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Kinds, Distributions and Abundances of Sea Bass Larvae (Pisces: Serranidae) from the Eastern Gulf of Mexico

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Kinds, Distributions and Abundances of Sea Bass Larvae (Pisces: Serranidae) from the Eastern Gulf of Mexico BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 32(2): 511-522, 1982 KINDS, DISTRIBUTIONS AND ABUNDANCES OF SEA BASS LARVAE (PISCES: SERRANIDAE) FROM THE EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO Edward D. Houde ABSTRACT Occurrences, distributions and abundances of serranid larvae from the eastern Gulf of Mexico were described based on 505-lLmmesh bongo net collections made during 13 cruises in 1971-73. A diverse assemblage of serranid larvae was collected, totalling 5,350 individuals. Four subfamilies were represented and 11 genera and 14 species (or types) were identified. The most abundant serranid larva was Diplectrum formosum, followed by Hemanthias vi- vanus. Larvae of D. formosum were the fifth most common species of all fish larvae that were collected on the cruises and accounted for 55.5% of the serranids. Other common serranid larvae included Serraniculus pumilio, Centropristis ~'triata, Pronotogrammus au- reorubens, Anthias Type I, epinepheline larvae and Rypticus spp. Larvae of serranids were collected over the entire shelf area in the eastern Gulf during all seasons, but species that occurred differed by area, season and depth zone. Apparent differences in annual mean abundances were observed for some species. Relationships between occurrences and surface temperature and salinity were examined. Spawning seasons were inferred from the larval occurrence data. The sea basses (Serranidae) are a diverse group of perciform fishes that are well represented in tropical and temperate oceans of the world, with many species important to commercial and recreational fisheries. Spawning areas and seasons of serranids were poorly known in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The objectives of this paper are to report the kinds and abundances of serranid larvae in the eastern Gulf as well as seasons and areas where they occur. Delineating distributions of pelagic larvae by area and time allows inferences to be made about adult distri- butions, spawning areas and spawning seasons. Larvae of most serranid species are unidentified and have not been recognized at the species level, but four major kinds of pelagic larvae often are collected in ichthyoplankton surveys. Following Kendall (1979), these larvae are assigned to four subfamilies: Serraninae, Anthiinae, Epinephelinae and Grammistinae. Ken- dall (1979) described these kinds of larvae and also provided many specific iden- tifications. His work made it possible to identify much of the eastern Gulf of Mexico serranid material. METHODS AND MATERIALS A series of 13 ichthyoplankton survey cruises to the eastern Gulf of Mexico in 1971-73 provided samples from near the coast to the deep Gulf (Table 1). A total of 756 stations was sampled with a 61-cm, 505-lLm mesh bongo net in oblique tows from 200 m, or within 5 m of bottom, to surface. Houde and Chitty (1976), Houde (1977) and Houde et al. (1979) have described the survey plan, sampling methods and analytical procedures in detail. The major literature source for larval identifications was Kendall (1979). Most larvae of Diplectrum and all Centropristis larvae were assumed to be D. formosum and C. striata, respectively, based on reported adult occurrences and distributions in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Miller 1959; Bortone, 1977). Larvae of groupers, Eipinephelus and Mycteroperca spp. usually could not be identified to genus or species, except for some large specimens of E. moria, which have distinctive dorsal and anal fin meristics (DXI, 16, 17; AlII, 9). Epinephelus mario is the most common grouper in the eastern Gulf; only the speckled hind (E. drummondhayi) has similar meristics and is known to have scattered occurrences in the area. Catches of larvae at each station were standardized to numbers under 10 m2 of sea surface (Houde 511 512 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. VOL. 32, NO.2, 1982 Table I. Thirteen cruises to the eastern Gulf of Mexico from which abundances and distributions of serranid larvae were determined Number Area Represented of by the Stations Cruises'!' Dates Stations (m' x 10') l. 8C7113-TI7114 7-18 May 1971 123 120.48 2. GE7117 26 June-4 July 1971 27 101.10 3. 8C7120-TI121 7-25 Aug 1971 146 189.43 4. TI713l-8B7132 7-16 Nov 197] 64 72.99 5. 8B720]-GE7202 1-] I Feb 1972 30 148.85 6. GE7208 1-10 May 1972 30 ]24.88 7. IS7205 9-17 Sept 1972 34 104.59 8. IS7209 8-]6 Nov ]972 50 149.80 9. IS7303 19-27 Jan 1973 51 149.80 10. IS7308 9-17 May 1973 49 151.42 ]1. IS7311 27 June-6 July 1973 51 156.50 12. IS7313 3-13 Aug 1973 50 153.18 13. IS7320 6-14 Nov 1973 51 153.89 * Ship Codes: 8e = RN DAN BRAMAN; TI = RN TURSIOPS; 8B = RIV BELLOWS; GE = RIV GERDA; IS = RN COLUMBUS ISELIN. 1977). In this way mean abundances of larvae could be compared among years, seasons, depth zones and north-south sectors in the eastern Gulf. The survey area and stations that were sampled one or more times during the cruises are iUustrated in Figure l. Stations sampled on each of the cruises are not illustrated here but are illustrated in Houde et al. (1979). Comparisons of serranid larvae abun- dances between depth zones were made relative to the 50 m isobath. Comparisons between north and south sectors were made after dividing the survey area at latitude 2r15'N. Frequencies of station occurrences for common serranid larvae also were determined relative to depth zones, surface tem- peratures and surface salinities. Differences in mean abundances of larvae between depth zones and between north-south sectors were tested for significance in paired t-tests after transforming larval abundance estimates to log, (abundance ±0.0001). Differences were judged to be significant at the a '" 0.05 level. RESULTS A total of 5,350 serranid larvae was collected in the 13 cruises. Serranids ac- counted for 4.7% of all fish larvae that were collected in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and 5.2% of larvae that were identified at least to the family level. Only Clupeidae, Gobiidae, Bothidae and Myctophidae contributed more larvae than Serranidae to the collections. Serranids were among the 10 most often collected families on 8 of the 13 cruises. Serranid larvae were collected at most of the stations in the eastern Gulf, an indication that spawning is widespread in the survey area. Larvae of the four subfamilies were present in eastern Gulf collections. Larval Serraninae were most common, contributing 3,653 larvae, 68.3% of the serranid larvae collected (Table 2). There were relatively few Anthiinae (512 larvae, 9.6%), Epinephelinae (146 larvae, 2.7%) and Grammistinae (202 larvae, 3.8%). Larval serranids that could not be identified to subfamily totalled 837 (15.6%). Eleven genera and 15 species (or types) were identified in the collections (Table 2). The number of larvae identified to species (or type) was 3,977, 74.3% of the serranid larvae that were collected. The most common species was the sand perch Diplectrum formosum. Its larvae comprised 55.5% of all serranid larvae in the collections. Diplectrum formosum was the fifth most frequently collected fish larvae identified to species for the 13 cruises. Only the clupeids Sardinella an- chovia and Opisthonema oglinum, the carangid Decapterus punctatus and the bothid Syacium papillosum were more common. Other common serranid larvae were Hemanthias viva nus (red barbier), Ser- HOUDE: SERRANlD LARVAE: EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO 513 ~ + '~::=:_--:f-"" + ,;,' \ '. 10m + ,~, ,"!_... 1- '... ~\ -r\.. CI _ _ .••.._//,;1 _+- .•. ~, '~'.. +..-.. + .••."..I •• ~ - '" \ \ . ..--- + + \ -t \ '~-t + .. \.. .•.... + + + ' ....r .•.....+ , + -+ + + + +\ "", ....,... 50 m \ .•. ... +, + + + + -t1 .•. ,,\. \ + + + '+, ,,+ '" + + + + ~ \ \ \ ~ +", -i- ,,+ + -+ + ,+ ',100 rTt \ + + + + + ~, \ ~\ + --t- + + ~+ .. \' .. ~l 't -f~t + T +\ .. + + + "+\ + 1- +\, *I \.\ \ •• 200 'm+ ~ + \ + + +\ + l-+i-+-\-+++\ I \ I \ \+'+rl-++-t\ \ I' ,\\'\1 + + \ + t+ + \+ -+ + -+ \.\1 I I \ ' .• I + I + + \ --;- + + + " I I \ , + +: -+: + +\ + + + + \ ,.. \ \ : '\1-++\++++\+ I T \ \ + 1,+ , + -+ +1 + + + + \+ \ I I \ \\ 'I/ + -+ }+- + + + + \+\ + " \......:-1', + +, + + + + /I 'q- :v ,it :- + + ~/ "'".~/ •••' ••••••.\.. • ,..__ ••.. J '" 86° 84° 82° 80° Figure I. Survey area, stations and depth contours for ichthyoplankton cruises to the eastern Gulf of Mexico, 1971-73. Not all stations were sampled on each of the 13 cruises. raniculus pumilio (pygmy sea bass) and Centropristis striata (black sea bass). Unidentified species of Rypticus (soapfishes) also were common as were larvae of Serranus spp. Larval groupers (Epinephelus or Mycteroperca spp.) occurred frequently but, except for five E. morio (red grouper) larvae, they could not be identified to species. Most unidentified serranids (Table 2) probably were serran- ines, based on subfamily characters given by Kendall (1979). They were not assigned to Serraninae because of uncertainty in their identification. Numbers collected and abundances of common serranid larvae varied among cruises (Table 3). Of the eight most common serranids only D. formosum oc- curred in all cruises. Hemanthias vivanus occurred in all except one cruise and S. pumilio was present in all but two of the cruises. Although nearly eight times more D.formosum than H. viva nus larvae were collected, their mean abundances (number under 10 m2) differed by only a factor of 3.4 (Table 3), primarily because H. viva nus occurred more frequently at deeper stations. Only D. formosum and H. viva nus mean abundances exceeded 1.0 under 10 m2 for the 13 cruises. Areas of Occurrence Distributions of eight common serranid larvae, represented by stations when: larvae were collected at least once during the surveys, are illustrated in Figure 514 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 32, NO.2, 1982 Table 2. List of serranid larvae collected on 13 cruises to the eastern Gulf of Mexico, 1971-73 (Percentages of larvae within each subfamily are percents of total serranid larvae that were collected) Larvae Taxa Number Percent Serraninae 3,653 68.3 Diplec/rum formosum 2,967 55.5 Dip/ectrum spp. 7 0.1 Centropristis striata 138 2.6 Serraniculus pumilia 355 6.6 Serra nus spp. 186 3.5 Anthiinae 512 9.6 An/Mas Type I 35 0.7 An/hias Type 2 3 <0.1 An/hias Type 3 11 0.2 An/hias spp.
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