DOCSLIB.ORG

Adequacy of Dialysis in Iranian Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Adequacy of Dialysis in Iranian Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Nephro-Urol Mon. 2018 September; 10(5):e82235. doi: 10.5812/numonthly.82235. Published online 2018 September 17. Review Article Adequacy of Dialysis in Iranian Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Fazel Dehvan 1, Fateme Monjazebi 2, Masoumeh Erfani Khanghahi 3, Hiwa Mohammadi 4, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh 1, * and Amanj Kurdi 5 1Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Educational Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH), Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 4Department of Nursing, Brojerd School of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran 5Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK *Corresponding author: Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Tel: +98-9144050284, Fax: +98-36235450, Email: [email protected] Received 2018 July 16; Revised 2018 July 25; Accepted 2018 September 06. Abstract Context: Preforming an adequate and effective dialysis is essential to improve patients’ quality-of-life and decrease the complica- tions of kidney failure. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness of dialysis among Iranian patients undergoing hemodialysis is inconclusive. The current study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of dialysis in Iranian patients undergoing hemodialysis using a systematic approach. Evidence Acquisition: In the current meta-analysis, the search was performed using the keywords “Adequacy of Dialysis” and “He- modialysis Adequacy” in SID, MagIran, ISI/Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases from inception to July 2018. According to the heterogeneity of the studies, the data were analyzed using the random effects model with STATA version 14. Results: The mean urea kinetic modeling (Kt/V) and urea reduction ratio (URR) in Iranian patients undergoing hemodialysis were 1.11% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03 - 1.81) and 59.94% (95% CI: 58.33 - 61.54), respectively. There was no correlation between indices of dialysis adequacy, sample size, mean age of samples, and year of the paper publication. However, Kt/V and URR in articles with high methodological quality were higher than the ones with moderate methodological quality. Conclusions: The mean adequacy of dialysis indices among Iranian patients was below the standard levels and it is necessary to consider measures to improve dialysis efficacy. Keywords: Adequacy of Dialysis, Hemodialysis, Iran 1. Context sidered in the treatment of such patients (7). Although patients with ESRD have been successfully treated with Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a set of pathologic pro- hemodialysis over the past four decades, the dialysis com- cesses, characterized by loss of renal function including munity is looking for a valid and simple criterion to reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the for- evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of treatment (8). mation of uremic syndrome (1). End stage renal disease Kalender and Tosun believes that the adequacy of dialy- (ESRD) is the final stage of renal failure, with a GFR of < 15 sis can reduce mortality, increase longevity, and improve mL/minute (2). Globally, approximately 600 million peo- the quality-of-life in patients undergoing hemodialysis (9). ple have CRF, with an annual mortality rate of 60,000 peo- On the other hand, poor and inadequate dialysis means ple (3). The development and prevalence of ESRD in Iran higher disability and mortality rate (10, 11). Effectiveness is higher than that of the global rate, with an estimated and adequacy of dialysis depend on many factors includ- prevalence rate of 1,200 to 1,600 per annum (4,5). ing type of filter, dialysis pump rate, dialysis time and Although hemodialysis, as a substitute for the kid- speed, the application of high-flux dialyzer, blood flow ney, increases the survival and life expectancy in patients, rate, patient education, diet, and underlying diseases (4, it causes several problems such as psychological stress 10). and social isolation of the patients (6); therefore, increas- ing the longevity and quality-of-life should always be con- In general, urea reduction ratio (URR) and urea kinetic Copyright © 2018, Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited. Dehvan F et al. modeling (Kt/V) are used to evaluate the adequacy of dial- data, methodologically low-quality articles, and the arti- ysis (12). The urea kinetic modeling represents a fractional cles that lacked full-text were excluded. Data extraction volume cleared of urea per dialysis. The urea reduction ra- was performed using a checklist containing author’s first tio measures the difference in urea levels before and after name, language of the article, year of publication, the con- the dialysis (13). Achievement of a URR of about 65% (equiv- text, the methodological quality score, the sample size, alent to a single pool Kt/V of 1.2) indicates an effective dial- the mean age of the sample size, history of dialysis and ysis (14). Data from different studies show that for every mean body mss index (BMI), and Kt/V and URR indices. To 0.1 increase in Kt/V, the mortality rate decreases by about reduce bias, each article was independently reviewed by 7%, and for every 5% increase in URR, the mortality rate de- two researchers and in case of controversies, they were re- creases by 11% (3). However, evidence from Iranian studies viewed again by a third researcher. The methodological reported wide variation ranging from Kt/V index values of quality of the articles was evaluated based on the strength- 0.58 to 1.6 (15, 16) and URR index values of 47.84% to 69.83% ening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiol- (17, 18). ogy (STROBE) checklist used in various studies to evaluate Due to the importance of adequacy of dialysis in pa- the methodological quality of observational studies (19). tients undergoing hemodialysis, evaluating the effective- ness and adequacy of dialysis in the current study would 3.3. Statistical Analysis help policymakers and healthcare professionals to review Considering the fact that the quality-of-life score had a and revise, if necessary, their current practice toward more normal distribution, the variance of each study was calcu- effective dialysis. Various studies were conducted in differ- lated by the variance of normal distribution: ent regions of Iran to evaluate the adequacy of dialysis in patients undergoing hemodialysis, but there is still no gen- − σ2 var X = eral estimate of the adequacy of dialysis in such patients in n Iran. Moreover, the overall adequacy of dialysis in Iran is not clear in recent years. The weight assigned to each study was proportional to the inverse variance. The mean score of dialysis adequacy indices was estimated and presented with 95% confidence 2. Objectives interval (CI). I2 index and Cochran Q test were used to ana- lyze the heterogeneity of the data. If the I2 index was higher The current study aimed at evaluating the adequacy than 50%, or the probability distribution of the Cochran of dialysis in patients undergoing hemodialysis in Iran Q test was lower than 0.05 (P < 0.05), the random effects through a systematic review and meta-analysis. model was used and otherwise, the fixed effects model was used to estimate the adequacy of dialysis scores. Sensitiv- ity analysis was performed to ensure the stability of the re- 3. Evidence Acquisition sults. Meta-regression model was used to assess the rela- tionship between the adequacy of dialysis and mean age, 3.1. Data Resources and Search Strategy year of publication, methodological quality, and sample The current systematic review and meta-analysis in- size of studies. The probability of publication bias in the cluded observational studies that were published in do- results was investigated by Begg funnel plot. Data analysis mestic and international journals which reported the was performed with STATA version 14, considering the sig- mean and standard deviation (SD) of dialysis adequacy in- nificance level of 0.05. dices (Kt/V and URR) based on the PRISMA (preferred re- porting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. Two researchers independently searched sev- 4. Results eral domestic and international databases, including Ma- Overall, 117 articles were identified in the initial search, gIran, ISI/Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, using the 78 of which were excluded based on our exclusion and in- keywords “Adequacy of Dialysis” and “Hemodialysis Ade- clusion criteria. Finally, 39 articles in Persian and English quacy”. In addition, references of the selected articles were languages met the includion criteria and were selected for also reviewed to gain access to other articles. the study. The oldest and newest studies were conducted in 2001 and 2017, respectively (Figure 1), of which 37 were 3.2. Quality Assessment, Study Selection, and Data Extraction considered eligible to evaluate Kt/V index and 22 eligible to First, all observational
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pdf 531.37 K
    Journal of Rangeland Science, 2014, Vol. 4, No. 3 Kavandi Habib et al. /234 Contents available at ISC and SID Journal homepage: www.rangeland.ir Full Length Article: Comparison of Ecological Patches' Potentials and Functions in Rangeland Ecosystems (Case Study: Qahavand Rangelands, Hamedan Province, Iran) Reza Kavandi HabibA, Gholamali HeshmatiB, Hamid SiroosiC APh.D. Student of Rangeland Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran (Corresponding Author), Email: [email protected] BFaculty Member of Rangeland Sciences, Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran CPh.D. Student of Rangeland Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran Received on: 13/04/2014 Accepted on: 11/08/2014 Abstract. Interrupting the processes which control ecosystem resources has dramatic impacts on the rangeland conditions. To protect ecosystems and landscape, it needs to understand the ecosystem processes which regulate the ecosystem resources. As main components of ecosystems, patches and inter-patches play important roles in energy and materials cascade. Ecologically, functional parameters such as stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling serve as key factors determining the movement of sediments, nutrients and organic matter as well. The present research aims to evaluate and compare the ecological patches of grasses, shrubs and mixed grasses- shrub using indices of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling. Therefore, sampling was carried out in Qahavand rangelands located in the south east of Hamadan province, Iran on three patches of grass (Cynodon dactylon), shrub (Camphorosma monspeliaca L. and Astragalus microcephalus) and mixed grasses- shrub (Camphorosma monspeliaca + Cynodon dactylon) to evaluate the aforementioned parameters. Samples were taken along three 50 m transects using LFA (Landscape Function Analysis) method.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Abstracts
    Organized by Sponsored by GS3 LHACETTEPE UNIVERSITY TDBlTAK loboroiDfies for Radiation & Polymer Science TR0700099 Deportment of Chemistry, Ankara. Turkey x2006 7th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM on IONIZING RADIATION and POLYMERS 23-28 September 2006 Antalya, Turkey Book °f Abstracts IRaP 2006 7th International Symposium on Ionizing Radiation and Polymers 23-28 September 2006 Antalya, Turkey The Book of Abstracts IRaP2Oo6 7th International Symposium on Ionizing Radiation and Polymers 23-28 September 2006 Antalya, Turkey Sponsors of IRaP 2006 ~\ Hacettepe University, TURKEY TAEK Atomic Energy Authority of TURKEY The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) TUBiTAK International Atomic Energy Agency r IAEA CEA-Saclay, FRANCE CEA-Saclay Drecam, FRANCE ANKAma11 Shopping Center, TURKEY Ion Beam Applications Industrial, BELGIUM Industrial IRaP 2006 7th International Symposium on Ionizing Radiation and Polymers 23-28 September 2006 Antalya, Turkey Organizing Committee: N. Betz (CEA-Saclay, France) R. Clough (Sandia National Laboratories, USA) G. Gielenz (Biotronik, Switzerland) O. Guven (Hacettepe University, Turkey) A. Le Moel (CEA-Saclay, France) J.J. Pireaux (LISE-FUNDP, Namur, Belgium) M.R. Wertheimer (Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Canada) Local Organizing Committee: O. Guven (Hacettepe University, Ankara) M. §en (Hacettepe University, Ankara) D. Solpan Ozbay (Hacettepe University, Ankara) P. Akkas. Kavakh (Hacettepe University, Ankara) C. Uzun (Hacettepe University, Ankara) M. Barsbay (Hacettepe University, Ankara) B. Yolagan (Hacettepe University, Ankara) M. Yalcintas. (Gamma-Pak, Istanbul) Steering Committee P.Y. Apel (Russia) N. Betz (France) G. Burillo (Mexico) R.L. Clough (USA) H.Z.M. Dahlan (Malaysia) G. Gielenz (Switzerland) O. Guven (Turkey) M. Haji-Saeid (Austria) E.S. Hegazy (Egypt) L.D. Laude (Belgium) A.
    [Show full text]
  • Architetture Tradizionali in Iran E Analisi GIS Influenza Delle Condizioni Climatiche Caso Di Studio Villaggio Varkaneh
    POLITECNICO DI TORINO Facoltà di architettura Corso di Laurea in Architettura per il Restauro e Valorizzazione del Patrimonio Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Architetture tradizionali in Iran e analisi GIS Influenza delle condizioni climatiche Caso di studio villaggio Varkaneh Relatore: Arch. Antonia Spanò Candidata: Fargol Emami Anno Accademico 2017/2018 INDICE RINGRAZIAMENTI .................................................................................................................................. 12 INTRODUZIONE ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Capitolo1 ............................................................................................................................................... 18 1. I sistemi informativi geografici(GiS) .................................................................................................. 18 1.1 Cos’è un GIS?................................................................................................................................... 18 1.2 Obiettivo dei GIS ............................................................................................................................. 19 1.3 Modello di dati geografici ............................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1 Dati con struttura Vettoriale ................................................................................................. 20 1.3.2 Dati con struttura
    [Show full text]
  • Hamedan Tourism Comfortable Climate Determination Utilizes The
    Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1222-1231/Kamari et al. Research Article HAMEDAN TOURISM COMFORTABLE CLIMATE DETERMINATION UTILIZES THE TCI MODEL Zahra Kamari1, Sara Kamangar2, Mahnaz Akbari3 and *Amir Rahmani4 1Department of Urban Planning, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran 2Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Civil Engineering, College of Technical and Engineering, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 4Department of Urban Planning, College of Arts and Architecture, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran *Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT Climate dependence on tourism is an undeniable reality, because good understanding of the climatic conditions of the destination is one of the most effective elements to attract or repel tourist, as the satisfaction of any tourism activity is related to the availability of suitable climatic conditions. So, tourism comfort is very important, in terms of choosing the time and place of travel and physiological aspect of human body. In this study, according to the necessity of ecotourism subject and the potentials of natural indicator in Hamedan, a researcher have tried to identify the best time of tourism with analytical- descriptive method and TCI model. Therefore, since Hamedan is in the cold mountainous climate, the result indicate that the optimal comfortable climate of Hamedan during the months of April, May and October is very good and during the months of January and February is undesirable.
    [Show full text]
  • ACRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY Paul Norman BENNETT
    SATELLITE HAEMODIALYSIS NURSES’ PERCEPTIONS OF QUALITY NURSING CARE: A CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY Paul Norman BENNETT For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia August 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration.................................................................................................................. x Acknowledgements....................................................................................................xi List of tables..............................................................................................................xii List of figures ............................................................................................................xii List of publications and presentations (relevant to the thesis but not forming part of it).................................................xiii Key to transcripts and field notes ..........................................................................xiv Abstract ..................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 SETTING THE SCENE: WHY EXPLORE SATELLITE DIALYSIS NURSES PERCEPTIONS OF QUALITY NURSING CARE? 1.1 Introducing the study.......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Chronic kidney disease: A global health issue................................................... 2 1.3 End stage kidney disease and dialysis: The Australian
    [Show full text]
  • Persia Has Had Horses for Thousands of Years . If You Go to Persepolis You Can See the Carvings
    Persia has had horses for thousands of years . If you go to Persepolis you can see the carvings The horses and Persian kings. 2500 years ago and even older than that the carvings inside the caves shows the presence of horses in Iranian plateau Modern Persian Arabs which are the descendents of these horses in the west of Iran are well-known for their unique ability to tolerate long distances in different climates and tracks. One of the prominent characteristics of these horses is their very good temperament and courage. this makes them very safe in long distances. Their intelligence is also obvious to anyone who rides them. Unfortunately due to some rules it is impossible and sometimes if possible very difficult to send them to Europe in endurance rides . ، In the years 1979,78 and 89 Late Mrs. Mary Leili Gharagozlou who was the founder of Iranian National Stud book imported some horses to Austria, Germany, The Emirates and Holland. Unfortunately because Iran underwent many happenings, there is no trace of many of them but those went to Austria and Holland have been found and their progeny are active in endurance with a lot of spectacular records: Abu Khamseh 75 percent Persian Arab (Asil) 2006 in September he beat the world champion Miguel vebla in a CEI **** (200K) 2006 in copa del rey in spain he gained the title of the best Arabian horse of the year ( 8 days -460 kilometer) Harfa 75 percent Persian arab , also was ridden alongside Abu Khamseh in Copa del rey and finished successfully The champion of TREC with his owner who also rode him آ , Harfa 50 percent Persian arab For more information on their pedigree you may see : The pictures are also from that site.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamedan Solar Project Power & Renewable Energy Market Monitor
    A Publication of Iran’s Power & Renewable Energy Market Monitor Energy Pioneers 27 February 2017 Hamedan solar project: A ground-breaking juncture in Iran’s renewable energy market In an exclusive interview with the Director of Planning and Development of SUNA The successful launch of the 14MW solar plant in Hamedan has set historical precedence. In fact, it has been the many years of in motion a number of significant implications for the future of Iran’s planning, designing attractive development framework and offering fledging renewable energy market. Largest of its kind in Iran to date, supportive policies endorsed by both the Iranian government and the Hamedan solar plant, among many other things, has put an end the parliament, which have played a major role in the success of to years of frustration among developers and investors over projects like Hamedan. The Hamedan project comes online after impediments of bringing on stream projects under the Iranian Power nearly three years since Iran embarked on an ambitious campaign Purchase Agreement (PPA) framework. to scale up its renewable energy capacity, with the support of international investment. However, the lack of implementation of Marking a major milestone in the expansion of renewables in Iran, projects during these years, despite the introduction of attractive Hamedan project demonstrates that years of seamless efforts and Feed-in-Tariffs (FiTs) and multiple policy mechanisms, was steadily coordination by and between investors, authorities and stakeholders jeopardising the hopes of developers over the plausibility of these for overcoming challenges and obstacles, is eventually paying off. mechanisms. In the resulting environment, challenges and This development will not only result in significantly reviving the uncertainties were garnering more attention than the successes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sinkhole Susceptibility Mapping: a Comparison Between Bayes-Based Machine Learning Algorithms
    Sinkhole susceptibility mapping: a comparison between Bayes-based machine learning algorithms Kamal Taheri1, Himan Shahabi2, *, Kamran Chapi3, Ataollah Shirzadi3, Francisco Gutiérrez4, Khabat Khosravi5 1 Karst Research and Study Office of Western Iran, Kermanshah Regional Water Authority, Kermanshah, Iran 2Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 3Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 4Earth Science Department, Edificio Geológicas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 5 Department of Watershed Sciences Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources of Sari, Mazandaran, Iran *Corresponding Author: Himan Shahabi, Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran, E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +98- 9186658739 This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/ldr.3255 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT Land degradation has been recognized as one of the most adverse environmental impacts during the last century. The occurrence of sinkholes is increasing dramatically in many regions worldwide contributing to land degradation. The rise in the sinkhole frequency is largely due to human-induced hydrological alterations that favour dissolution and subsidence processes. Mitigating detrimental impacts associated with sinkholes requires understanding different aspects of this phenomenon such as the controlling factors and the spatial distribution patterns. This research illustrates the development and validation of sinkhole susceptibility models in Hamadan Province, Iran, where a large number of sinkholes are occurring under poorly understood circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Service Provision and Construction Activities in Iranian
    2020 SCIENCELINE Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism Volume 10, Issue 1: 01-12; January 25, 2020 ISSN-2252-0430 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2020.jceu1 The Effects of Service Provision and Construction Activities in Iranian Villages on Villagers’ Subjective Perceptions of Rural Life within the Concept of Quality of Life: The Case of Hamadan Province Ehsan Rahimianzarif1, Mojtaba Khanian2, Seyedehaida Mirniazmandan3 and Marziyeh Salimi2 1Payame Noor University, Department of Management, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran 2Young Researchers Club and Elites, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran 3University of Tehran, Department of Architecture, PO BOX 14155-6619, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author’s Email: [email protected] Revised: Received: PII: S22520430 RESEARCH ABSTRACT January The concept of quality of life in the rural context has developed and changed to a great extent since its introduction December back in the 1930s. Today, this concept is an important tool in the hands of rural policy-makers and planners for 20 identification and evaluation of current conditions, assessment of the effects of previously implemented policies and 20 20, 0000 ARTICLE determining the direction of future policy-making. This concept includes both the objective and subjective 11 1 20 20 , - dimensions of rural quality of life. The objective rural quality of life refers to all the facilities and services available 10 to the residents of a rural settlement. The subjective rural quality of life, however, refers to the perception of these 19 facilities and services and the overall satisfaction and happiness of the residents. The present study has been conducted with the aim of analyzing the rural quality of life in Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Nitrite Based on Its Reaction with 刀-Nitroaniline in the Presence of Diphenylamine in Micellar Media
    Spectrophotometric Determination ofNitrite Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2004, Vol. 25, No. 7 1009 Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrite Based on Its Reaction with 刀-Nitroaniline in the Presence of Diphenylamine in Micellar Media Abbas Afkhami,* Shokofeh Masahi, and Morteza Bahram Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan 65174, Iran Received April 1, 2004 In the present work a very simple, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrite in micellar media is described. The method is based on the color reaction of nitrite with p-nitroaniline in the presence of diphenylamine in acid media. In order to remove the extraction step, Triton X-100, a non-ionic surfactant was used as micellar media. The optimum reaction conditions such as acid concentration, reagents concentration and effect of time have been studied and the analytical characteristics of the method such as limit of detection, linear range and molar absorptivity have been obtained. The interference of some anions and cations was also tested. The method was applied to the determination of nitrite in real samples. Key Words : Spectrophotometric determination, Nitrite, p-Nitroaniline, Diphenylamine, Micellar media Introduction Experimental Section The nitrite ion is an important intermediate in biological Apparatus. UV-Visible absorbance spectra were recorded nitrogen cycle and is present in soils and surface waters.1 on a Shimadzu UV-265 scanning spectrophotometer using 1­ Nitrite is also a versatile chemical agent, which has found cm quartz cells. Metrohm model 713 pH-meter with a numerous applications ranging from dye manufacture to combined glass electrode was used for pH measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • A Three Source Capture–Recapture Study of Fatal Injuries in Iran
    Ghodsi Z et al. Injury Violence & 103 J Inj Violence Res. 2020 July; 12(2): 103-110. doi: 10.5249/ jivr.v12i2.1170 Original Article A three source capture–recapture study of fatal injuries in Iran Zahra Ghodsia,b, Soheil Saadata, Abdolrazagh Barzegarc , Vali Baigia, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghara Mohammadreza Zafarghandia, Ardeshir Sheikhazadid, Payman Salamatia,* a Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. b Department of Midwifery, Tuyserkan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tuyserkan, Iran. c Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran. d Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. KEY WORDS Abstract: Background: Well-functioning health systems and effective preventive measures require registering the exact number and valid data of fatal injuries. The present study aimed to Completeness determine the completeness of fatal injuries reported by LMO with the use of the Injuries capture-recapture method and finding the reasons for those unregistered fatal injuries in Hamedan County. Mortality Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Hamadan County from 22 August 2015 to Registration 21 August 2016. The completeness of fatal injuries reported by LMO, as the main source of fatal Iran injuries was estimated with the employ of the capture-recapture method including Health Department and Police. Log-linear modeling was used for statistical analysis. The number of fatal injuries that probably had not been detected in any three sources was estimated by using the GENLOG command. Results: A total of 451 fatal injuries were registered in LMO for one year. The registries were included different amounts of detailed information from at least five variables in the Emergency Medical System (EMS) up to all detailed information in the LMO and Health Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Fey Aus Wiesbaden
    Aus der Medizinischen Klinik und Poliklinik I der Universität Würzburg Direktor: Professor Dr. med. G. Ertl Effekte von Paricalcitol auf Inflammation und Kalzifikationsregulation bei Hämodialysepatienten Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Medizinischen Fakultät der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Holger Fey aus Wiesbaden Würzburg, Mai 2013 Referentenblatt Referent: Professor Dr. med. Christoph Wanner Koreferent: Professor Dr. med. Franz Jakob Dekan: Professor Dr. med. Matthias Frosch Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26.06.2014 Der Promovend ist Arzt Gewidmet meiner Mutter Inhaltsverzeichnis _______________________________________________________________ Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Mortalität bei chronischer Niereninsuffizienz 1 1.2 Inflammation bei chronischer Niereninsuffizienz 5 1.3 Kalzifikation bei chronischer Niereninsuffizienz 10 1.4 Vitamin D und Vitamin D-Rezeptor-Aktivatoren (VDRA) 19 1.4.1 Einfluss auf Inflammation 27 1.4.2 Einfluss auf Kalzifikation 29 1.5 Surrogatparameter für Inflammation und Kalzifikation 32 1.5.1 Hochsensitives CRP (hsCRP) 32 1.5.2 Fetuin A 34 1.5.3 Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) 36 1.5.4 Fibroblast-Growth-Factor-23 (FGF-23) 38 1.5.5 Hepcidin 40 1.6 Ziel der Untersuchung 41 2 Material und Methoden 42 2.1 Studiendesign 42 2.2 Studienteilnehmer 44 2.3 Studiendurchführung 47 2.3.1 Studienmedikation 48 2.3.2 Unerwünschte Ereignisse 49 2.3.3 Abbruchkriterien 49 2.3.4 Gewinnung, Aufbereitung und Versand der Blutproben 49 2.4 Laboranalytik 51 2.5 Statistische Auswertung
    [Show full text]