Textual Variants Verse by Verse—Isaiah 1:1–66:24

Chapter 2 Textual Variants Verse by Verse—Isaiah 1:1–66:24

Isaiah 11

1:1 | 1QIsaa ביו מי | MT 4QIsaj Syr Vulg ּבִ י מֵ י • 3QpIsa ישעיה | (ישע יהו) MT 1QIsaa ׁשַ יְ י עְ ה ׇ ּו ויותם | MT 1QIsaa יו תׇ ם • 3QpIsa עזיה | 1QIsaa עוזיה | MT עֻ ּזִ ה יׇ ּו • ἐν βασιλείᾳ LXX ( ו֯ י֯ ] חזקיה) 1QIsaa | 3QpIsa י חזקיה | MT יְחִ זְ קִ ּיׇ הּו • 3QpIsa LXX Theophoric names (LBH) customarily featured—יְׁשַ עְ יׇהּו … עֻ ּזִיׇהּו … יְחִ זְקִ ּיׇהו 1QIsaa regularly employs the shorter forms 2.‑יהו versus ‑יה ,shorter forms ‑ver רומליה and , יברכיה , זכריה , חלקיה , עוזיה , יחזקיה , ישעיה ,.throughout the text, i.e Compare also .רמליהו and ,יברכיהו ,זכריהו ,חלקיהו ,עזיהו ,יחזקיהו , ישעיהו sus MT’s the theophoric names listed in Isaiah 7:1, 4–5, 9; 36:1, 14–16, 22; 37:1–3, 6, etc. However, there exists a handful of cases where the longer form is used in the instead of ישע יהו scroll. In Isaiah 1:1 (cf. also 38:21), for example, the scroll attests .in v. 4 רמליה but it has , רומליה and in Isaiah 7:1, 4–5 and 9 the scroll has ,ישעיה . ו֯ י֯ ] חזקיה and ,עזיה ,ישעיה Note also that 3QpIsa employs the forms The Masora magna for 1:1, designed in part to safeguard orthographic devi‑ ,(e.g., Isa 1:1; Jer 15:4) יחזקיהו :ances, sets forth three forms for this proper name e.g., Hosea 1:1). Ginsburg states) יחזקיה e.g., 1 Chr 3:13; 2 Chr 29:18), and) חזקיהו that the reading without the yôd prefix but with the wāw suffix was likely the “correct reading.”3 For two treatments of the forms of the name Hezekiah, see Beegle4 and Weinberg.5

1 Special note: At literally the last minute in the production of this volume, we changed all Hebrew and Greek fonts to the Unicode character set. This process, conducted by experi‑ enced and competent computer specialists, took more than a week. Unfortunately, the pro‑ cess created a variety of errors in the fonts, especially those within and near the Hebrew and Greek fonts (which include circlets, dots, brackets, parentheses, vowels, accent marks, punctuation, quotation marks, and much more). Although we made every effort to repair the errors, we may have missed a small number of them. is the post-exilic parallel of the ‑יה Qimron, Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 94: “The suffix 2 see also Hornkohl, “Biblical Hebrew: Periodization,” 322. For a ;”‑ יהו classical theophoric form brief examination of theophoric names in MT versus 1QIsaa, see Abegg, “Linguistic Profile of the Isaiah Scrolls,” 39; Burrows, “Orthography, Morphology,” 204–205; Kutscher, History of the Hebrew Language, 60–61, 94; Kutscher, Language and Linguistic Background, 3–5; TCHB3 106; and Sáenz-Badillos, History of the Hebrew Language, 121, 134. 3 Ginsburg, Massorah, 4:379a, sect. 122. For a brief study on the name Hezekiah, see Wildberger, Isaiah 1–12, 2. 4 Beegle, “Proper Names in the New Isaiah Scroll,” 28–29. 5 Weinberg, “Some Problems of the Masorah on Isaiah,” 111–16.

and LXX (Οζιου καὶ Ιωαθαμ (ויו תם … ו֯ י֯ ]חזקיה) Both 3QpIsa—יותׇ ם… יְחִ זְקִ ּיׇהּו καὶ Αχαζ καὶ Εζεκιου) present the names of the kings in pairs by utilizing the conjunction. ‑1QIsaa) presents an ar) ישע יהו The superscripted ʿayin in the name— ׁשַ יְ י עְ ה ׇ ּו ,1QIsaa 28:15), with its loss of the ʿayin) יבור gument for the ʿayin quiescent;6 equals (י]ע[ בור serves as another example; the reading of 1QIsaa (when read as MTqere.7 Other examples are located in Isaiah 5:4, 9:7, 17:4, and 48:14.8 The diminishing of pharyngeals and laryngeals in LBH texts occasionally caused the nonpronunciation of the guttural letters ʾālep, hê, ḥêt, and ʿayin in the language of the day, and this ultimately impacted the Isaiah scroll9 (e.g., serves as an example (13:4) נספים see also Rendsburg).10 1QIsaa’s ;28:15 ;13:4 ;8:18 where the ʾālep has dropped out.11 In fact, in 1959 Kahle theorized that both la‑ ryngeals and pharyngeals had ceased to exist in many Jewish communities, but centuries later such sounds had been reestablished as part of the Masoretic framework of the Bible.12 The phoneme rêš, too, often shares features with this class of characters (of the nonlaryngeal/pharyngeal root consonants, rêš is dropped from words more than other consonants). The weakening of pha‑ ryngeals and laryngeals also applies at times to MH13 and Samaritan Hebrew.14 in Dan 5:11) as ּו בְ יו מֵ י in 38:10 (cf. also ו ימי see also ,ביו מי For 1QIsaa’s— ּבִ י מֵ י one of four “unmistakable” evidences of “Aramaic influence” in the scroll (see Abegg in UF 2:41).15 For a significant study regarding Aramaic elements in 1QIsaa, see Kutscher’s study, which examines orthography, verbs, nouns, pro‑ nouns, prepositions, and various particles.16

6 Qimron, Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 26–27; see also the discussion in Qimron, Grammar of the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 105–07. 7 Wildberger, Isaiah 28–39, 30, states that the “Qere is no doubt correct here.” 8 For other examples of the ʿayin quiescent in the scroll as well as in MT, see McCarter, Textual Criticism, 55–56. 9 See the studies of Kutscher, Studies in Galilean Aramaic, 67–96; Reymond, Qumran Hebrew, 71–77; and Rendsburg, “Qumran Hebrew (With a Trial Cut [1QS]),” 221. 10 Rendsburg, “Qumran Hebrew (With a Trial Cut [1QS]),” 221. 11 See Kutscher, Language and Linguistic Background, 57; for other examples, see Muraoka, “Isaiah Scroll (iQIsaa),” 3. 12 Kahle, Cairo Geniza, 164–71. 13 Pérez Fernández, Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew, 11–12. 14 Ben-Hayyim, Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew, 38–42. 15 See also Sokoloff, Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, 237–38. For additional exam‑ ples of the Aramaic pl. form of “days” in the Qumran scrolls, see Fassberg, “Nature and Extent of Aramaisms,” 13. 16 Kutscher, Language and Linguistic Background, 187–215.