough in the hot coals to bake produced a delicious loaf of bread about 30 minutes later. He named the new type of bread after the ‘damping’ process used to keep his fire alight. As time went by Australian bushmen learned to bake damper the same way. Originally made from plain flour, water and salt and cooked in the campfire, modern recipes often include baking soda or self-raising flour to help the baking dough rise. Other ingredients could include butter, powdered milk, or even beer. Basic Damper Recipe (Ingredients do not need to be refrigerated while travelling): Ingredients:  2 cups of Self-Raising flour  ½ Teaspoon of Salt  2 Teaspoons of Sugar  ¾ Cup of Water Method:  Add all the dry ingredients together and mix then whisk in the water and kneed by hand. [Squeezing up to 100 times] If the mixture is sticky add a little more flour, the dough should hold together well without breaking up.  Cook in a preheated oven* at 160o for 35—45 minutes or until golden brown.  Serve hot with butter. *If you want to try the original method of burying in hot coals instead of using a modern oven, you may wish to wrap the dough in aluminium foil to keep ashes out of the crust. 28 Word Search– Car Parts A D A E N B R S L E R Y T I A A S B I A D A A O S R O S E G E E N S T E E R I N G R X L Y O E I U S R U O I B G G A O T S G T R S L B R G A U G O N B I G N I T I O N R T A A M L S B F D E E K S U O L A N K L P E E M S K G D P L K L G R G S M C A R E T S E H P L D L F U E L G A U G E I P P T R D I H E L O K T B W B A E T E O D O M E T E R L E A I L K S E C A G K A O N A R Q T R K D D D D F R L U E N R L R E I O L A U R S E O E A L I T R A X A A S R B R I B O A O R M P R N I E A R H H C T U L C K S R A R L E E I I O G R C O X H I T B A C K S E A T T K X A N I H C T S E C E R W E S E I P T E A N O O B S T T O I K C R E O N L T M I R R N I O T B N R E W V A M M T O U R T S W B P K L E C A E O N B N R D I F F E R E N T I A L B K P E P V N A U B R W R E N K C A R K N I R E E T S I O L S D F O K R O T A R E L E C C A K Y U I B L L N T K A D O R M T A I L L I G H T S N U U G A O S E K A R B R R R S T E P T P P A E R K H I S T W U S S E G D A B B U Q B W T A D C

ABS CRUISE CONTROL IGNITION SPEEDOMETER ACCELERATOR DIFFERENTIAL INDICATORS STEERING AMPLIFIER DOORS KEYS SUB WOOFER BACK SEAT ENGINE MIRRORS SUN VISOR BADGES EXHAUST ODOMETER SUSPENSION BLINKERS FUEL GAUGE PETROL TANK TAIL LIGHTS BOOT FUSES QUARTER PANELS TAIL SHAFT BONNET GEAR STICK RACK TOW BALL BRAKE PEDAL GLOVE BOX RADIO TRANSMISSION BUMPER HAND BRAKE SEAT BELT TYRE CLUTCH HEAD LIGHT SPEAKERS WIPER BLADES 29

On the $100 banknote is: John Monash Sir John Monash was born on June 27, 1865 in West Melbourne to Prussian Jew, Louis Monash and his wife Bertha. John sang in the choir at the East Melbourne synagogue and celebrated his bar mitzvah there. He attended Scotch College, and despite his heritage, by the time he finished school he had largely abandoned religion. His family were also very musical and John became a capable pianist. At school Monash pursued a degree in engineering and was an extremely good student. He natural ability won many awards, but at times his grades suffered due to trying to focus on too many interests at once. In 1884 he started his military career by volunteering to join the 4th Battalion, Victorian Rifles. After finishing school Monash worked on the construction of Princes Bridge over the Yarra. Then, in 1888 he was put in charge of construction of the eastern suburban railway line for 3 years. He later formed a company that built the Monier bridge over the Moorabool River at Fyansford, near Geelong (now only used as a walking bridge). By 1913 Monash was considered a pillar of Melbourne society, owned a Toorak mansion with servants, and a luxurious motor car. John Monash was described as being very articulate, a natural administrator and leader of men, a very logical and clear thinker—qualities that came to the fore during World War I. On the outbreak of war he was appointed to command the 4th Infantry Brigade, Australian Imperial Force. His troops participated in the doomed Gallipoli campaign during 1915, but his efforts as a commander of troops earned him promotion to major-general. Monash was then fortunate to be assigned a decisive role in the British troops push to victory in France during 1918. The successes he achieved won him a knighthood and many admirers among the allied forces, despite lingering suspicions over his Jewish-German heritage. After the war Monash returned home and in 1920 he became chairman of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria, having responsibility for establishing the massive electricity generating project from brown coal at Yallourn. A genius in getting to the heart of any problem and finding its solution, Monash had many admirers, but he also his critics who were repulsed by his unabashed ego. He rediscovered his Jewish Statue of John Monash at heritage later in life before dying from heart disease on October Melbourne’s Shrine of 8, 1931 and being buried in Brighton cemetery. Remembrance 30

Geelong– 150 years ago this month “Mount Moriac was yesterday the scene of a conflagration that will be remembered for some time by many of the inhabitants of the district. It was a road board day, and during the sitting, the alarm was given that the whole mount was on fire. The board at once adjourned, and each member sallied forth armed with a sack, the bough of a tree or anything that came first, in fact, to hand... Below the vineyard, at the foot of the mount, was Mr Riche’s homestead, and as the wind was blowing fiercely in this direction, the whole of the buildings seemed inevitably doomed to destruction. Just as the fire approached the homestead, however, the wind suddenly veered round, and with the gust the fire swept round the corner of Riche’s farm leaving the homestead uninjured. On it came, curing and cracking through the long stubble, towards the Mill Road, igniting a large stack of straw and coming right up to the woodwork of the small chapel used by the Bible Christians. From ten to twenty men here worked energetically to beat the fire down, and by dint of great energy the chapel was saved, but the smoke was so dense that the men were fairly prostrated by the suffocating vapour. Yesterday’s hot wind was no doubt experienced pretty generally through- out the colony. In Melbourne the thermometer at noon stood at 106 (41.1C) in the shade...”

Geelong Advertiser February 28, 1865 p.2

About this magazine: This magazine has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia.

If you have any comments about information contained in this edition, or suggestions for future issues please contact us: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000 Email: [email protected] 31

c.1950

Source: The Rose Series Malop Street, Geelong—Looking east towards Moorabool Street The National Mutual Life Association building (arrowed), on the right-hand corner of Moorabool Street was constructed in 1924-5 for £36,000, and still maintains its façade of Sydney freestone. Since 1978 the ground floor shop front has been occupied by Thomas Jewellers, who spent $3.3 million renovating the store in 2012. On the left of the photo is the Carlton Hotel at its peak. In 1954 even Queen Elizabeth stayed here, during a week-long country tour of Victoria. In the photo above, the congested road space, shared by trams and the growing number of cars is evident. On March 25, 1956 the trams ran for the last time, to make way for motor vehicles, which, along with buses, dominate traffic down Malop Street today.

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