STATE of the AONB REPORT
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Part Two STATE of the AONB REPORT Introduction 61 Tranquility, Remoteness & Wilderness 63 Natural Environment 69 The Historic Environment 77 Access and Leisure 83 Culture and People 87 Introduction In setting an agenda that will seeks to identify an ideal state ensure the special qualities for these features and begins and features of the Clwydian to establish indicators that Range and Dee Valley are will help to define what we preserved, it is first necessary are aiming for in pursuing the to make an assessment of their good health of the AONB. It is current extent and condition. an on-going process that relies It is also important that the on constant data gathering issues impacting upon them and monitoring and should be are identified and that factors able to respond to changing likely to impact upon them in demands on the environment. the future are anticipated. There is a requirement for up to date information that will The State of the AONB Report lead to informed responses to identifies where possible environmental change. the extent and condition of each feature and the factors impacting on them. It also Management Plan 2014 - 2019 | STATE of the AONB REPORT | Introduction | 61 Tranquility, Remoteness & Wilderness Resource Description Issues State / Special Feature Intrusion • Light from the major settlements, particularly Further intrusion mapping required to the east and north of the AONB, have a Extent: significant impact on dark night skies. A variety of factors can • Illuminated bollards and signs within have an impact on the • Light and noise pollution from transport, Denbighshire – 80 within AONB Tranquility, Remoteness and development and recreation erodes Wrexham - unknown Wilderness of the AONB. tranquillity – A55, A494, A5, A542 Flintshire - unknown Traffic noise, light pollution, • Intrusive and degrading elements such as • Street lights 1,350 directly adjacent to the impact of quarrying power lines / phone lines, transmitters, masts or within AONB in Denbighshire. and utility installations can Wilderness and wind turbines can have a significant all have an effect on the impact. tranquility of the AONB and • Cumulative effects of small scale change can peoples enjoyment of the lead to a degradation of landscape character. landscape. • Permitted development completed within the AONB could also impact the landscape. • Accommodating visitor access and destination sites within sensitive locations. Tranquility, Remoteness and Tranquility, Management Plan 2014 - 2019 | STATE of the AONB REPORT | Tranquility, Remoteness & Wilderness | 63 • Possible environmental impact of • Length and class of roads in the AONB: Roads major road improvement schemes Dualled EuroRoute 1.6km in the AONB. The principle roads and communication Trunk Road 35.0km • Potential loss of rural character routes in the AONB primarily cross A Road 49.2km the Clwydian Range in an east – west and features as a result of direction, and run in an east – west highway maintenance, signage B Road 23.6km direction along the Dee Valley and and minor improvement works. Minor roads 338.8km Morwynion Valley. The most significant • Increasing traffic related to people Unclassified County Roads 60.9km road is the dualled A55 EuroRoute working at a considerable distance Total length of road 509.1km which passes through the narrowest from where they live, increasing part of the AONB at Rhuallt. Other commuter traffic, and use of cars • No. of AONB threshold signs – 16 important routes are the A5 and A494 for recreational visits. • No. of AONB branded village signs – 21 and Wilderness Trunk Roads and the A542 Horseshoe • Raising awareness of the AONB Pass, A5104, A5151, A541, A539 and through threshold / village signs. A525. However, the bulk of the network within the AONB is made up of smaller roads and lanes, many of which add to the character of the area. Tranquility, Remoteness Tranquility, • Restoration and aftercare of Within AONB: Minerals quarries, including these which • No. of active quarries – 2 are outside the AONB but visible The limestone and slate geology of the • Area of active quarries – 41.5 ha % of total from it or impact on views into the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley has AONB area – 0.11% area. been exploited for its mineral wealth • No. of dormant quarries - unknown for centuries. This has left its mark on • Dormant sites – need to pursue the landscape; many abandoned or Prohibition Notices under s102 of • Area of dormant quarries - unknown % of worked out mineral sites have been T&CP Act 1990. total AONB area - unknown assimilated into the landscape over • No. of confirmed Prohibition Orders - time but others still scar the area. unknown There are two active slate quarries in the AONB, other sites are dormant but Within 3km of AONB: have old planning permissions. Given the scale of mineral operations and • No. of active quarries - 8 their potential impact on a wide area, • Area of active quarries – 203.38 ha including important views out of the • No. of dormant quarries - unknown AONB, there is a need to have regard • Area of dormant quarries - unknown to both active and dormant quarries outside the designated area. • No of confirmed Prohibition Orders – unknown 64 | Management Plan 2014 - 2019 | STATE of the AONB REPORT | Tranquility, Remoteness & Wilderness • Overhead cables and wires can Extent: Utilities and degrade landscape character. • Length of National Grid high-voltage Energy • Reluctance to share masts leads overhead cable (400kv) – 17.46km to duplication and an increase • Length of 132kv overhead power lines – Overhead power transmission lines impact on the local landscape. 1.38km and communications masts are the • Mobile phone coverage • Length of 33kv overhead power lines – most prominent utility infrastructure ‘blackspots’ lead to pressure for 44.76km (87.85) within the AONB. The largest power additional communication masts. • Length of 33kv undergrounded power lines lines cross the AONB at its narrowest Wilderness • Cumulative impact of large scale – 6.19km (12.15%) point near Rhuallt and travel through wind farm development in the the AONB down the Morwynion Communication masts: setting of the AONB degrades Valley. Given the topography of the • Moel y Parc (TV) landscape character and sense of AONB it is an attractive location for • Moel y Gelli (Emergency Services) tranquillity. communications infrastructure. The • Gwaenysgor most prominent installations are the • The need to moving towards zero • Bryn Alyn carbon development without masts at Moel y Parc and Cyrn y Brain, • Cyrn y Brain harming the AONB. but there are also prominent masts at • Moel Gelli Gwaenysgor, Moel Gelli, Craig-y-dduallt, • Craig-y-dduallt Coed Mawr and Barber’s Hill. • Coed Mawr A relatively new feature of regional • Barber’s Hill energy infrastructure is the Wind turbines: Tranquility, Remoteness and Tranquility, development of major onshore and off- • 1 46m high wind turbine consented within shore wind farms. the AONB • 50m+ high wind turbines within 15km – 122 • Impact of European and Welsh • 6,441.35 ha of the AONB is Common Land Land Management Government agricultural and (16.55% of total AONB area) Practices forestry policies can have a • 7,786.98ha (20% of total AONB area) of land significant impact on landscape in the AONB in Glastir Agri-environment Land Management Practices are character and views scheme in 2013. continually changing, adapting to • It is important that habitat • 5,232.24ha (67%) Entry Level government policy, climate change improvements and creation • 793.75ha (10%) Glastir Advanced and agricultural improvements. These becomes a part of viable land changes in management have the management systems and • 1,760.99ha (23%) Glastir Commons ability to impact on the landscape of businesses. the AONB. Management Plan 2014 - 2019 | STATE of the AONB REPORT | Tranquility, Remoteness & Wilderness | 65 • Modern agricultural practices Protection: and equipment leads to larger • 8,028.37 ha of AONB designated as fields with fewer internal SAC (20.62% of AONB land area) boundaries and wider gateways, • 9,097.34 ha of AONB designated as which can degrade the local SSSI (23.36% of AONB land area) landscape character. • 2,555.05 ha of AONB designated as • Geometrical forestry planting SPA (6.56% of AONB land area) and harvesting, and heather cutting patterns can add • 21.33 ha of AONB designated as LNR intrusive lines into the (0.05% of AONB land area) landscape. • 3,451.92 ha of AONB designated as • Lack of buffer strips along Wildlife Sites (8.87% of AONB land and Wilderness watercourses. area) • Adaption and mitigation • 9,428 ha (24.2% of AONB area) is Climate Change measures may impact upon the heather moorland. The AONB has evolved over time, shaped by AONB and its setting. • Total area of AONB covered by Tranquility, Remoteness Tranquility, geological forces, climate and human activity, • Reduction in air and water woodland 5,165.24 ha (13.27% of and this evolution is ongoing. Climate change quality impacting on the AONB area). is expected to have a major influence in the health of the population and coming decades, and we need to manage this ecosystem. process, taking action to adapt to the impacts • Seasonal reduction / increase in and make the best of the opportunities. water flow. • Pressure for inappropriate flood Although the global climate has been relatively defences with dredging and stable for thousands of years, recent extreme development degrading the weather events and longer terms trends local landscape character. suggest it is now changing due to human activity. Climate change is expected to continue, • Long dry spells of weather causing hotter, drier summers, warmer wetter could lead to increased fire risk, winters, more extreme weather and sea level particularly on heathlands. rise in Wales and the rest of Britain. Global climate change is projected to continue, causing hotter drier summers, warmer, wetter winters, more extreme weather, droughts, heat waves, heavier rainfall, and accelerating sea- level rise in Wales and the rest of Britain over coming decades.