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Synopsis on Biological Data on the Sand Perch, Diplectrum Formosum

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Synopsis on Biological Data on the Sand Perch, Diplectrum Formosum Synopsis of BoIogîca Data on the Sand Perch, Dipiectrum formosum (Pisces: Serranidae) «I SAST-LJipiecrum forrnoum 1,70(02)131,01 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS NMFS The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and iinplemen' tation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and ecOnomic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. lt collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The NOAA Technical Report NMFS series was establishcd in 1983 to replace two subcategories of the 'l'echnicvìcps'ts series: "Special Scientific Report.....Fisheries" and "Circular' The series contains the following types of reports: S investigations that document liingterm continuing programs of NMFS. intensive scientific reports on studies scope, pupers on applied fishery problems, technical reports of general interest ìntended to aid conservation und reports that review in considerable detail and ut a high technical level certain broad areas uf research, and techeS pap:rs origìnating in econoniìcs studies and fron) management investigations. Copìes of NOAA Technical Report NMFS are available free in limited numbe: . governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific und technical pub:,'... ns In the marine sciences, Individual copìes muy be obtained from: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical In:fl:.iY.'i Service, 5285 Por) Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 26 / pMOs Synopsis of Biological Data I o on the Sand Perch, o C. Diplectrum formosum MENTOGO'' (Pisces: Serranidae) George H. Darcy March 1985 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 143 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baidrige, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration John V. Byrne, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recom- mend or endorse any propriety product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publica- tion furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised pro- duct to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Introduction i Identity i 1.1 Nomenclature ¡ 1.11 Validname 1.12 Objective synonymy 1.2Taxonomy 1.21 Affinities 1 1.22 Taxonomie status 2 1.23 Subspecies 2 1.24 Standard common names, verncular names 3 1.3Morphology 3 1.31 External morphology 3 *1.32 Cytomophology *1.33 Protein specificity 2Distribution 4 2.1Totalarea 4 2.2Differential distribution 4 2.21 Spawn, larvae, and juveniles 4 2.22 Adults 5 2.3Determinants of distribution changes 5 2.4Hybridization 6 3 Bionomics and life history 6 3.1 Reproduction 6 3.11 Sexuality 6 3.12 Maturity 6 3.13 Mating 7 3.14Fertilization 3.15 Gonads 7 3.16Spawning 9 3.17 Spawn 9 3.2Preadult phase 9 3.21 Embryonic phase 9 3.22Larvae and adolescent phase 9 3.3 Adult phase 10 3.31 Longevity 10 3.32Hardiness 10 3.33 Competitors 11 3.34Predators 12 3.35Parasites, diseases, injuries, and abnormalities 12 *3.36 Physiology, biochemistry, etc. 3.4Nutrition and growth 12 3.41 Feeding 12 3.42Food 12 3.43 Growth rate 13 *344 Metabolism 3.5Behavior 13 3.51 Migrations and local movements 13 3.52 Schooling 14 3.53 Responses to stimuli 14 4Population 14 4.1Structure 14 4.11 Sex ratio 14 *4.12Age composition 4.13Size composition 14 4.14Subpopulations 14 4.2Abundance and density 14 4.3Natality and recruitment 17 4.31 Reproduction rates 17 4.32Factors affecting reproduction 17 4.33Recruitment 17 111 4.4Mortality and morbidity 17 *45Dynamics of population 4.6The population in the community and the ecosystem 17 5 Exploitation 17 5.1 Fishing equipment 17 5.2Fishing areas 17 5.3Fishing seasons 19 5.4Fishing operations and results 19 5.41 Effort and intensity 19 *5.42 Selectivity 5.43Catches 19 6Protection and management 19 6.1 Regulatory measures 19 *7Pond fish culture Acknowledgments 19 Literature cited 19 *No information available. iv SynopsisiF ikgica1 Data on the San1 Diplect, formosum (Pisces: Serrank GEORGE H. DARCY' ABSTRACT Information on the biology and fishery resources of n common western Atlantic serranid, Diplect rum for- mosum, is compiled, reviewed, and analyzed in the FAO species synopsis style. INTRODUCTION Serranus irradians Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1828 (in part) The sand perch,Diplectrumformosum, isa small serranid occur- Diplectrum fasciculare Holbrook 1855 ring along the southeastern Atlantic coast of the United States, Centropristis fascicularis Günther 1859 throughout the Gulf of Mexico and much of the Caribbean Sea, Centropristis radians Günther 1859 and along the coast of Central and South America south to about Diplectrum radians Poey 1876 Uruguay. Sand perch occur from shore to depths of over 130 m. Serranusformosus Jordan 1885 They are sometimes abundant and widely distributed over sand or Diplectrum formosum Goode and Bean 1886 shell bottoms, particularly in the South Atlantic Bight, on the Centropristis form osus Berg 1895 West Florida Shelf, and on Campeche Bank. Because of their Haliperca formosa Miranda-Ribeiro 1904 abundance, they may be important as forage for larger predators, Diplectrum formosus Jordan, Evermann, and Clark 1930 such as snappers, groupers, porgies, and sharks. Sand perch enter Diplectrum fascicularis Poey 1955 commercial landings primarily as by-catch of the shrimp and Diplectrum radiale Ringuelet and Aramburu 1960 (misiden- bottomfish fisheries; many are discarded. Despite their small size, tification) sand perch are desirable recreational species due to their excellent food quality. They are commonly caught by recreational and sub- 1.2 Taxonomy sistence fishermen, especially on the west coast of Florida. This paper summarizes information on the sand perch in the FAO 1.21 Affinities species synopsis format. Suprageneric i IDENTITY Phylum: Chordata 1.1 Nomenclature Class: Osteichthyes Superorder: Acanthopterygii 1.11 Valid name Order: Perciformes Suborder: Percoidei Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus 1766) (Fig. 1). Family: Serranidae Sand perch, Diplectrum formosum Linnaeus 1766:488-489, Systernatics of the family Serranidae have been discussea by type locality: Carolina. The name is derived from the Greek di- several authors. Jordan and Eigenmann (1890) reviewed the (two) and plektron (cock's spur), referring to the preopercle, which American serranids and included six subfamilies. Three of these bears two clusters of spines, and the Greek forpnosus, meaning (Grammistinae, Latinae, and Percichthyinae) are usually excluded beautiful. from Serranidae in recent literature. Kendall (1979) considered thetaxaSerraninae,Arithiinae,Epinephelinae,and 1.12 Objective synonymy Liopropominae subfamilies, but Smith (1978) treated Anthiinae as a separate family. Gosline (1966) considered only Serraninae, The following synonymy is based on Bortone (1977): Anthiinae, and Epinephelinae to be subfamilies of Serranidae. Diplectrum belongs to the subfamily Serraninae. Perca formosa Linnaeus 1766 Serranus radians Quoy and Gaimard 1824 Generic Serranus fascicularis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1828 The genus Diplectrum is composed of nine eastern Pacific and three western Atlantic species (Rosenblatt and Johnson 1974; Bortone 1977), and is endemic to tropical and subtropical shelf 1Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 75 waters of the Western Hemisphere. All species of Diplectrum are Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33 149-1099. hermaphroditic. Figure 1.AduLt Dipl ecl rum formosum. (From Jordan and Eigenmann 1890.) The genus was characterized as follows by Bortone (1977). ward and anteriorly to the distal corner of the maxillary) 12-18 Smallpercoidfishes,moderatelycompressed;body depth (mode 16); 8-12 scales above lateral line; pectoral rays 16 modal- moderate to slender; jaws terminal; dorsal and ventral body pro- ly; spinous-dorsal profile nearly parallel to dorsum. files nearly equal. Caudal fin truncate or slightly forked; upper Two other species ofDiplectrum, D. radialeandD. bivittatum, caudal lobe usually somewhat longer than lower, sometimes ex- occur in the western Atlantic.Diplectrum formosum isdistinguish- tended as elongated filament. Dorsal fin continuous, only slightly ed from these species by having 2 spiny lobes on the preopercle, indented between spinous and soft dorsals. Villiform teeth present its larger size as an adult, 16 (modally) pectoral rays(D. bivittatum in upper and lower jaws; both jaws with 5-10 small caniform has 15,D. radiale17), smallest scales and highest mean
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